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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
DEPARTMENT
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
EXERCISE
4
NORMALIZATION
NAME SECTION
DATE PERFORMED DATE FINISHED
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I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this exercise, students must be able to:
a. Analyze data and identify the functional dependencies
b. Normalize data to third normal form
II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
What is Normalization?
Normalization is a formal process for deciding which attributes should be
grouped together in a relation.
Steps:
1. Remove multivalued attributes (1NF)
2. Remove partial dependencies (2NF)
3. Remove transitive dependencies (3NF)
Figure 4.1 INVOICE data of Pine Valley Furniture Company
Functional dependency
The value of one attribute (the determinant) determines the value of another
attribute.
Figure 4.2 Functional Dependency Diagram for INVOICE
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Order_ID → Order_Date, Customer_ID, Customer_Name, Customer_Address
Customer_ID → Customer_Name, Customer_Address
Product_ID →Product_Description, Product_Finish, Unit_Price
Order_ID, Product_ID → Order_Quantity
First Normal Form (1NF)
All attributes must be single-valued.
Figure 4.3 INVOICE relation of Pine Valley Furniture (1NF)
Product_ID → Product_Description, Product_Finish, Unit_Price
Order_ID, Product_ID → Ordered_Quantity
Second Normal Form (2NF)
A relation is in 2NF, if it is in 1NF and every non-key attribute is fully functionally
dependent on the entire primary key (no partial dependencies).
Figure 4.4 Removing partial dependencies
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Third Normal Form (3NF)
For a relation to be in 3NF, it is must be in 2NF and no transitive dependencies
(functional dependencies on non-primary key attributes).
Figure 4.5 Removing transitive dependencies
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Patients visit the hospital and their visit history is maintained by the hospital staff.
Different physicians may be available on different dates. They diagnose and treat
the patients of all categories. Some of treatments are free while others are to be paid
by the patients. Sample data of the case is shown in the following chart.
Table 4.1 Patient History Report
PatientID Name Address Visit Date Physician Diagnosis Treatment
P-100809 A City: X 12-02-2007 Dr. Z Chest Infection Free
20-02-2007 Dr. F Cold Free
29-02-2007 Dr. R Hepatitis-A Paid
15-03-2007 Dr. L Eyes Infection Paid
P-200145 N City: Y 10-01-2007 Dr. L Bone Fracture Paid
15-02-2007 Dr. K Cough Free
25-03-2007 Dr. A Flu Free
Task 1
Draw a dependency diagram and transform the above data to first normal
form by eliminating repeating groups such that each row in the relation is atomic. Be
sure to create an appropriate name for the relation and identify primary key/s.
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Table 4.2 First Normal Form
Task 2
Remove partial dependencies to convert the relation in Task 1 to second normal
form. Be sure to create an appropriate name for the relation and identify primary
key/s.
Functional dependency:
Relation with sample data:
Task 3
Convert the relations in Task 2 to third normal form by removing transitive
dependencies. Be sure to create an appropriate name for the relation and identify
primary key/s.
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Functional dependency:
Relation with sample data:
IV. QUESTION AND ANSWER
1. What is a well-structured relation? Why are well-structured relations
important in logical database design?
V. REFERENCES
Hoffer, J.A., Prescott, M.B., McFadden, F.R. (2016). Modern Database Management
12th Edition, Prentice Hall.
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