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3–1.

If A, B, and D are given vectors, prove the

distributive law for the vector cross product, i.e.,
A : (B + D) = (A : B) + (A : D).

SOLUTION
Consider the three vectors; with A vertical.

Note obd is perpendicular to A.

od = ƒ A * (B + D) ƒ = ƒ A ƒ ƒ B + D ƒ sin u3

ob = ƒ A * B ƒ = ƒ A ƒ ƒ B ƒ sin u1

bd = ƒ A * D ƒ = ƒ A ƒ ƒ D ƒ sin u2

Also, these three cross products all lie in the plane obd since they are all
perpendicular to A. As noted the magnitude of each cross product is proportional to
the length of each side of the triangle.

The three vector cross products also form a closed triangle o¿b¿d¿ which is similar to
triangle obd. Thus from the figure,

A * (B + D) = (A * B) + (A * D) (QED)

Note also,

A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k

B = Bx i + By j + Bz k

D = Dx i + Dy j + Dz k

i j k
A * (B + D) = 3 Ax Ay Az 3
Bx + Dx By + Dy Bz + Dz

= [A y (Bz + Dz) - A z(By + Dy)]i

- [A x(Bz + Dz) - A z(Bx + Dx)]j

+ [A x(By + Dy) - A y(Bx + Dx)]k

= [(A y Bz - A zBy)i - (A x Bz - A z Bx)]j + (A x By - A y Bx)k

+ [(A y Dz - A z Dy)i - (A x Dz - A z Dx)j + (A x Dy - A y Dx)k

i j k i j k
= 3 Ax Ay Az 3 + 3 Ax Ay Az 3
Bx By Bz Dx Dy Dz

= (A * B) + (A * D) (QED)

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3–2.

Prove the triple scalar product identity

A # (B : C) = (A : B) # C.

SOLUTION
As shown in the figure

Area = B(C sin u) = |B * C|

Thus,

Volume of parallelepiped is |B * C||h|

But,

|h| = |A # u(B * C)| = ` A # a

B * C
b`
|B * C|

Thus,

Volume = |A # (B * C)|

Since |(A * B) # C| represents this same volume then

A # (B : C) = (A : B) # C (QED)

Also,

LHS = A # (B : C)

i j k
= (A x i + A y j + A z k) # 3 Bx By Bz 3
Cx Cy Cz

= A x (ByCz - BzCy) - A y (BxCz - BzCx) + A z (BxCy - ByCx)

= A xByCz - A xBzCy - A yBxCz + A yBzCx + A zBxCy - A zByCx

RHS = (A : B) # C

i j k
= 3 Ax Ay A z 3 # (Cx i + Cy j + Cz k)
Bx By Bz

= Cx(A y Bz - A zBy) - Cy(A xBz - A zBx) + Cz(A xBy - A yBx)

= A xByCz - A xBzCy - A yBxCz + A yBzCx + A zBxCy - A zByCx

Thus, LHS = RHS

A # (B : C) = (A : B) # C (QED)

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3–3.

Given the three nonzero vectors A, B, and C, show that if

A # (B : C) = 0, the three vectors must lie in the same
plane.

SOLUTION
Consider,

|A # (B * C)| = |A| |B * C | cos u

= (|A| cos u)|B * C|

= |h| |B * C|

= BC |h| sin f

= volume of parallelepiped.

If A # (B * C) = 0, then the volume equals zero, so that A, B, and C are coplanar.

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3–6.

The crane can be adjusted for any angle 0° … u … 90° and x

any extension 0 … x … 5 m. For a suspended mass of
120 kg, determine the moment developed at A as a function 9m B
of x and u. What values of both x and u develop the
maximum possible moment at A? Compute this moment. 1.5 m
Neglect the size of the pulley at B.
θ
A

SOLUTION
a + MA = - 12019.81217.5 + x2 cos u

= 5-1177.2 cos u17.5 + x26 N # m

= 51.18 cos u17.5 + x26 kN # m (Clockwise) Ans.

The maximum moment at A occurs when u = 0° and x = 5 m. Ans.

a + 1MA2max = 5-1177.2 cos 0°17.5 + 526 N # m

= - 14 715 N # m

= 14.7 kN # m (Clockwise) Ans.

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3–7.

Determine the moment of each of the three forces about F2 300 N

F1 250 N 30
point A.
A 60

2m 3m

4m
SOLUTION
The moment arm measured perpendicular to each force from point A is

d1 = 2 sin 60° = 1.732 m B

4
5

3
d2 = 5 sin 60° = 4.330 m
F3 500 N
d3 = 2 sin 53.13° = 1.60 m

Using each force where MA = Fd, we have

a + 1MF12A = - 25011.7322

= - 433 N # m = 433 N # m (Clockwise) Ans.

a + 1MF22A = - 30014.3302

= - 1299 N # m = 1.30 kN # m (Clockwise) Ans.

a + 1MF32A = - 50011.602

= - 800 N # m = 800 N # m (Clockwise) Ans.

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3–8.

Determine the moment of each of the three forces about point B. F2 ⫽ 300 N
F1 ⫽ 250 N 30⬚

A 60⬚

2m 3m

SOLUTION 4m
The forces are resolved into horizontal and vertical component as shown in Fig. a.
For F1,
a + MB = 250 cos 30°(3) - 250 sin 30°(4)
= 149.51 N # m = 150 N # m d Ans. B 5
4
3
For F2,
F3 ⫽ 500 N
a + MB = 300 sin 60°(0) + 300 cos 60°(4)
= 600 N # m d Ans.
Since the line of action of F3 passes through B, its moment arm about point B is
zero. Thus
MB = 0 Ans.

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.
y

4m P
260 N
3m
13 12
5
x
O 2m B

5m
400 N

30°
A
2m

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.
y

4m P
260 N
3m
13 12
5
x
O 2m B

5m
400 N

30°
A
2m

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3–11.

The railway crossing gate consists of the 100-kg gate arm

having a center of mass at Ga and the 250-kg counterweight
having a center of mass at GW. Determine the magnitude
and directional sense of the resultant moment produced by
the weights about point A.

2.5 m A

GW
Ga 1m
0.75 m 0.5 m
B

SOLUTION 0.25 m

+(MR)A = gFd; (MR)A = 100(9.81)(2.5 + 0.25) - 250(9.81)(0.5 - 0.25)

= 2084.625 N # m = 2.08 kN # m (Counterclockwise) Ans.

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3–12.

The railway crossing gate consists of the 100-kg gate arm

having a center of mass at Ga and the 250-kg counterweight
having a center of mass at GW. Determine the magnitude
and directional sense of the resultant moment produced by
the weights about point B.

2.5 m A

SOLUTION Ga
GW
0.5 m
1m
0.75 m
a +(MR)B = gFd; (MR)B = 100(9.81)(2.5) - 250(9.81)(0.5) B

= 1226.25 N # m = 1.23 kN # m (Counterclockwise) Ans.

0.25 m

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3–13.

The force F acts on the end of the pipe at B. Determine (a) the moment of this force about point
A, and (b) the magnitude and direction of a horizantal force, applied at C, which produces the
same moment.

Given:

F 70 N

a 0.9 m

b 0.3 m

c 0.7 m

T 60 deg

Solution:

(a) MA F sin  T  c  F cos  T  a MA 73.9 N˜ m Ans.

MA
(b) F C ( a) MA FC FC 82.2 N Ans.
a

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3–14.

The force F acts on the end of the pipe at B. Determine the angles T ( 0° d T d 180° ) of
the force that will produce maximum and minimum moments about point A. What are the
magnitudes of these moments?

Given:

F 70 N

a 0.9 m

b 0.3 m

c 0.7 m

Solution:

MA F sin  T  c  F cos  T  a

c F cos  T   a F sin  T 
d
For maximum moment MA 0
dT

atan ¨
§c·
T max ¸ T max 37.9 deg Ans.
© a¹

MAmax F sin  T max c  F cos  T max a MAmax 79.812 N˜ m Ans.

For minimum moment MA F sin  T  c  F cos  T  a 0

180 deg  atan ¨

§ a ·
T min ¸ T min 128 deg Ans.
©c¹

MAmin F c sin  T min   F ( a) cos  T min  MAmin 0 N˜ m Ans.

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3–15.

The Achilles tendon force of Ft = 650 N is mobilized when Ft

the man tries to stand on his toes. As this is done, each of his
feet is subjected to a reactive force of Nf = 400 N.
Determine the resultant moment of Ft and Nf about the 5
ankle joint A.
A

200 mm
SOLUTION
Referring to Fig. a,

a +(MR)A = ©Fd; (MR)A = 400(0.1) - 650(0.065) cos 5°

Nf 400 N
= - 2.09 N # m = 2.09 N # m (Clockwise)
65 mm
Ans. 100 mm

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3–16.

The Achilles tendon force Ft is mobilized when the man tries Ft

to stand on his toes. As this is done, each of his feet is
subjected to a reactive force of Nt = 400 N. If the resultant
moment produced by forces Ft and Nf about the ankle joint 5
A is required to be zero, determine the magnitude of Ft .
A

200 mm
SOLUTION
Referring to Fig. a,

a +(MR)A = ©Fd; 0 = 400(0.1) - F cos 5°(0.065)

65 mm Nf 400 N
F = 618 N Ans. 100 mm

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3–17.

The total hip replacement is subjected to a force of 120 N

15°
F = 120 N. Determine the moment of this force about the
neck at A and the stem at B.

40 mm

A 15 mm

SOLUTION 150°

Moment About Point A: The angle between the line of action of the load and the
neck axis is 20° - 15° = 5°.

a + MA = 120 sin 5°10.042

10°
= 0.418 N # m (Counterclockwise) Ans.
B
Moment About Point B: The dimension l can be determined using the law of sines.

l 55
= l = 158.4 mm = 0.1584 m
sin 150° sin 10°

Then,

a + MB = - 120 sin 15°10.15842

= - 4.92 N # m = 4.92 N # m (Clockwise) Ans.

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3–18.

4m
The tower crane is used to hoist the 2-Mg load upward at 9.5m
constant velocity. The 1.5-Mg jib BD, 0.5-Mg jib BC, and G2
B D
6-Mg counterweight C have centers of mass at G1, G2, and C G1
G3, respectively. Determine the resultant moment produced G3 7.5 m 12.5 m
by the load and the weights of the tower crane jibs about
point A and about point B.

23 m

SOLUTION
Since the moment arms of the weights and the load measured to points A and B are
the same, the resultant moments produced by the load and the weight about points
A
A and B are the same.

a + (MR)A = (MR)B = ©Fd; (MR)A = (MR)B = 6000(9.81)(7.5) + 500(9.81)(4) - 1500(9.81)(9.5)

- 2000(9.81)(12.5) = 76 027.5 N # m = 76.0 kN # m (Counterclockwise) Ans.

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3–19.

The tower crane is used to hoist a 2-Mg load upward at con- 4m

9.5m
stant velocity. The 1.5-Mg jib BD and 0.5-Mg jib BC have
G2
centers of mass at G1 and G2, respectively. Determine the B D
required mass of the counterweight C so that the resultant C G1
moment produced by the load and the weight of the tower G3 7.5 m 12.5 m
crane jibs about point A is zero. The center of mass for the
counterweight is located at G3.

23 m

SOLUTION A

a + (MR)A = ©Fd; 0 = MC(9.81)(7.5) + 500(9.81)(4) - 1500(9.81)(9.5) - 2000(9.81)(12.5)

MC = 4966.67 kg = 4.97 Mg Ans.

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3–20.

Determine the magnitude of the force F that

should be applied at the end of the lever such
that this force creates a clockwise moment M
about point O.

Given:

M 15 N m

I 60 deg

T 30 deg

a 50 mm
b 300 mm
Solution:

M F cos  T   a  b sin  I    F sin  T   b cos  I  

M
F F 77.6 N Ans.
cos  T   a  b sin  I    sin  T   b cos  I  

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3 –21.

If the force F = 100 N, determine the angle u 10 … u … 90°2 so that the force
develops a clockwise moment about point O of 20 N # m.

Given:

F 100 N
M 20 N˜ m
I 60 deg
a 50 mm

b 300 mm
Solution:

Initial Guess T 30 deg

Given

M F cos  T   a  b sin  I    F sin  T   b cos  I  

T Find  T  T 28.6 deg Ans.

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3–22.

The tool at A is used to hold a power lawnmower blade A

13
stationary while the nut is being loosened with the wrench. 5
If a force of 50 N is applied to the wrench at B in the direction F 12

shown, determine the moment it creates about the nut at C.

What is the magnitude of force F at A so that it creates the 400 mm
opposite moment about C?

C 50 N

SOLUTION
B 60
c + MA = 50 sin 60°(0.3)
300 mm
MA = 12.99 = 13.0 N # m Ans.
12
a + MA = 0; - 12.99 + Fa b (0.4) = 0
13
F = 35.2 N Ans.

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3–23.

The towline exerts a force of P = 4 kN at the end of the B

20-m-long crane boom. If u = 30°, determine the
placement x of the hook at A so that this force creates a
P 4 kN
maximum moment about point O. What is this moment?
20 m
O u

1.5 m A
SOLUTION
Maximum moment, OB BA x

a + (MO)max = - 4kN(20) = 80 kN # m b Ans.

4 kN sin 60°(x) - 4 kN cos 60°(1.5) = 80 kN # m

x = 24.0 m Ans.

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3–24.

The towline exerts a force of P = 4 k N at the end of the B

20-m-long crane boom. If x = 25 m, determine the position u
of the boom so that this force creates a maximum moment
P 4 kN
about point O. What is this moment?
20 m
O u

1.5 m A
SOLUTION
Maximum moment, OB BA x

c + (MO)max = 4000(20) = 80 000 N # m = 80.0 kN # m Ans.

4000 sin f(25) - 4000 cos f(1.5) = 80 000

25 sin f - 1.5 cos f = 20

f = 56.43°

u = 90° - 56.43° = 33.6° Ans.

Also,

(1.5)2 + z2 = y 2

2.25 + z2 = y 2

Similar triangles

20 + y 25 + z
=
z y

20y + y2 = 25z + z2

20(22.25 + z2) + 2.25 + z2 = 25z + z2

z = 2.260 m

y = 2.712 m

2.260
u = cos -1 a b = 33.6° Ans.
2.712

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3–25 .

Determine the resultant moment of the forces about point A. Solve the problem first by
considering each force as a whole, and then by using the principle of moments.
Units Used:
3
kN 10 N

Given:

F1 250 N a 2m

F2 300 N b 3m

F3 500 N c 4m

T1 60 deg d 3

T2 30 deg e 4

Solution Using Whole Forces:

atan §¨
d· §a  b  d c· e
Geometry D ¸ L ¨ ¸
©e¹ © e ¹ 2
e d
2

MA F1 ª¬( a)cos  T 2 º¼  F2 ( a  b) sin  T 1   F3 L

MA 2.532 kN˜ m Ans.

Solution Using Principle of Moments:

F1 cos  T 2  a  F2 sin  T 1  ( a  b)  F3

d e
MA c  F3 ( a  b)
2 2 2 2
d e d e

3
MA 2.532 u 10 N˜ m Ans.

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3– 26.

If the resultant moment about point A is M clockwise, determine the magnitude of F 3.

Units Used:
3
kN 10 N

Given:
M 4.800 N˜ m a 2m

F1 300 N b 3m

F2 400 N c 4m

T1 60 deg d 3

T2 30 deg e 4

Solution:

Initial Guess F3 1N

Given

M F 1 cos  T 2  a  F 2 sin  T 1  ( a  b)  F 3
§ d ·c  F § e · ( a  b)
¨ 2 2¸ 3 ¨
2 2 ¸
© d e ¹ © d e ¹

F3 Find  F3  F3 1.593 kN Ans.

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3–27.

The connected bar BC is used to increase the lever arm of the

C
crescent wrench as shown. If the applied force is F = 200 N and
d = 300 mm, determine the moment produced by this force
about the bolt at A. d 15⬚ F

30⬚

300 mm
B
SOLUTION
By resolving the 200-N force into components parallel and perpendicular to the box
wrench BC, Fig. a, the moment can be obtained by adding algebraically the moments A
of these two components about point A in accordance with the principle of
moments.

a +(MR)A = ©Fd; MA = 200 sin 15°(0.3 sin 30°) - 200 cos 15°(0.3 cos 30° + 0.3)

= -100.38 N # m = 100 N # m (Clockwise) Ans.

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3–28.

The connected bar BC is used to increase the lever arm of C

the crescent wrench as shown. If a clockwise moment of
MA = 120 N # m is needed to tighten the bolt at A and the
force F = 200 N, determine the required extension d in d 15⬚ F
order to develop this moment.
30⬚

300 mm
B

SOLUTION A

By resolving the 200-N force into components parallel and perpendicular to the box
wrench BC, Fig. a, the moment can be obtained by adding algebraically the moments
of these two components about point A in accordance with the principle of moments.

a +(MR)A = ©Fd; -120 = 200 sin 15°(0.3 sin 30°) - 200 cos 15°(0.3 cos 30° + d)
d = 0.4016 m = 402 mm Ans.

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3– 29.
The connected bar BC is used to increase the lever arm of C
the crescent wrench as shown. If a clockwise moment of
MA = 120 N # m is needed to tighten the nut at A and the
extension d = 300 mm, determine the required force F in d 15⬚ F
order to develop this moment.
30⬚

300 mm
B

SOLUTION
A
By resolving force F into components parallel and perpendicular to the box wrench
BC, Fig. a, the moment of F can be obtained by adding algebraically the moments
of these two components about point A in accordance with the principle of
moments.

a +(MR)A = ©Fd; -120 = F sin 15°(0.3 sin 30°) - F cos 15°(0.3 cos 30° + 0.3)

F = 239 N Ans.

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3–30.

A force F having a magnitude of F = 100 N acts along the z

diagonal of the parallelepiped. Determine the moment of F
about point A, using M A = rB : F and M A = rC : F.

F
C

200 mm
rC y

SOLUTION 400 mm
B rB
-0.4 i + 0.6 j + 0.2 k
F = 100 a b 600 mm A
0.7483 F
x
F = 5-53.5 i + 80.2 j + 26.7 k6 N

i j k
M A = rB * F = 3 0 -0.6 0 3 = 5 -16.0 i - 32.1 k6 N # m Ans.
-53.5 80.2 26.7

Also,

i j k
M A = rC * F = -0.4 0 0.2 = -16.0 i - 32.1 k N # m Ans.
-53.5 80.2 26.7

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3–31.

The force F = 5600i + 300j - 600k6 N acts at the end of z

the beam. Determine the moment of the force about
point A.
A

x O F

SOLUTION
1.2 m B
r = {0.2i + 1.2j} m 0.4 m

i j k
M O = r * F = 3 0.2 1.2 0 3 0.2 m y
600 300 - 600

M O = { - 720i + 120j - 660k} N # m Ans.

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3–32.

Determine the moment produced by force FB about point O. z

Express the result as a Cartesian vector.

A
6m
FC 420 N
FB 780 N

SOLUTION
Position Vector and Force Vectors: Either position vector rOA or rOB can be used to 2m
determine the moment of FB about point O. 2.5 m
C
rOA = [6k] m rOB = [2.5j] m O
3m B
The force vector FB is given by y
x

(0 - 0)i + (2.5 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k

FB = FB u FB = 780 B R = [300j - 720k] N
2(0 - 0)2 + (2.5 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2

Vector Cross Product: The moment of FB about point O is given by

i j k
M O = rOA * FB = 3 0 0 6 3 = [ -1800i] N # m = [- 1.80i] kN # m Ans.
0 300 - 720

or

i j k
M O = rOB * FB = 3 0 2.5 0 3 = [ -1800i] N # m = [ -1.80i] kN # m Ans.
0 300 - 720

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3–33.

Determine the moment produced by force FC about point O. z

.Express the result as a Cartesian vector

A
6m
FC 420 N
FB 780 N

SOLUTION
Position Vector and Force Vectors: Either position vector rOA or rOC can be used to 2m
determine the moment of FC about point O. 2.5 m
C
rOA = {6k} m O
3m B
rOC = (2 - 0)i + (- 3 - 0)j + (0 - 0)k = [2i - 3j] m y
x

The force vector FC is given by

(2 - 0)i + (- 3 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k
FC = FCuFC = 420 B R = [120i - 180j - 360k] N
2(2 - 0)2 + (- 3 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2

Vector Cross Product: The moment of FC about point O is given by

i j k
M O = rOA 3
* FC = 0 0 6 3 = [1080i + 720j] N # m Ans.
120 - 180 -360

or

i j k
M O = rOC * FC = 3 2 -3 0 3 = [1080i + 720j] N # m Ans.
120 -180 -360

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3–34.

Determine the resultant moment produced by forces FB z

and FC about point O. Express the result as a Cartesian
vector.
A
6m
FC 420 N
FB 780 N

SOLUTION
Position Vector and Force Vectors: The position vector rOA and force vectors FB and 2m
FC, Fig. a, must be determined first. 2.5 m
C
rOA = {6k} m O
3m B
(0 - 0)i + (2.5 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k y
FB = FB uFB = 780 B x
R = [300j - 720k] N
2(0 - 0)2 + (2.5 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2
(2 - 0)i + (-3 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k
FC = FCuFC = 420 B R = [120i - 180j - 360k] N
2(2 - 0)2 + (- 3 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2

Resultant Moment: The resultant moment of FB and FC about point O is given by

MO = rOA * FB + rOA * FC

i j k i j k
= 30 0 6 3 + 3 0 0 6 3
0 300 - 720 120 - 180 - 360

= [- 720i + 720j] N # m Ans.

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3–35.

Using a ring collar the 75-N force can act in the vertical z
plane at various angles u. Determine the magnitude of the
moment it produces about point A, plot the result of M
(ordinate) versus u (abscissa) for 0° … u … 180°, and
specify the angles that give the maximum and minimum A
moment.
2m 1.5 m

SOLUTION
i j k x y
MA 3
= 2 1.5 0 3 75 N
0 75 cos u 75 sin u θ
= 112.5 sin u i - 150 sin u j + 150 cos u k

MA = 21112.5 sin u22 + 1-150 sin u22 + 1150 cos u22 = 212 656.25 sin2 u + 22 500

dMA 1 1
= 112 656.25 sin2 u + 22 5002- 2 112 656.25212 sin u cos u2 = 0
du 2

sin u cos u = 0; u = 0°, 90°, 180° Ans.

Mmax = 187.5 N # m at u = 90°

Mmin = 150 N # m at u = 0°, 180°

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3–36.

The curved rod lies in the x–y plane and has a radius of 3 m. z
If a force of F = 80 N acts at its end as shown, determine
the moment of this force about point O.
O
y
B
3m
3m
45

SOLUTION
1m A
rAC = {1i - 3j - 2k} m
F 80 N
rAC = 2(1)2 + (-3)2 + (- 2)2 = 3.742 m

i j k
2m
M O = rOC * F = 3 4 0 -2 3 x C
1 3 2
3.742 (80) - 3.742 (80) - 3.742(80)

M O = {- 128i + 128j - 257k} N # m Ans.

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3–37.

The curved rod lies in the x–y plane and has a radius of 3 m. z
If a force of F = 80 N acts at its end as shown, determine
the moment of this force about point B.
O
y
B
3m
3m
45
SOLUTION
rAC = {1i - 3j - 2k} m
1m A
rAC = 2(1) + (- 3) + (- 2) = 3.742 m
2 2 2
F 80 N
i j k
M B = rBA * F = 3 3 cos 45° (3 - 3 sin 45°) 0 3
1 3 2 2m
3.742 (80) - 3.742(80) - 3.742(80) x C

M B = { -37.6i + 90.7j - 155k} N # m Ans.

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3–38.

Force F acts perpendicular to the inclined plane. Determine z

the moment produced by F about point A. Express the
result as a Cartesian vector. A
3m
F 400 N

3m

B
C
SOLUTION x 4m y

Force Vector: Since force F is perpendicular to the inclined plane, its unit vector uF
is equal to the unit vector of the cross product, b = rAC * rBC, Fig. a. Here

rAC = (0 - 0)i + (4 - 0)j + (0 - 3)k = [4j - 3k] m

rBC = (0 - 3)i + (4 - 0)j + (0 - 0)k = [ -3i + 4j] m

Thus,

i j k
b = rCA * rCB = 3 0 4 -3 3
-3 4 0

= [12i + 9j + 12k] m2

Then,

b 12i + 9j + 12k
uF = = = 0.6247i + 0.4685j + 0.6247k
b 212 2 + 92 + 12 2

And finally

F = FuF = 400(0.6247i + 0.4685j + 0.6247k)

= [249.88i + 187.41j + 249.88k] N

Vector Cross Product: The moment of F about point A is

i j k
M A = rAC * F = 3 0 4 -3 3
249.88 187.41 249.88

= [1.56i - 0.750j - 1.00k] kN # m Ans.

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3–39. Solve 3–38 if F ⫽ 500 N. z

A
3m
F 500 N

3m

B
C
SOLUTION x 4m y

Force Vector: Since force F is perpendicular to the inclined plane, its unit vector uF
is equal to the unit vector of the cross product, b = rAC * rBC, Fig. a. Here

rAC = (0 - 0)i + (4 - 0)j + (0 - 3)k = [4j - 3k] m

rBC = (0 - 3)i + (4 - 0)j + (0 - 0)k = [ - 3k + 4j] m

Thus,

i j k
b = rCA * rCB = 3 0 4 - 3 3 = [12i + 9j + 12k] m2
-3 4 0

Then,
500 N
b 12i + 9j + 12k
uF = = = 0.6247i + 0.4685j + 0.6247k
b 2122 + 92 + 122

And finally

F = FuF = 500(0.6247i + 0.4685j + 0.6247k)

= [312.35i + 234.25j + 312.35k] N

Vector Cross Product: The moment of F about point B is

i j k
MB = rBC * F = 3 -3 4 0 3
312.35 234.25 312.35

= [1.25i + 0.937j - 1.95k] kN # m Ans.

205
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3–40.

The pipe assembly is subjected to the 80-N force. Determine z

the moment of this force about point A.

400 mm
B

x
SOLUTION 300 mm y

Position Vector And Force Vector:

200 mm
rAC = {(0.55 - 0)i + (0.4 - 0)j + ( -0.2 - 0)k} m 200 mm C 250 mm
= {0.55i + 0.4j - 0.2k} m
40
F = 80(cos 30° sin 40°i + cos 30° cos 40°j - sin 30°k) N
30
= (44.53i + 53.07j - 40.0k} N F 80 N

Moment of Force F About Point A: Applying Eq. 4–7, we have

MA = rAC * F

i j k
= 3 0.55 0.4 - 0.2 3
44.53 53.07 - 40.0

= { - 5.39i + 13.1j + 11.4k} N # m Ans.

206
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3–41.

The pipe assembly is subjected to the 80-N force. Determine z

the moment of this force about point B.

400 mm
B

x
SOLUTION 300 mm y

Position Vector And Force Vector:

200 mm
rBC = {(0.55 - 0) i + (0.4 - 0.4)j + (- 0.2 - 0)k} m 200 mm C 250 mm
= {0.55i - 0.2k} m
40
F = 80 (cos 30° sin 40°i + cos 30° cos 40°j - sin 30°k) N
30
= (44.53i + 53.07j - 40.0k} N F 80 N

Moment of Force F About Point B: Applying Eq. 4–7, we have

MB = rBC * F

i j k
= 3 0.55 0 - 0.2 3
44.53 53.07 - 40.0

= {10.6i + 13.1j + 29.2k} N # m Ans.

207
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3–42.

Strut AB of the 1-m-diameter hatch door exerts a force of z

450 N on point B. Determine the moment of this force
about point O.

30°
0.5 m
F = 450 N
O
SOLUTION y
0.5 m A
Position Vector And Force Vector: 30°

rOB = 510 - 02i + 11 cos 30° - 02j + 11 sin 30° - 02k6 m

x
= 50.8660j + 0.5k6 m

rOA = 510.5 sin 30° - 02i + 10.5 + 0.5 cos 30° - 02j + 10 - 02k6 m

= 50.250i + 0.9330j6 m

10 - 0.5 sin 30°2i + 31 cos 30° - 10.5 + 0.5 cos 30°24j + 11 sin 30° - 02k
F = 450 ¢ ≤N
210 - 0.5 sin 30°22 + 31 cos 30° - 10.5 + 0.5 cos 30°242 + 11 sin 30° - 022
= 5-199.82i - 53.54j + 399.63k6 N

Moment of Force F About Point O: Applying Eq. 4–7, we have

M O = rOB * F

i j k
= 3 0 0.8660 0.5 3
-199.82 -53.54 399.63

= 5373i - 99.9j + 173k6 N # m Ans.

Or

M O = rOA * F

i j k
= 0.250 0.9330 0
-199.82 -53.54 399.63

= 373i - 99.9j + 173k N # m Ans.

208
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 – . 

Determine the moment of the force ) at A about point O. Express the result as a cartesian
vector.
Units Used:

3
N1  10 1

*LYHQ

)  13N1

D  6P

E  2.5P

F  3P

G  3P

H  8P

I  6P

J  4P

K  8P

6ROXWLRQ

§¨ E  J ¸· §¨ E ¸· U$%
U$%  ¨ F  G ¸ U2$  ¨ F ¸ )  )˜
¨K  D ¸ ¨D ¸ U$%
© ¹ © ¹

§ 84 ·
02  U2$ u ) 02
¨ 8 ¸ N1˜ P
Ans.
¨ ¸
© 39 ¹

209
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 –  .

Determine the moment of the force ) at A about point P. Express the result as a cartesian
vector.
Units Used:

3
N1  10 1

*LYHQ

)  13N1

D  6P

E  2.5P

F  3P

G  3P

H  8P

I  6P

J  4P

K  8P

6ROXWLRQ

§¨ E  J ¸· §¨ E  I ¸· U$%
U$%  ¨ F  G ¸ U3$  ¨ F  H ¸ )  )˜
¨K  D ¸ ¨ D ¸ U$%
© ¹ © ¹

§ 116 ·
02  U3$ u ) 02
¨ 16 ¸ N1˜ P Ans.
¨ ¸
© 135 ¹

210
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3–45.

A force of F = 5 6i - 2j + 1k 6 kN produces a moment z

of M O = 54i + 5j - 14k6 kN # m about the origin of F
P
coordinates, point O. If the force acts at a point having an x
coordinate of x = 1 m, determine the y and z coordinates.
MO
z
d
y
O
1m
SOLUTION
y
MO = r * F
x
i j k
4i + 5j - 14k = 3 1 y z3
6 -2 1

4 = y + 2z

5 = -1 + 6z

-14 = -2 - 6y

y = 2m Ans.

z = 1m Ans.

211
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3–46.

The force F = 56i + 8j + 10k6 N creates a moment about z

point O of M O = 5 -14i + 8j + 2k6 N # m. If the force F
P
passes through a point having an x coordinate of 1 m,
determine the y and z coordinates of the point.Also, realizing
MO
that MO = Fd, determine the perpendicular distance d from
point O to the line of action of F. z
d
y
O
1m
SOLUTION
y
i j k x
- 14i + 8j + 2k = 3 1 y z 3
6 8 10

- 14 = 10y - 8z

8 = -10 + 6z

2 = 8 - 6y

y = 1m Ans.

z = 3m Ans.

MO = 2( -14)2 + (8)2 + (2)2 = 16.25 N # m

F = 2(6)2 + (8)2 + (10)2 = 14.14 N

16.25
d = = 1.15 m Ans.
14.14

212
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3–47.

Determine the magnitude of the moment of each of the z

three forces about the axis AB. Solve the problem (a) using
a Cartesian vector approach and (b) using a scalar
approach.
F1 = 60 N

F2 = 85 N F3 = 45 N
SOLUTION
A
a) Vector Analysis
B
y
Position Vector and Force Vector: x
1.5 m 2m
r1 = 5-1.5j6 m r2 = r3 = 0

F1 = 5-60k6 N F2 = 585i6 N F3 = 545j6 N

Unit Vector Along AB Axis:

12 - 02i + 10 - 1.52j
uAB = = 0.8i - 0.6j
212 - 022 + 10 - 1.522

Moment of Each Force About AB Axis: Applying Eq. 4–11, we have

1MAB21 = uAB # 1r1 * F12

0.8 -0.6 0
= 3 0 -1.5 0 3
0 0 -60

= 0.831-1.521-602 - 04 - 0 + 0 = 72.0 N # m Ans.

1MAB22 = uAB # 1r2 * F22

0.8 -0.6 0
= 3 0 0 03 = 0 Ans.
85 0 0

1MAB23 = uAB # 1r3 * F32

0.8 -0.6 0
= 3 0 0 03 = 0 Ans.
0 45 0

b) Scalar Analysis: Since moment arm from force F2 and F3 is equal to zero,

1MAB22 = 1MAB23 = 0 Ans.

Moment arm d from force F1 to axis AB is d = 1.5 sin 53.13° = 1.20 m,

MAB 1 = F1d = 60 1.20 = 72.0 N # m Ans.

213
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3–48. Determine the moment produced by force F about F  {6i  3j  10k} N

the diagonal AF of the rectangular block. Express the result z
as a Cartesian vector.
A B

D 1.5 m
C G y
O
3m

F
x 3m

214
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–49. Determine the moment produced by force F about F  {6i  3j  10k} N

the diagonal OD of the rectangular block. Express the z
result as a Cartesian vector.
A B

D 1.5 m
C G y
O
3m

F
x 3m

215
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3– 50.

Determine the magnitude of the moment of the force F about the base line CA of the tripod.

Given:
§ 50 ·
F
¨ 20 ¸ N
¨ ¸
© 80 ¹
a 4m

b 2.5 m

c 1m

d 0.5 m

e 2m

f 1.5 m

g 2m

Solution:

§ g · §b  g·
rCA ¨e ¸ u rCA
rCD ¨ e ¸ MCA rCD u F˜ uCA MCA 226 N˜ m Ans.
¨ ¸ CA rCA ¨ ¸
©0¹ © a ¹

216
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–51. Determine the magnitude of the moment z

produced by the force of F = 200 N about the hinged axis
(the x axis) of the door. 0.5 m

F  200 N

2m
15
y

A 2.5 m

1m
x

217
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3 – 52 .

The lug nut on the wheel of the automobile is to be removed using the wrench and applying the
vertical force F at A. Determine if this force is adequate, provided a torque M about the x axis is
initially required to turn the nut. If the force F can be applied at A in any other direction, will it
be possible to turn the nut?
Given:

F 30 N

M 14 N˜ m

a 0.25 m

b 0.3 m

c 0.5 m

d 0.1 m

Solution:

2 2
Mx F c b

Mx 12 N˜ m

Mx  M No Ans.

For Mxmax, apply force perpendicular to the handle and the x-axis.

Mxmax Fc

Mxmax 15 N˜ m

Mxmax ! M Yes Ans.

218
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3 – 53 .

The lug nut on the wheel of the automobile is to be removed using the wrench and applying the
vertical force F . Assume that the cheater pipe AB is slipped over the handle of the wrench and
the F force can be applied at any point and in any direction on the assembly. Determine if this
force is adequate, provided a torque M about the x axis is initially required to turn the nut.

Given:
F1 30 N M 14 N˜ m a 0.25 m b 0.3 m c 0.5 m d 0.1 m

Solution:

ac 2 2
Mx F1 c b
c

Mx 18 N˜ m

Mx ! M Ans.
Yes

Mxmax occurs when force is applied perpendicular to both the handle and the x-axis.

Mxmax F1 ( a  c)

Mxmax 22.5 N˜ m

Mxmax ! M Ans.
Yes

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–54.

The board is used to hold the end of a four-way lug wrench in z

the position shown when the man applies a force of F = 100
N. Determine the magnitude of the moment produced by this
force about the x axis. Force F lies in a vertical plane.
F
60⬚
250 mm
y

x
SOLUTION 250 mm
Vector Analysis
Moment About the x Axis: The position vector rAB, Fig. a, will be used to determine
the moment of F about the x axis.

rAB = (0.25 - 0.25)i + (0.25 - 0)j + (0 - 0)k = {0.25j} m

The force vector F, Fig. a, can be written as

F = 100(cos 60°j - sin 60°k) = {50j - 86.60k} N

Knowing that the unit vector of the x axis is i, the magnitude of the moment of F
about the x axis is given by
1 0 0
Mx = i # rAB * F = 3 0 0.25 0 3
0 50 -86.60
= 1[0.25(-86.60) - 50(0)] + 0 + 0
= -21.7 N # m Ans.

The negative sign indicates that Mx is directed towards the negative x axis.

Scalar Analysis
This problem can be solved by summing the moment about the x axis
Mx = ©Mx; Mx = -100 sin 60°(0.25) + 100 cos 60°(0)
= -21.7 N # m Ans.

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–55.

The board is used to hold the end of a four-way lug wrench z

in position. If a torque of 30 N # m about the x axis is
required to tighten the nut, determine the required magni-
tude of the force F that the man’s foot must apply on the
end of the wrench in order to turn it. Force F lies in a verti-
F
cal plane.
60⬚
250 mm
y

x
250 mm
SOLUTION
Vector Analysis
Moment About the x Axis: The position vector rAB, Fig. a, will be used to deter-
mine the moment of F about the x axis.

rAB = (0.25 - 0.25)i + (0.25 - 0)j + (0 - 0)k = {0.25j} m

The force vector F, Fig. a, can be written as

F = F(cos 60°j - sin 60°k) = 0.5Fj - 0.8660Fk

Knowing that the unit vector of the x axis is i, the magnitude of the moment of F
about the x axis is given by

1 0 0
Mx = i # rAB * F = 30 0.25 0 3
0 0.5F -0.8660F
= 1[0.25(-0.8660F) - 0.5F(0)] + 0 + 0
= -0.2165F Ans.

The negative sign indicates that Mx is directed towards the negative x axis. The
magnitude of F required to produce Mx = 30 N # m can be determined from
30 = 0.2165F
F = 139 N Ans.

Scalar Analysis
This problem can be solved by summing the moment about the x axis
Mx = ©Mx; -30 = - F sin 60°(0.25) + F cos 60°(0)
F = 139 N Ans.

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–56.
The cutting tool on the lathe exerts a force F on the shaft z
as shown. Determine the moment of this force about the
y axis of the shaft.
F {6i 4j 7k} kN

SOLUTION
My = uy # (r * F)
30 mm
40
0 1 0
= 3 30 cos 40° 0 30 sin 40° 3
y
6 -4 -7

My = 276.57 N # mm = 0.277 N # m Ans. x

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–57.
z
The cutting tool on the lathe exerts a force F on the shaft as
shown. Determine the moment of this force about the x and
z axes.
F ⫽ {6i ⫺ 4j ⫺ 7k} kN

30 mm
40⬚
SOLUTION
y
Moment About x and y Axes: Position vectors rx and r z shown in Fig. a can be con-
veniently used in computing the moment of F about x and z axes respectively.
x

rx = {0.03 sin 40° k} m rz = {0.03 cos 40°i} m

Knowing that the unit vectors for x and z axes are i and k respectively. Thus, the
magnitudes of moment of F about x and z axes are given by

1 0 0
Mx = i # rx * F = 3 0 0 0.03 sin 40° 3
6 -4 -7
= 1[0(-07) - (-4)(0.03 sin 40°)] - 0 + 0
= 0.07713 kN # m = 77.1 N # m

0 0 1
Mz = k # rz * F = 3 0.03 cos 40° 0 03
6 -4 7
= 0 - 0 + 1[0.03 cos 40°(-4) - 6(0)]
= - 0.09193 kN # m = - 91.9 N # m

Thus,
Mx = Mxi = {77.1i} N # m Mz = Mzk = {- 91.9 k} N # m Ans.

223
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–58. If F = 450 N, determine the magnitude of the z

moment produced by this force about the x axis.
F
45⬚
60⬚
A B 60⬚

100 mm

x 150 mm
300 mm

224
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–59. The friction at sleeve A can provide a maximum z

resisting moment of 125 N # m about the x axis. Determine
the largest magnitude of force F that can be applied to the F
45⬚
bracket so that the bracket will not turn. 60⬚
A B 60⬚

100 mm

x 150 mm
300 mm

225
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–60. A vertical force of F = 60 N is applied to the z

handle of the pipe wrench. Determine the moment that this
force exerts along the axis AB (x axis) of the pipe assembly.
Both the wrench and pipe assembly ABC lie in the x-y A
plane. Suggestion: Use a scalar analysis. y
500 mm F
150 mm
B

45⬚
x
200 mm

226
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–61. Determine the magnitude of the vertical force F z

acting on the handle of the wrench so that this force
produces a component of moment along the AB axis (x axis)
of the pipe assembly of (MA)x = 5 -5i6 N # m. Both the pipe A
assembly ABC and the wrench lie in the x-y plane. y
Suggestion: Use a scalar analysis. 500 mm F
150 mm
B

45⬚
x
200 mm

227
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–62. Determine the magnitude of the moments of the z

force F about the x, y, and z axes. Solve the problem (a) using
a Cartesian vector approach and (b) using a scalar approach.
A

4m

m m y

x
3m
C

2m

B
kN # m .
F ⫽ {4i ⫹ 12j ⫺ 3k} kN

kN # m .

kN # m .

kN # m .

kN # m . kN # m .

228
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3–63. Determine the moment of the force F about an axis z

extending between A and C. Express the result as a
Cartesian vector.
A

4m

x
3m
C

2m

B
F ⫽ {4i ⫹ 12j ⫺ 3k} kN

m
m m

kN..

kN # m

kN # m .
kN # m

229
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–64 .
z
The wrench A is used to hold the pipe in a stationary posi-
tion while wrench B is used to tighten the elbow fitting. If 50 mm 50 mm
FB = 150 N, determine the magnitude of the moment pro-
duced by this force about the y axis. Also, what is the mag-
nitude of force FA in order to counteract this moment?
y
SOLUTION
Vector Analysis x 300 mm
Moment of FB About the y Axis: The position vector rCB, Fig. a, will be used to 300 mm
determine the moment of FB about the y axis. 30⬚ 30⬚
FA 135⬚
rCB = (-0.15 - 0)j + (0.05 - 0.05)j + (-0.2598 - 0)k = {-0.15i - 0.2598k} m 120⬚
B
A
Referring to Fig. a, the force vector FB can be written as FB

FB = 150(cos 60°i - sin 60°k) = {75i - 129.90k} N

Knowing that the unit vector of the y axis is j, the magnitude of the moment of FB
about the y axis is given by
0 1 0
My = j # rCB * FB = 3 - 0.15 0 -0.2598 3
75 0 -129.90
= 0 - 1[-0.15(-129.90) - 75( -0.2598)] + 0
= - 38.97 N # m = 39.0 N # m Ans.
The negative sign indicates that My is directed towards the negative y axis.

Moment of FA About the y Axis: The position vector rDA, Fig. a, will be used to
determine the moment of FA about the y axis.

rDA = (0.15 - 0)i + [-0.05 - (- 0.05)]j + (-0.2598 - 0)k = {0.15i - 0.2598k} m

Referring to Fig. a, the force vector FA can be written as

FA = FA(-cos 15°i + sin 15°k) = - 0.9659FAi + 0.2588FAk

Since the moment of FA about the y axis is required to counter that of FB about the
same axis, FA must produce a moment of equal magnitude but in the opposite sense
to that of FA.

Mx = j # rDA * FB
0 1 0
+ 0.38.97 = 3 0.15 0 - 0.2598 3
- 0.9659 FA 0 0.2588FA
+ 0.38.97 = 0 - 1[0.15(0.2588FA) - (-0.9659FA)(-0.2598)] + 0
FA = 184 N Ans.

Scalar Analysis
This problem can be solved by first taking the moments of FB and then FA about
the y axis. For FB we can write

My = ©My; My = -150 cos 60°(0.3 cos 30°) - 150 sin 60°(0.3 sin 30°)
= -38.97 N # m Ans.
The moment of FA, about the y axis also must be equal in magnitude but opposite
in sense to that of FB about the same axis
My = ©My; 38.97 = FA cos 15°(0.3 cos 30°) - FA sin 15°(0.3 sin 30°)
FA = 184 N Ans.
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–65.
z
The wrench A is used to hold the pipe in a stationary position
50 mm 50 mm
while wrench B is used to tighten the elbow fitting.
Determine the magnitude of force FB in order to develop a
torque of 50 N # m about the y axis. Also, what is the required
magnitude of force FA in order to counteract this moment? y

x
SOLUTION 300 mm
300 mm
Vector Analysis 30⬚ 30⬚
Moment of FB About the y Axis: The position vector rCB, Fig. a, will be used to FA 135⬚
determine the moment of FB about the y axis. 120⬚
B
rCB = (-0.15 - 0)i + (0.05 - 0.05)j + (-0.2598 - 0)k = {-0.15i - 0.2598k} m A
FB

Referring to Fig. a, the force vector FB can be written as

FB = FB(cos 60°i - sin 60°k) = 0.5FBi - 0.8660FBk

Knowing that the unit vector of the y axis is j, the moment of FB about the y axis is
required to be equal to -50 N # m, which is given by

My = j # rCB * FB
0 1 0
-50i = † -0.15 0 -0.2598 †
0.5FB 0 -0.8660FB
-50 = 0 - 1[-0.15(-0.8660FB) - 0.5FB( -0.2598)] + 0
FB = 192 N Ans.

Moment of F A About the y Axis: The position vector rDA, Fig. a, will be
used to determine the moment of FA about the y axis.

rDA = (0.15 - 0)i + [-0.05 - (- 0.05)]j + (-0.2598 - 0)k = {-0.15i - 0.2598k} m

Referring to Fig. a, the force vector FA can be written as

FA = FA(-cos 15°i + sin 15°k) = -0.9659FAi + 0.2588FAk

Since the moment of FA about the y axis is required to produce a countermoment

of 50 N # m about the y axis, we can write

My = j # rDA * FA
0 1 0
50 = † 0.15 0 -0.2598 †
- 0.9659FA 0 0.2588FA
50 = 0 - 1[0.15(0.2588FA) - ( -0.9659FA)(-0.2598)] + 0
FA = 236 N # m Ans.

Scalar Analysis
This problem can be solved by first taking the moments of FB and then FA about
the y axis. For FB we can write

My = ©My; -50 = -FB cos 60°(0.3 cos 30°) - FB sin 60°(0.3 sin 30°)
FB = 192 N Ans.

For FA, we can write

My = ©My; 50 = FA cos 15°(0.3 cos 30°) - FA sin 15°(0.3 sin 30°)
FA = 236 N Ans.

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3– 66.

The wooden shaft is held in a lathe.

The cutting tool exerts force F on the
shaft in the direction shown.
Determine the moment of this force
about the x axis of the shaft. Express
the result as a Cartesian vector. The
distance OA is a.

Given:
a 25 mm

T 30 deg

§ 5 ·
F
¨ 3 ¸ N
¨ ¸
©8¹
Solution:

ª 0 º §1· § 0.211 ·
«( a)cos  T  » ¨0¸ ¨ 0 ¸ N˜ m
r
« »
i
¨ ¸
Mx ¬ª r u F ˜ iº¼ i Mx
¨ ¸
Ans.

¬ ( a)sin  T  ¼ ©0¹ © 0 ¹

232
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–67.

A twist of 4 N # m is applied to the handle of the screwdriver.

Resolve this couple moment into a pair of couple forces F
exerted on the handle and P exerted on the blade.
–F 4 N·m
–P 30 mm

P
F
5 mm
SOLUTION
For the handle

MC = ©Mx ; F10.032 = 4

F = 133 N Ans.

For the blade,

MC = ©Mx ; P10.0052 = 4

P = 800 N Ans.

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–68.

The ends of the triangular plate are subjected to three 100 N

couples. Determine the plate dimension d so that the
resultant couple is 350 N # m clockwise. 600 N

d
100 N
30°
600 N
SOLUTION
200 N 200 N
a + MR = ©MA ; -350 = 2001d cos 30°2 - 6001d sin 30°2 - 100d

d = 1.54 m Ans.

234
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–69.

The caster wheel is subjected to the two couples. Determine 500 N

the forces F that the bearings exert on the shaft so that the
resultant couple moment on the caster is zero.
F A
40 mm
B
F

SOLUTION 100 mm

45 mm
a + ©MA = 0; 500(50) - F (40) = 0

F = 625 N Ans.

50 mm
500 N

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–70. If u = 30°, determine the magnitude of force F so that

the resultant couple moment is 100 N # m, clockwise. The
300 N
300 mm u
disk has a radius of 300 mm.

15⬚
30⬚
⫺F
F
30⬚ 15⬚
u

300 N

236
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–71. If F = 200 N, determine the required angle u so that 300 N

the resultant couple moment is zero. The disk has a radius of 300 mm u
300 mm.

15⬚
30⬚
⫺F
F
30⬚ 15⬚
Ans. u

300 N

237
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–72.

Friction on the concrete surface creates a couple moment of

MO = 100 N # m on the blades of the trowel. Determine the –F
magnitude of the couple forces so that the resultant couple 750 mm F
moment on the trowel is zero. The forces lie in the horizon-
tal plane and act perpendicular to the handle of the trowel.

MO
SOLUTION
Couple Moment: The couple moment of F about the vertical axis is
MC = F(0.75) = 0.75F. Since the resultant couple moment about the vertical axis is 1.25 mm
required to be zero, we can write

(Mc)R = ©Mz; 0 = 100 - 0.75F F = 133 N Ans.

238
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–73.

The man tries to open the valve by applying the couple forces 150 mm 150 mm
of F = 75 N to the wheel. Determine the couple moment
produced.

SOLUTION
a +Mc = ©M; Mc = -75(0.15 + 0.15)
= -22.5 N # m = 22.5 N # m b Ans.
F

239
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–74.

If the valve can be opened with a couple moment of 25 N # m, determine 150 mm 150 mm
the required magnitude of each couple force which must be applied
to the wheel.

SOLUTION
a +Mc = ©M; -25 = -F(0.15 + 0.15)
F = 83.3 N Ans.
F

240
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241
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–76.

Three couple moments act on the pipe assembly. Determine the magnitude of M3 and the
bend angle T so that the resultant couple moment is zero.

Given:

T1 45 deg

M1 900 N˜ m

M2 500 N˜ m

Solution:

Initial guesses: T 10 deg M3 10 N˜ m

Given


o 6Mx = 0; M1  M3 cos  T   M2 cos  T 1  0

 M3 sin  T   M2 sin  T 1 
n 6My = 0; 0

§ T ·
¨ ¸ Find  T  M3  T 32.9 deg M3 651 N˜ m Ans.
© M3 ¹

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–77. The cord passing over the two small pegs A and B of 300 mm
the square board is subjected to a tension of 100 N. C B
Determine the required tension P acting on the cord that u 30⬚
passes over pegs C and D so that the resultant couple ⫺P
produced by the two couples is 15 N # m acting clockwise.
100 N
Take u = 15°.
300 mm

100 N

45⬚ P
30⬚
u
A D

243
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–78. The cord passing over the two small pegs A and B of 300 mm
C B
the board is subjected to a tension of 100 N. Determine the
u
minimum tension P and the orientation u of the cord 30⬚
passing over pegs C and D, so that the resultant couple ⫺P
moment produced by the two cords is 20 N # m, clockwise.
100 N

300 mm

100 N

. 45⬚ P
30⬚
u
A D

244
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–79.

Express the moment of the couple acting on the pipe in Cartesian vector form. What is the magnitude
of the couple moment?

Given:

F 125 N

a 150 mm

b 150 mm

c 200 mm

d 600 mm

Solution:
§ c · §0· § 37.5 ·
M ¨a  b¸ u ¨ 0 ¸ M ¨ 25 ¸ N˜ m M 45.1 N˜ m Ans.
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© 0 ¹ ©F¹ © 0 ¹

245
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–80.

If the couple moment acting on the pipe has a magnitude M, determine the magnitude F of the
forces applied to the wrenches.

Given:

M 300 N˜ m

a 150 mm

b 150 mm
c 200 mm

d 600 mm

Solution:

Initial guess: F 1N

§ c · §0·
Given
¨a  b¸ u ¨ 0 ¸ M F Find ( F) F 832.1 N Ans.
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© 0 ¹ ©F¹

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–81.
3m 3m
Two couples act on the cantilever beam. If F = 6 kN, 5 kN F
determine the resultant couple moment. 4 5

3
B 0.5 m 30

A
30 0.5 m
5
SOLUTION F
4
3 5 kN
a) By resolving the 6-kN and 5-kN couples into their x and y components, Fig. a, the
couple moments (Mc)1 and (Mc)2 produced by the 6-kN and 5-kN couples,
respectively, are given by

a + (MC)1 = 6 sin 30°(3) - 6 cos 30°(0.5 + 0.5) = 3.804 kN # m

a + (MC)2 = 5a b(0.5 + 0.5) - 5a b (3) = -9 kN # m

3 4
5 5

Thus, the resultant couple moment can be determined from

(MC)R = (MC)1 + (MC)2

= 3.804 - 9 = -5.196 kN # m = 5.20 kN # m (Clockwise) Ans.

b) By resolving the 6-kN and 5-kN couples into their x and y components, Fig. a, and
summing the moments of these force components about point A, we can write

3 4
a + (MC)R = ©MA ; (MC)R = 5a b (0.5) + 5a b (3) - 6 cos 30°(0.5) - 6 sin 30°(3)
5 5
3 4
+ 6 sin 30°(6) - 6 cos 30°(0.5) + 5a b(0.5) - 5a b (6)
5 5

= -5.196 kN # m = 5.20 kN # m (Clockwise) Ans.

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–82.
3m 3m
Determine the required magnitude of force F, if the
5 kN F
resultant couple moment on the beam is to be zero. 4 5

3
B 0.5 m 30

A
30 0.5 m
5
SOLUTION F
4
3 5 kN
By resolving F and the 5-kN couple into their x and y components, Fig. a, the couple
moments (Mc)1 and (Mc)2 produced by F and the 5-kN couple, respectively, are
given by

a + (MC)1 = F sin 30°(3) - F cos 30°(1) = 0.6340F

3 4
a + (MC)2 = 5a b (1) - 5a b(3) = -9 kN
5 5

The resultant couple moment acting on the beam is required to be zero. Thus,

(MC)R = (MC)1 + (MC)2

0 = 0.6340F - 9

F = 14.2 kN Ans.

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–83.

Express the moment of the couple acting on the pipe z

assembly in Cartesian vector form. Solve the problem
(a) using Eq. 3–13, and (b) summing the moment of each
force about point O. Take F = 525k6 N.
O
300 mm y
200 mm

150 mm F
SOLUTION
B
(a) MC = rAB * (25k)

i j k x
F
3
= -0.35 - 0.2 0 3 400 mm
200 mm
0 0 25
A
MC = {- 5i + 8.75j} N # m Ans.

(b) MC = rOB * (25k) + rOA * ( -25k)

i j k i j k
= 3 0.3 0.2 0 3 + 3 0.65 0.4 0 3
0 0 25 0 0 - 25

MC = (5 - 10)i + (-7.5 + 16.25)j

MC = {- 5i + 8.75j} N # m Ans.

249
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–84.
If the couple moment acting on the pipe has a magnitude of z
400 N # m, determine the magnitude F of the vertical force
applied to each wrench.

O
300 mm y
200 mm

150 mm F
SOLUTION
B
M C = rAB * (Fk)

i j k x
F
= 3 -0.35 - 0.2 03 400 mm
0 0 F 200 mm

MC = { -0.2Fi + 0.35Fj} N # m
A

MC = 2(- 0.2F)2 + (0.35F)2 = 400

400
F = = 992 N Ans.
2( - 0.2)2 + (0.35)2

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–85.
The gear reducer is subjected to the couple moments z
shown. Determine the resultant couple moment and specify
its magnitude and coordinate direction angles.

M2 = 60 N · m
M1 = 50 N · m
30°
SOLUTION y

x
Express Each Couple Moment as a Cartesian Vector:

M 1 = 550j6 N # m

M 2 = 601cos 30°i + sin 30°k2 N # m = 551.96i + 30.0k6 N # m

Resultant Couple Moment:

M R = ©M; MR = M1 + M2

= 551.96i + 50.0j + 30.0k6 N # m

= 552.0i + 50j + 30k6 N # m Ans.

The magnitude of the resultant couple moment is

MR = 251.962 + 50.02 + 30.02

= 78.102 N # m = 78.1 N # m Ans.

The coordinate direction angles are

51.96
a = cos-1 a b = 48.3° Ans.
78.102

50.0
b = cos-1 a b = 50.2° Ans.
78.102

30.0
g = cos-1 = 67.4° Ans.
78.102

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–86.
The meshed gears are subjected to the couple moments z
shown. Determine the magnitude of the resultant couple M2 = 20 N · m
moment and specify its coordinate direction angles.
20°

30°

SOLUTION y

M1 = 550k6 N # m

M 2 = 201-cos 20° sin 30°i - cos 20° cos 30°j + sin 20°k2 N # m

= 5-9.397i - 16.276j + 6.840k6 N # m

x

M1 = 50 N · m
Resultant Couple Moment:

M R = ©M; MR = M1 + M2

= 5-9.397i - 16.276j + 150 + 6.8402k6 N # m

= 5-9.397i - 16.276j + 56.840k6 N # m

The magnitude of the resultant couple moment is

MR = 21-9.39722 + 1-16.27622 + 156.84022

= 59.867 N # m = 59.9 N # m Ans.

The coordinate direction angles are

-9.397
a = cos-1 a b = 99.0° Ans.
59.867

-16.276
b = cos-1 a b = 106° Ans.
59.867

56.840
g = cos-1 = 18.3° Ans.
59.867

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– 87.

If the resultant couple of the two

couples acting on the fire hydrant is
MR = { 15i + 30j} N ˜ m, determine
the force magnitude P.

Given:

a 0.2 m

b 0.150 m

§ 15 ·
M ¨ 30 ¸ N˜ m
¨ ¸
© 0 ¹

F 75 N

Solution:

Initial guess P 1N

Given

§ F a ·
M ¨ Pb ¸ P Find ( P) P 200 N Ans.
¨ ¸
© 0 ¹

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–88.

A couple acts on each of the handles of the minidual z

valve. Determine the magnitude and coordinate direction
angles of the resultant couple moment.

35 N
25 N
60

SOLUTION y
Mx = - 35(0.35) - 25(0.35) cos 60° = - 16.625 175 mm 175 mm
x
My = - 25(0.35) sin 60° = - 7.5777 N # m
25 N
18.2705 = 18.3 N # m
35 N
|M| = 2(- 16.625) + (-7.5777) =
2 2
Ans.

- 16.625
a = cos-1 a b = 155° Ans.
18.2705

- 7.5777
b = cos-1 a b = 115° Ans.
18.2705

0
g = cos-1 a b = 90° Ans.
18.2705

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–89.
Determine the resultant couple moment of the two couples z
that act on the pipe assembly. The distance from A to B is {35k} N
d = 400 mm. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
B
250 mm
d
{ 50i} N
C { 35k} N
30

y
SOLUTION 350 mm
A
Vector Analysis {50i} N
x
Position Vector:

rAB = {(0.35 - 0.35)i + (-0.4 cos 30° - 0)j + (0.4 sin 30° - 0)k} m

= { -0.3464j + 0.20k} m

Couple Moments: With F1 = {35k} N and F2 = { - 50i} N, applying Eq. 4–15, we have

(M C)1 = rAB * F1
i j k
= 30 -0.3464 0.20 3 = {- 12.12i} N # m
0 0 35
(M C)2 = rAB * F2
i j k
= 3 0 - 0.3464 0.20 3 = { - 10.0j - 17.32k} N # m
- 50 0 0

Resultant Couple Moment:

M R = ©M; M R = (M C)1 + (M C)2

= {- 12.1i - 10.0j - 17.3k}N # m Ans.

Scalar Analysis: Summing moments about x, y, and z axes, we have

(MR)x = ©Mx ; (MR)x = -35(0.4 cos 30°) = - 12.12 N # m

(MR)y = ©My ; (MR)y = -50(0.4 sin 30°) = -10.0 N # m

(MR)z = ©Mz ; (MR)z = -50(0.4 cos 30°) = -17.32 N # m

Express M R as a Cartesian vector, we have

M R = { - 12.1i - 10.0j - 17.3k} N # m

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–90.
Determine the distance d between A and B so that the z
resultant couple moment has a magnitude of MR = 20 N # m. {35k} N

B
250 mm
d
{ 50i} N
C { 35k} N
30

y
SOLUTION 350 mm
A
Position Vector: {50i} N
x
rAB = {(0.35 - 0.35)i + (-d cos 30° - 0)j + (d sin 30° - 0)k} m

= {- 0.8660d j + 0.50d k} m

Couple Moments: With F1 = {35k} N and F2 = {- 50i} N, applying Eq. 4–15, we have

(M C)1 = rAB * F1

i j k
= 30 - 0.8660d 0.50d 3 = { - 30.31d i} N # m
0 0 35

(M C)2 = rAB * F2

i j k
= 3 0 -0.8660d 0.50d 3 = {- 25.0d j - 43.30d k} N # m
-50 0 0

Resultant Couple Moment:

M R = ©M; M R = (M C)1 + (M C)2

= {- 30.31d i - 25.0d j - 43.30d k} N # m

The magnitude of M R is 20 N # m, thus

20 = 2(-30.31d)2 + (- 25.0d)2 + (43.30d)2

d = 0.3421 m = 342 mm Ans.

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–91. z

If F = 80 N, determine the magnitude and coordinate

direction angles of the couple moment. The pipe assembly
lies in the x–y plane. F
300 mm
300 mm
x F

200 mm
SOLUTION
300 mm y
It is easiest to find the couple moment of F by taking the moment of F or –F about 200 mm
point A or B, respectively, Fig. a. Here the position vectors rAB and rBA must be
determined first.

rAB = (0.3 - 0.2)i + (0.8 - 0.3)j + (0 - 0)k = [0.1i + 0.5j] m

rBA = (0.2 - 0.3)i + (0.3 - 0.8)j + (0 - 0)k = [ -0.1i - 0.5j] m

The force vectors F and –F can be written as

F = {80 k} N and - F = [ -80 k] N

Thus, the couple moment of F can be determined from

i j k
M c = rAB * F = 3 0.1 0.5 0 3 = [40i - 8j] N # m
0 0 80
or
i j k
Mc = rBA * -F = 3 - 0.1 - 0.5 0 3 = [40i - 8j] N # m
0 0 - 80

The magnitude of Mc is given by

Mc = 2Mx 2 + My 2 + Mz 2 = 2402 + (- 8)2 + 02 = 40.79 N # m = 40.8 N # m Ans.

The coordinate angles of Mc are

-1
Mx 40
a = cos ¢ ≤ = cos ¢ ≤ = 11.3° Ans.
M 40.79

My -8
-1
b = cos ¢ ≤ = cos ¢ ≤ = 101° Ans.
M 40.79

-1
Mz 0
g = cos ¢ ≤ = cos ¢ ≤ = 90° Ans.
M 40.79

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–92. z
If the magnitude of the couple moment acting on the pipe
assembly is 50 N # m, determine the magnitude of the couple
forces applied to each wrench. The pipe assembly lies in the F
300 mm
x–y plane.
300 mm
x F

200 mm
SOLUTION
300 mm y
It is easiest to find the couple moment of F by taking the moment of either F or –F 200 mm
about point A or B, respectively, Fig. a. Here the position vectors rAB and rBA must
be determined first.

rAB = (0.3 - 0.2)i + (0.8 - 0.3)j + (0 - 0)k = [0.1i + 0.5j] m

rBA = (0.2 - 0.3)i + (0.3 - 0.8)j + (0 - 0)k = [ -0.1i - 0.5j] m

The force vectors F and –F can be written as

F = {Fk} N and - F = [ -Fk]N

Thus, the couple moment of F can be determined from

i j k
M c = rAB * F = 3 0.1 0.5 0 3 = 0.5Fi - 0.1Fj
0 0 F
The magnitude of Mc is given by

Mc = 2Mx 2 + My 2 + Mz 2 = 2(0.5F)2 + (0.1F)2 + 02 = 0.5099F

Since Mc is required to equal 50 N # m,

50 = 0.5099F

F = 98.1 N Ans.

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–93. z

If F = 5100k6 N, determine the couple moment that acts on O

O

the assembly. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.

Member BA lies in the x–y plane.

60 F
SOLUTION 200 mm
x
300 mm y
2
-1
f = tan a b - 30° = 3.69°
3 –F
150 mm
r1 = { -360.6 sin 3.69°i + 360.6 cos 3.69°j} A
200 mm
= { -23.21i + 359.8j} mm

2
u = tan-1 a b + 30° = 53.96°
4.5

r2 = {492.4 sin 53.96°i + 492.4 cos 53.96°j}

= {398.2i + 289.7j} mm

Mc = (r1 - r2) * F

i j k
= 3 - 421.4 70.10 0 3
0 0 100

Mc = {7.01i + 42.1j} N # m Ans.

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–94. z
If the magnitude of the resultant couple moment is O
O
15 N # m, determine the magnitude F of the forces applied
to the wrenches.

60 F
SOLUTION 200 mm
x
2 300 mm y
-1
f = tan a b - 30° = 3.69°
3 –F
150 mm
r1 = { -360.6 sin 3.69°i + 360.6 cos 3.69°j}
A
200 mm
= { -23.21i + 359.8j} mm

2
u = tan-1 a b + 30° = 53.96°
4.5

r2 = {492.4 sin 53.96°i + 492.4 cos 53.96°j}

= {398.2i + 289.7j} mm

Mc = (r1 - r2) * F

i j k
3
= - 421.4 70.10 03
0 0 F

Mc = {0.0701Fi + 0.421Fj} N # m

Mc = 2(0.0701F)2 + (0.421F)2 = 15

15
F = = 35.1 N Ans.
2(0.0701) 2 + (0.421)2

Also, align y¿ axis along BA.

Mc = -F(0.15)i¿ + F(0.4)j¿

15 = 2(F(-0.15))2 + (F(0.4))2

F = 35.1 N Ans.

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–95. z –F4 ⫽ [⫺150 k] N

If F1 = 100 N, F2 = 120 N and F3 = 80 N, determine the
magnitude and coordinate direction angles of the resultant
couple moment. 0.3 m
30⬚

0.3 m
0.2 m
0.2 m
F4 ⫽ [150 k] N
0.2 m
F1
y
x 0.2 m – F1
SOLUTION
– F2 0.2 m
Couple Moment: The position vectors r1, r2, r3, and r4, Fig. a, must be determined
F2
first.
– F3
r1 = {0.2i} m r2 = {0.2j} m r3 = {0.2j} m
0.2 m
F3
From the geometry of Figs. b and c, we obtain

r4 = 0.3 cos 30° cos 45°i + 0.3 cos 30° sin 45°j - 0.3 sin 30°k
= {0.1837i + 0.1837j - 0.15k} m

The force vectors F1, F2, and F3 are given by

F1 = {100k} N F2 = {120k} N F3 = {80i} N

Thus,

M 1 = r1 * F1 = (0.2i) * (100k) = {-20j} N # m

M 2 = r2 * F2 = (0.2j) * (120k) = {24i} N # m
M 3 = r3 * F3 = (0.2j) * (80i) = {-16k} N # m
M 4 = r4 * F4 = (0.1837i + 0.1837j - 0.15k) * (150k) = {27.56i - 27.56j} N # m

Resultant Moment: The resultant couple moment is given by

(M c)R = ∑M c; (M c)R = M 1 + M 2 + M 3 + M 4
= (-20j) + (24i) + (-16k) + (27.56i-27.56j)
= {51.56i - 47.56j - 16k} N # m

The magnitude of the couple moment is

(M c)R = 2[(M c)R]x2 + [(M c)R]y 2 + [(M c)R]z 2

= 2(51.56)2 + (-47.56)2 + ( -16)2
= 71.94 N # m = 71.9 N # m Ans.

The coordinate angles of (Mc)R are

[(Mc)R]x 51.56
a = cos -1 a b = cos a b = 44.2° Ans.
(Mc)R 71.94
[(Mc)R]y -47.56
b = cos -1 a b = cos a b = 131° Ans.
(Mc)R 71.94
[(Mc)R]z -16
g = cos -1 a b = cos a b = 103° Ans.
(Mc)R 71.94

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 –96.
z –F4 ⫽ [⫺150 k] N
Determine the required magnitude of F1, F2, and F3
so that the resultant couple moment is (Mc)R =
[50 i - 45 j - 20 k] N # m. 0.3 m
30⬚

0.3 m
0.2 m
0.2 m
F4 ⫽ [150 k] N
0.2 m
SOLUTION F1
y
x 0.2 m – F1
Couple Moment: The position vectors r1, r2, r3, and r4, Fig. a, must be determined
first.
– F2 0.2 m
r1 = {0.2i} m r2 = {0.2j} m r3 = {0.2j} m F2

– F3
From the geometry of Figs. b and c, we obtain
0.2 m
F3
r4 = 0.3 cos 30° cos 45°i + 0.3 cos 30° sin 45°j - 0.3 sin 30°k
= {0.1837i + 0.1837j - 0.15k} m

The force vectors F1, F2, and F3 are given by

F1 = F1k F2 = F2k F3 = F3i

Thus,

M 1 = r1 * F1 = (0.2i) * (F1k) = -0.2 F1j

M 2 = r2 * F2 = (0.2j) * (F2k) = 0.2 F2i
M 3 = r3 * F3 = (0.2j) * (F3i) = -0.2 F3k
M 4 = r4 * F4 = (0.1837i + 0.1837j - 0.15k) * (150k) = {27.56i - 27.56j} N # m

Resultant Moment: The resultant couple moment required to equal

(M c)R = {50i - 45j - 20k} N # m. Thus,

(M c)R = ©M c; (M c)R = M 1 + M 2 + M 3 + M 4
50i - 45j - 20k = (-0.2F1j) + (0.2F2i) + ( -0.2F3k) + (27.56i - 27.56j)
50i - 45j - 20k = (0.2F2 + 27.56)i + (-0.2F1 - 27.56)j - 0.2F3k

Equating the i, j, and k components yields

50 = 0.2F2 + 27.56 F2 = 112 N Ans.

-45 = -0.2F1 - 27.56 F1 = 87.2 N Ans.
-20 = -0.2F3 F3 = 100 N Ans.

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–97.
y
Replace the force and couple system by an equivalent force 3m
and couple moment at point O. 8 kN m
O P
x
3m
6 kN
4 kN
4m
5m
13 12
SOLUTION 60
5

+ ©F = ©F ; 5
: Rx x FRx = 6a b - 4 cos 60° A
13 4m

= 0.30769 kN

12
+ c ©FRy = ©Fy ; FRy = 6 a b - 4 sin 60°
13

= 2.0744 kN

FR = 2(0.30769)2 + (2.0744)2 = 2.10 kN Ans.

2.0744
u = tan-1 c d = 81.6° a Ans.
0.30769

12 5
a + MO = ©MO ; MO = 8 - 6a b(4) + 6a b(5) - 4 cos 60°(4)
13 13

MO = -10.62 kN # m = 10.6 kN # m b Ans.

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–98. y
Replace the force and couple system by an equivalent force 3m
and couple moment at point P. 8 kN m
O P
x
3m
6 kN
4 kN
4m
5m
13 12
SOLUTION 60
5

+ ©F = ©F ; 5
: Rx x FRx = 6a b - 4 cos 60° A
13 4m

= 0.30769 kN

12
+ c ©FRy = ©Fy ; FRy = 6a b - 4 sin 60°
13

= 2.0744 kN

FR = 2(0.30769)2 + (2.0744)2 = 2.10 kN Ans.

2.0744
u = tan-1 c d = 81.6° a Ans.
0.30769

12 5
a + MP = ©MP ; MP = 8 - 6a b(7) + 6a b(5) - 4 cos 60°(4) + 4 sin 60°(3)
13 13

MP = -16.8 kN # m = 16.8 kN # m b Ans.

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–99. 3 kN
2.5 kN 1.5 kN 30
Replace the force system acting on the beam by an
5
equivalent force and couple moment at point A. Ignore 3
4
the depth of the beam.
A B

2m 4m 2m

SOLUTION

+ F = ©F ; 4
: Rx x FRx = 1.5 sin 30° - 2.5a b
5
= - 1.25 kN = 1.25 kN ;
3
+ c FRy = ©Fy ; FRy = - 1.5 cos 30° - 2.5 a b - 3
5
= - 5.799 kN = 5.799 kN T

Thus,

FR = 2F 2Rx + F 2Ry = 21.252 + 5.7992 = 5.93 kN Ans.

and

FRy 5.799
-1 -1
u = tan ¢ ≤ = tan a b = 77.8° d Ans.
FRx 1.25

3
a + MRA = ©MA ; MRA = -2.5a b (2) - 1.5 cos 30°(6) - 3(8)
5
= -34.8 kN # m = 34.8 kN # m (Clockwise) Ans.

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–100. 3 kN

Replace the force system acting on the beam by an 2.5 kN 1.5 kN 30

5
equivalent force and couple moment at point B. Ignore 3
4
the depth of the beam.
A B

2m 4m 2m

SOLUTION
+ F = ©F ; 4
: Rx x FRx = 1.5 sin 30° - 2.5a b
5
= -1.25 kN = 1.25 kN ;
3
+ c FRy = ©Fy ; FRy = -1.5 cos 30° - 2.5a b - 3
5
= -5.799 kN = 5.799 kN T

Thus,

FR = 2F 2Rx + F 2Ry = 21.252 + 5.7992 = 5.93 kN Ans.

and
FRy 5.799
-1 -1
u = tan ¢ ≤ = tan a b = 77.8° d Ans.
FRx 1.25

3
a + MRB = ©MRB ; MB = 1.5cos 30°(2) + 2.5a b (6)
5

= 11.6 kN # m (Counterclockwise) Ans.

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–101.

Replace the loading system acting on

the beam by an equivalent resultant
force and couple moment at point O.
Given:
F1 200 N

F2 450 N

M 200 N˜ m

a 0.2 m

b 1.5 m

c 2m
d 1.5 m

T 30 deg

Solution:
§0· § sin  T  ·
FR
¨ ¸ ¨
F1 1  F2 cos  T 
¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©0¹ © 0 ¹

§ 225 ·
FR
¨ 190 ¸ N FR 294 N Ans.
¨ ¸
© 0 ¹

§ b  c · ª § 0 ·º § b · ª § sin  T  ·º §0·
MO
¨ a ¸ u «F ¨ 1 ¸»  ¨ a ¸ u «F ¨ cos  T  ¸»  M¨ 0 ¸
¨ ¸ « 1¨ ¸» ¨ ¸ « 2 ¨ ¸» ¨ ¸
© 0 ¹ ¬ © 0 ¹¼ © 0 ¹ ¬ © 0 ¹¼ © 1 ¹
§ 0 ·
MO
¨ 0 ¸ N˜ m
¨ ¸ Ans.
© 39.6 ¹

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3–102. Replace the loading acting on the beam by a

single resultant force. Specify where the force acts,
measured from end A.

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3–103. Replace the loading acting on the beam by a

single resultant force. Specify where the force acts,
measured from B.

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–104. The system of four forces acts on the roof truss. 200
1 kNlb
Determine the equivalent resultant force and specify its
1.375
275kN
lb 14 m 30⬚
location along AB, measured from point A. ft
B
1.5
300kNlb 14 m
ft
0.75
150kN
lb 41 ft
m

A
30⬚

+FRx = ΣFx; FRx = 1 sin 30° = 0.5 kN

↓

FRy = 4.491 kN
+FRy = ΣFy; FRy = 0.75 + 1.5 + 1.375 + 1 cos 30° = 4.491 kN
↓

FR = (0.5) 2 + (4.491) 2 = 4.52 kN Ans.

⎛ 0.5 ⎞
␪ = tan–1 ⎜ = 6.35°
⎝ 4.491 ⎟⎠

␾ = 30° – 6.35° = 23.6° Ans.

+ MRA = ΣMA;
哭

4.491 (d) = 1 (1.5) + 2 (1.375) + 3 cos 30° (1) FRx = 0.5 kN

d = 1.52 m Ans.

FRx = 0.5 kN

FRy = 4.491 kN

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–105. 3 kN
5 kN 2 kN
13
Replace the force system acting on the frame by a resultant 3 5
1m 1m
12
4m 5
force and couple moment at point A. 4
B D
C

5m

SOLUTION
Equivalent Resultant Force: Resolving F1, F2, and F3 into their x and y compo-
nents, Fig. a, and summing these force components algebraically along the x and A
y axes, we have

+ ©(F ) = ©F ; 4 5
: R x x (FR)x = 5 a b - 3 a b = 2.846 kN :
5 13
3 12
+ c (FR)y = ©Fy; (FR)y = - 5a b - 2 - 3 a b = -7.769 kN = 7.769 kN T
5 13

The magnitude of the resultant force FR is given by

FR = 2(FR)x2 + (FR)y2 = 22.8462 + 7.7692 = 8.274 kN = 8.27 kN Ans.

The angle u of FR is

(FR)y 7.769
u = tan-1 c d = tan-1 c d = 69.88° = 69.9° c Ans.
(FR)x 2.846

Equivalent Couple Moment: Applying the principle of moments and summing the
moments of the force components algebraically about point A, we can write

3 4 12 5
a + (MR)A = ©MA; (MR)A = 5 a b(4) - 5 a b(5) - 2(1) - 3a b (2) + 3 a b (5)
5 5 13 13

= -9.768 kN # m = 9.77 kN # m (Clockwise) Ans.

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–106. 450 N
600 N
Replace the force system acting on the bracket by a resultant B
force and couple moment at point A. 30⬚ 45⬚

0.3 m

SOLUTION
A
Equivalent Resultant Force: Forces F1 and F2 are resolved into their x and y com-
ponents, Fig. a. Summing these force components algebraically along the x and y
axes, we have 0.6 m

+ ©(F ) = ©F ; (FR)x = 450 cos 45° - 600 cos 30° = -201.42 N = 201.42 N ;
: R x x

+ c (FR)y = ©Fy; (FR)y = 450 sin 45° + 600 sin 30° = 618.20 N c

The magnitude of the resultant force FR is given by

FR = 2(FR)x2 + (FR)y2 = 2201.4 2 + 618.202 = 650.18 kN = 650 N Ans.

The angle u of FR is

(FR)y 618.20
u = tan - 1 c d = tan - 1 c d = 71.95° = 72.0° b Ans.
(FR)x 201.4

Equivalent Resultant Couple Moment: Applying the principle of moments, Figs. a

and b, and summing the moments of the force components algebraically about
point A, we can write

a + (MR)A = ©MA; (MR)A = 600 sin 30°(0.6) + 600 cos 30°(0.3) + 450 sin 45°(0.6) - 450 cos 45°(0.3)

= 431.36 N # m = 431 N # m (Counterclockwise) Ans.

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–107.
z
FR
A biomechanical model of the lumbar region of the human FO
trunk is shown. The forces acting in the four muscle groups
consist of FR = 35 N for the rectus, FO = 45 N for the FR FE FL
oblique, FL = 23 N for the lumbar latissimus dorsi, and
FE
FE = 32 N for the erector spinae. These loadings are
symmetric with respect to the y–z plane. Replace this system FO FL
of parallel forces by an equivalent force and couple moment
acting at the spine, point O. Express the results in Cartesian
vector form. O

75 mm 15 mm
30 mm
45 mm 50 mm 40 mm
SOLUTION x
y

FR = ©Fz ; FR = {2(35 + 45 + 23 + 32)k } = {270k} N Ans.

MROx = ©MOx ; MR O = [-2(35)(0.075) + 2(32)(0.015) + 2(23)(0.045)]i

MR O = {-2.22i} N # m Ans.

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–108.
z
Replace the two forces acting on the post by a resultant
force and couple moment at point O. Express the results in A
Cartesian vector form.
C FB 5 kN

FD 7 kN

SOLUTION 6m
8m
2m
Equivalent Resultant Force: The forces FB and FD, Fig. a, expressed in Cartesian
D O
vector form can be written as
3m
(0 - 0)i + (6 - 0)j + (0 - 8)k 6m
B
FB = FBuAB = 5C S = [3j - 4k] kN x y
(0 - 0) + (6 - 0) + (0 - 8)
2 2 2

(2 - 0)i + (- 3 - 0)j + (0 - 6)k

FD = FDuCD = 7C S = [2i - 3j - 6k] kN
(2 - 0)2 + (- 3 - 0)2 + (0 - 6)2

The resultant force FR is given by

FR = πF; FR = FB + FD

= (3j - 4k) + (2i - 3j - 6k)

= [2i - 10k] kN Ans.

Equivalent Resultant Force: The position vectors rOB and rOC are

rOB = {6j} m rOC = [6k] m

Thus, the resultant couple moment about point O is given by

(M R)O = ©M O; (M R)O = rOB * FB + rOC * FD

i j k i j k
= 30 6 0 3 + 30 0 6 3
0 3 -4 2 -3 -6

= [- 6i + 12j] kN # m Ans.

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–109. z

Replace the force system by an equivalent force and couple

moment at point A.
F2 {100i 100j 50k} N F1 {300i 400j 100k} N
4m

F3 { 500k} N
SOLUTION
8m
FR = ©F; FR = F1 + F2 + F3 1m

= 1300 + 1002i + 1400 - 1002j + 1-100 - 50 - 5002k

= 5400i + 300j - 650k6 N

The position vectors are rAB = 512k6 m and rAE = 5 -1j6 m.

M RA = ©M A ; M RA = rAB * F1 + rAB * F2 + rAE * F3

i j k i j k
3
= 0 0 12 3 3
+ 0 0 12 3
300 400 -100 100 -100 -50

i j k
+ 0 -1 0
0 0 -500

= -3100i + 4800j N # m Ans.

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–110. z
The belt passing over the pulley is subjected to forces F1 and
F2, each having a magnitude of 40 N. F1 acts in the -k direction. ␪ y
r ⫽ 80 mm
Replace these forces by an equivalent force and couple
moment at point A. Express the result in Cartesian vector form.
Set u = 0° so that F2 acts in the -j direction. 300 mm

A
SOLUTION x
FR = F1 + F2

FR = {-40j - 40 k} N Ans. F2

M RA = ©(r * F) F1

i j k i j k
3
= -0.3 0 3 3
0.08 + - 0.3 0.08 0 3
0 -40 0 0 0 -40

MRA = {-12j + 12k} N # m Ans.

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–111.
z
The belt passing over the pulley is subjected to two forces F1
and F2, each having a magnitude of 40 N. F1 acts in the - k y
r 80 mm
direction. Replace these forces by an equivalent force and
couple moment at point A. Express the result in Cartesian
vector form. Take u = 45°.
300 mm

A
SOLUTION x
F R = F1 + F 2

= -40 cos 45°j + ( -40 - 40 sin 45°)k F2

FR = {- 28.3j - 68.3k} N Ans. F1

rAF1 = {- 0.3i + 0.08j} m

rAF2 = -0.3i - 0.08 sin 45°j + 0.08 cos 45°k

= {- 0.3i - 0.0566j + 0.0566k} m

MRA = (rAF1 * F1) + (rAF2 * F2)

i j k i j k
= 3 - 0.3 0.08 0 3 + 3 -0.3 - 0.0566 0.0566 3
0 0 - 40 0 -40 cos 45° -40 sin 45°

MRA = {- 20.5j + 8.49k} N # m Ans.

Also,

MRAx = ©MAx

MRAx = 28.28(0.0566) + 28.28(0.0566) - 40(0.08)

MRAx = 0

MRAy = ©MAy

MRAy = -28.28(0.3) - 40(0.3)

MRAy = -20.5 N # m

MRAz = ©MAz

MRAz = 28.28(0.3)

MRAz = 8.49 N # m

MRA = {- 20.5j + 8.49k} N # m Ans.

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–112. F2 ⫽ {2j ⫺ 4k} N

Handle forces F1 and F2 are applied to the electric drill. z

Replace this force system by an equivalent resultant force
and couple moment acting at point O. Express the results in
0.15 m F1 ⫽ {6i ⫺ 3j ⫺ 10k} N
Cartesian vector form.

0.25 m

0.3 m
SOLUTION O

FR = ©F; FR = 6i - 3j - 10k + 2j - 4k x y

= {6i - 1j - 14k} N Ans.

M RO = ©M O ;

i j k i j k
M RO = 3 0.15 0 0.3 3 + 3 0 -0.25 0.3 3
6 -3 -10 0 2 -4
= 0.9i + 3.30j - 0.450k + 0.4i
= {1.30i + 3.30j - 0.450k} N # m Ans.

Note that FRz = -14 N pushes the drill bit down into the stock.
(MRO)x = 1.30 N # m and (MRO)y = 3.30 N # m cause the drill bit to bend.
(MRO)z = -0.450 N # m causes the drill case and the spinning drill bit to rotate
about the z-axis.

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 –113.

Replace the force at A by an equivalent force and couple moment at point O.

Given:

F 375 N

a 2m

b 4m

c 2m

d 1m

T 30 deg

Solution:

§ sin  T  · § 187.5 ·
Fv
¨
F cos  T 
¸ Fv
¨ 324.76 ¸ N Ans.
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© 0 ¹ © 0 ¹

§ a · § 0 ·
MO
¨ b ¸uF MO
¨ 0 ¸ N˜ m Ans.
¨ ¸ v ¨ ¸
©0¹ © 100.481 ¹

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–114 .

Replace the force at A by an equivalent force and couple moment at point P .

Given:

F 375 N

a 2m

b 4m

c 2m

d 1m

T 30 deg

Solution:

§ sin  T  · § 187.5 ·
Fv
¨
F cos  T 
¸ Fv
¨ 324.76 ¸ N Ans.
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© 0 ¹ © 0 ¹
§ a  c · § 0 ·
MP
¨ bd ¸uF MP
¨ 0 ¸ N˜ m Ans.
¨ ¸ v ¨ ¸
© 0 ¹ © 736.538 ¹

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–115.

Determine the magnitude and direction T

of force F and its placement d on the
beam so that the loading system is
equivalent to a resultant force FR acting
vertically downward at point A and a
clockwise couple moment M.
Units Used:
3
kN 10 N

Given:

F1 5 kN a 3m

F2 3 kN b 4m

FR 12 kN c 6m

M 50 kN˜ m e 7 f 24

Solution:

Initial guesses: F 1 kN T 30 deg d 2m

Given
§ e · F  F cos  T  0
¨ 2 2¸ 1
© e f ¹

§  f · F  F sin  T   F F R
¨ 2 2¸ 1 2
© e f ¹

§ f ·
¨ 2 2 ¸ F1 a  F sin  T  ( a  b  d)  F2 ( a  b) M
© e f ¹

§F·
¨T ¸ Find  F  T  d F 4.427 kN T 71.565 deg d 3.524 m Ans.
¨ ¸
©d¹

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–116.

Determine the magnitude and direction T of force F and its placement d on the beam so that the
loading system is equivalent to a resultant force F R acting vertically downward at point A and a
clockwise couple moment M.
Units Used:
3
kN 10 N

Given:

F1 5 kN a 3m

F2 3 kN b 4m

FR 10 kN c 6m

M 45 kN˜ m e 7

f 24

Solution:

Initial guesses: F 1 kN T 30 deg d 1m

Given
§ e · F  F cos  T  0
¨ 2 2¸ 1
© e f ¹

§  f · F  F sin  T   F F R
¨ 2 2¸ 1 2
© e f ¹

§ f ·
¨ 2 2 ¸ F1 a  F sin  T  ( a  b  d)  F2 ( a  b) M
© e f ¹

§F·
¨T ¸ Find  F  T  d F 2.608 kN T 57.529 deg d 2.636 m Ans.
¨ ¸
©d¹

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–117. 700 N
450 N 300 N 30
Replace the loading acting on the beam by a single resultant
force. Specify where the force acts, measured from end A. 60
B
A

3000 N m
2m 4m 3m

SOLUTION
+ F = ©F ;
: FRx = 450 cos 60° - 700 sin 30° = - 125 N = 125 N ;
Rx x

+ c FRy = ©Fy ; FRy = - 450 sin 60° - 700 cos 30° - 300 = - 1296 N = 1296 N T

F = 2(-125)2 + ( -1296)2 = 1302 N Ans.

1296
u = tan-1 a b = 84.5° d Ans.
125

c + MRA = ©MA ; 1296(x) = 450 sin 60°(2) + 300(6) + 700 cos 30°(9) + 3000

x = 8.51 m Ans.

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–118. 700 N
450 N 300 N 30
Replace the loading acting on the beam by a single resultant
60
force. Specify where the force acts, measured from B. B
A

3000 N m
2m 4m 3m

SOLUTION
+ F = ©F ;
: FRx = 450 cos 60° - 700 sin 30° = - 125 N = 125 N ;
Rx x

+ c FRy = ©Fy ; FRy = - 450 sin 60° - 700 cos 30° - 300 = - 1296 N = 1296 N T

F = 2(- 125)2 + ( - 1296)2 = 1302 N Ans.

1296
u = tan-1 a b = 84.5° d Ans.
125

c + MRB = ©MB ; 1296(x) = - 450 sin 60°(4) + 700 cos 30°(3) + 3000

x = 2.52 m (to the right) Ans.

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–119. The system of parallel forces acts on the top of the 2 kN

Warren truss. Determine the equivalent resultant force of the
system and specify its location measured from point A.
1 kN
500 N 500 N 500 N
1m 1m 1m 1m
A

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–120. 300 N

Replace the loading on the frame by a single resultant force. 250 N

1m 2m 3m 5
Specify where its line of action intersects member AB, C
3
B 4
measured from A. D
2m
400 N m

60
SOLUTION 3m
500 N
+ ©F = F ; 4
: x Rx FRx = -250a b - 500(cos 60°) = -450 N = 450 N ;
5
A
3
+ c ©Fy = ©Fy ; FRy = -300 - 250a b - 500 sin 60° = -883.0127 N = 883.0127 N T
5

FR = 2(- 450)2 + (- 883.0127)2 = 991 N Ans.

883.0127
u = tan-1 a b = 63.0° d Ans.
450

4 3
a + MRA = ©MA ; 450y = 400 + (500 cos 60°)(3) + 250a b(5) - 300(2) - 250a b(5)
5 5

800
y = = 1.78 m Ans.
450

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–121. 300 N
250 N
Replace the loading on the frame by a single resultant force. 1m 2m 3m 5 3
Specify where its line of action intersects member CD, C B 4
measured from end C. D
2m
400 N m

60
SOLUTION
3m
500 N
+ ©F = F ; 4
: x Rx FRx = -250a b - 500(cos 60°) = -450 N = 450 N ;
5
A
3
+ c ©Fy = ©Fy ; FRy = -300 - 250a b - 500 sin 60° = -883.0127 N = 883.0127 N T
5

FR = 2(- 450)2 + (- 883.0127)2 = 991 N Ans.

883.0127
u = tan-1 a b = 63.0° d
450

3
c + MRA = ©MC ; 883.0127x = - 400 + 300(3) + 250 a b(6) + 500 cos 60°(2) + (500 sin 60°)(1)
5

2333
x = = 2.64 m Ans.
883.0127

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–122 .

Replace the force and couple system by an equivalent force and couple moment at point O.

Units Used :
3
kN  10 N

Given:

M  30kN ˜ m T  60deg

a  3m f  12

b  3m g 5

c  4m F1  8kN

d  4m F2  6kN

e  6m

Solution:

F1§g · § cos ( T ) ·
FR 
¨ f ¸  F ˜ ¨ sin ( T ) ¸
2¨ ¸
2¨ ¸
2
f  g ©0 ¹ © 0 ¹

§ 0.077 ·
FR
¨ 2.188 ¸ kN FR 2.19 kN Ans.
¨ ¸
© 0.000 ¹

§ 0 · § c · ª F § g ·º § 0 · ª § cos ( T ) ·º
MO 
¨ ¸ ¨
0  e u ¸ « 1 ¨ f ¸»  ¨ d ¸ u «F ˜ ¨ sin ( T ) ¸»
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ « 2 2 ¨ ¸» ¨ ¸ « 2 ¨ ¸»
© M ¹ © 0 ¹ ¬ f  g © 0 ¹¼ © 0 ¹ ¬ © 0 ¹¼

§ 0.00 ·
MO
¨ 0.00 ¸ kN˜ m Ans.
¨ ¸
© 6.9 2 ¹

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–123 .

Replace the force and couple system by an equivalent force and couple moment at point P.

Units Used :
3
kN  10 N

Given:

M  30kN ˜m T  60deg

a  3m f  12

b  3m g 5

c  4m F1  8kN

d  4m F2  6kN

e  6m

Solution:

F1§g · § cos ( T ) ·
FR 
¨ f ¸  F ˜ ¨ sin ( T ) ¸
2¨ ¸
2¨ ¸
2
f  g ©0 ¹ © 0 ¹

§ 0.077 ·
FR
¨ 2.188 ¸ kN FR 2.19 kN Ans.
¨ ¸
© 0.000 ¹

§ 0 · § c  b · ª F § g ·º § b · ª § cos ( T ) ·º
MP 
¨ ¸
0  ¨ e
¸ u
« 1 ¨ f ¸»  ¨ d ¸ u «F ˜ ¨ sin ( T ) ¸»
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ « 2 2 ¨ ¸» ¨ ¸ « 2 ¨ ¸»
© M ¹ © 0 ¹ ¬ f  g © 0 ¹¼ © 0 ¹ ¬ © 0 ¹¼

§ 0.000 ·
MP
¨ ¸
0.000 kN˜ m Ans.
¨ ¸
© 0.358 ¹

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–124. 0.5 m
B
Replace the force system acting on the post by a resultant
force, and specify where its line of action intersects the post
500 N 5
AB measured from point A. 1m 3
250 N
0.2 m 4
30

1m
SOLUTION 300 N

Equivalent Resultant Force: Forces F1 and F2 are resolved into their x and y
1m
components, Fig. a. Summing these force components algebraically along the x and
y axes, A

+ (F ) = ©F ; 4
: R x x (FR)x = 250 a b - 500 cos 30° - 300 = -533.01 N = 533.01 N ;
5
3
+ c (FR)y = ©Fy; (FR)y = 500 sin 30° - 250a b = 100 N c
5

The magnitude of the resultant force FR is given by

FR = 2(FR)x 2 + (FR)y 2 = 2533.012 + 1002 = 542.31 N = 542 N Ans.

The angle u of FR is

(FR)y 100
-1 -1
u = tan B R = tan c d = 10.63° = 10.6° b Ans.
(FR)x 533.01
Location of the Resultant Force: Applying the principle of moments, Figs. a and b,
and summing the moments of the force components algebraically about point A,
3 4
a +(MR)A = ©MA; 533.01(d) = 500 cos 30°(2) - 500 sin 30°(0.2) - 250 a b (0.5) - 250 a b(3) + 300(1)
5 5
d = 0.8274 mm = 827 mm Ans.

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0.5 m
–125.
B
Replace the force system acting on the post by a resultant
force, and specify where its line of action intersects the post 500 N 3
5
1m 250 N
AB measured from point B. 0.2 m 4
30

1m
SOLUTION 300 N
Equivalent Resultant Force: Forces F1 and F2 are resolved into their x and y
components, Fig. a. Summing these force components algebraically along the x and 1m
y axes,
A
+ ©(F ) = ©F ; 4
: R x x (FR)x = 250 a b - 500 cos 30° - 300 = -533.01N = 533.01 N ;
5
3
+ c (FR)y = ©Fy; (FR)y = 500 sin 30° - 250a b = 100 N c
5

The magnitude of the resultant force FR is given by

FR = 2(FR)x 2 + (FR)y 2 = 2533.012 + 1002 = 542.31 N = 542 N Ans.

The angle u of FR is

(FR)y 100
-1 -1
u = tan B R = tan c d = 10.63° = 10.6° b Ans.
(FR)x 533.01
Location of the Resultant Force: Applying the principle of moments, Figs. a and b,
and summing the moments of the force components algebraically about point B,
3
a +(MR)B = ©Mb; -533.01(d) = -500 cos 30°(1) - 500 sin 30°(0.2) - 250 a b (0.5) - 300(2)
5
d = 2.17 m Ans.

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–126. Replace the force and couple moment system 30 kN

26 kN
acting on the overhang beam by a resultant force, and 30⬚
specify its location along AB measured from point A. 12 13
0.3 m 45 kN⭈m 5
A
0.3 m
B

2m 2m
1m 1m

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–127. z
FD
The tube supports the four parallel forces. Determine the
magnitudes of forces FC and FD acting at C and D so that 600 N
the equivalent resultant force of the force system acts D
through the midpoint O of the tube. FC
A

400 mm 500 N
O C
SOLUTION
Since the resultant force passes through point O, the resultant moment components 400 mm 200 mm
x z
about x and y axes are both zero. B 200 mm y

©Mx = 0; FD(0.4) + 600(0.4) - FC(0.4) - 500(0.4) = 0

FC - FD = 100 (1)

©My = 0; 500(0.2) + 600(0.2) - FC(0.2) - FD(0.2) = 0

FC + FD = 1100 (2)

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields:

FC = 600 N FD = 500 N Ans.

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–128.

Replace the force and couple-moment system by an equivalent resultant force and couple
moment at point P. Express the results in Cartesian vector form.

Units Used:
3
kN 10 N

Given:
§8·
F
¨ 6 ¸ kN
¨ ¸
©8¹
§ 20 ·
M
¨ 70 ¸ kN˜ m
¨ ¸
© 20 ¹
a 3m

b 3m e 5m

c 4m f 6m

d 6m g 5m

Solution:
§ f · §8· § 46 ·
FR F MR M
¨ e ¸uF FR
¨ 6 ¸ kN MR
¨ 66 ¸ kN˜ m Ans.
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©d  g¹ ©8¹ © 56 ¹

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–129.

Replace the force and couple-moment system by an equivalent resultant force and couple
moment at point Q. Express the results in Cartesian vector form.

Units Used:
3
kN 10 N

Given:
§8·
F
¨ 6 ¸ kN
¨ ¸
©8¹
§ 20 ·
M
¨ 70 ¸ kN˜ m
¨ ¸
© 20 ¹
a 3m
b 3m e 5m
c 4m f 6m

d 6m g 5m

Solution:

§0· §8· § 10 ·

FR F MR
¨ ¸
M e uF FR
¨ 6 ¸ kN MR
¨ 30 ¸ kN˜ m Ans.
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©g¹ ©8¹ © 20 ¹

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–130. z

The building slab is subjected to four parallel column

loadings. Determine the equivalent resultant force and
50 kN F1
specify its location (x, y) on the slab. Take F1 = 30 kN, 20 kN
F2 = 40 kN.

F2

4m y
3m
SOLUTION x
8m 6m

+ c FR = ©Fz; FR = -20 - 50 - 30 - 40 = -140 kN = 140 kN T Ans. 2m

(MR)x = ©Mx; -140y = -50(3) - 30(11) - 40(13)

y = 7.14 m Ans.

(MR)y = ©My; 140x = 50(4)+ 20(10) + 40(10)

x = 5.71 m Ans.

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–131. z

The building slab is subjected to four parallel column

loadings. Determine the equivalent resultant force and
specify its location (x, y) on the slab. Take F1 = 20 kN, 20 kN 50 kN F1
F2 = 50 kN.

F2

4m y
SOLUTION 3m
x
8m 6m
+ TFR = ©Fz; FR = 20 + 50 + 20 + 50 = 140 kN Ans. 2m

MR y = ©My; 140(x) = (50)(4) + 20(10) + 50(10)

x = 6.43 m Ans.

MR x = ©Mx; - 140(y) = -(50)(3) - 20(11) - 50(13)

y = 7.29 m Ans.

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–132. z

If FA = 40 kN and FB = 35 kN, determine the magnitude

of the resultant force and specify the location of its point of 30 kN
application (x, y) on the slab. 0.75 m 90 kN
FB 2.5 m
20 kN
2.5 m
0.75 m
0.75 m FA
y

SOLUTION x 3m
3m
Equivalent Resultant Force: By equating the sum of the forces along the z axis to
0.75 m
the resultant force FR, Fig. b,

+ c FR = ©Fz; - FR = -30 - 20 - 90 - 35 - 40

FR = 215 kN Ans.

Point of Application: By equating the moment of the forces and FR, about the x and
y axes,
(MR)x = ©Mx; - 215(y) = -35(0.75) - 30(0.75) - 90(3.75) - 20(6.75) - 40(6.75)

y = 3.68 m Ans.

(MR)y = ©My; 215(x) = 30(0.75) + 20(0.75) + 90(3.25) + 35(5.75) + 40(5.75)

x = 3.54 m Ans.

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–133. z

If the resultant force is required to act at the center of the

slab, determine the magnitude of the column loadings FA 30 kN
and FB and the magnitude of the resultant force. 0.75 m 90 kN
FB 2.5 m
20 kN
2.5 m
0.75 m
0.75 m FA
y
x 3m
SOLUTION 3m
Equivalent Resultant Force: By equating the sum of the forces along the z axis to 0.75 m
the resultant force FR,

+ c FR = ©Fz; - FR = -30 - 20 - 90 - FA - FB

FR = 140 + FA + FB (1)

Point of Application: By equating the moment of the forces and FR, about the x and
y axes,

(MR)x = ©Mx; - FR(3.75) = -FB(0.75) - 30(0.75) - 90(3.75) - 20(6.75) - FA(6.75)

FR = 0.2FB + 1.8FA + 132 (2)

(MR)y = ©My; FR(3.25) = 30(0.75) + 20(0.75) + 90(3.25) + FA(5.75) + FB(5.75)

FR = 1.769FA + 1.769FB + 101.54 (3)

Solving Eqs.(1) through (3) yields

FA = 30 kN FB = 20 kN FR = 190 kN Ans.

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–134.
100 N · m
Replace the two wrenches and the force, acting on the pipe
assembly, by an equivalent resultant force and couple
moment at point O. 300 N
z

C
y
SOLUTION O A B 100 N
0.5 m 0.6 m 0.8 m
Force And Moment Vectors: x
45° 200 N
F1 = 5300k6 N F3 = 5100j6 N

F2 = 2005cos 45°i - sin 45°k6 N 180 N · m

= 5141.42i - 141.42k6 N

M 1 = 5100k6 N # m

M 2 = 1805cos 45°i - sin 45°k6 N # m

= 5127.28i - 127.28k6 N # m

Equivalent Force and Couple Moment At Point O:

FR = ©F; FR = F1 + F2 + F3

= 141.42i + 100.0j + 1300 - 141.422k

= 5141i + 100j + 159k6 N Ans.

The position vectors are r1 = 50.5j6 m and r2 = 51.1j6 m.

M RO = ©M O ; M RO = r1 * F1 + r2 * F2 + M 1 + M 2

i j k
= 30 0.5 0 3
0 0 300

i j k
+ 0 1.1 0
141.42 0 -141.42

+ 100k + 127.28i - 127.28k

= 122i - 183k N # m Ans.

300
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3 –135. Replace the parallel force system acting on z

the plate by a resultant force and specify its location on the
x–z plane. 0.5 m

1m

2 kN

5 kN

1m

1m y

3 kN
0.5 m
x

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3–136.

The pipe assembly is subjected to the action of a wrench at B and a couple at A. Determine the
magnitude F of the couple forces so that the system can be simplified to a wrench acting at
point C.

Given:
a 0.6 m
b 0.8 m
c 0.25 m

d 0.7 m

e 0.3 m

f 0.3 m

g 0.5 m

h 0.25 m

P  60 N

Q  40 N

Solution:

Initial Guess F 1N MC 1 N˜ m

Given

§¨ MC ·¸ ª  P ( c  h) º ª 0 º § a · § Q ·
« 0 »« 0 »  ¨b¸ u ¨ 0 ¸
¨ 0 ¸ « » « » ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ 0 ¸ ¬ 0 ¼ ¬ F ( e  f) ¼ © 0 ¹ © 0 ¹
© ¹

§ F ·
¨ ¸ Find  F  MC MC 30 N˜ m F 53.3 N Ans.
© MC ¹

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3–137.
z
FB {800k} N
Replace the three forces acting on the plate by a wrench.
FA {500i} N
Specify the magnitude of the force and couple moment for
the wrench and the point P(x, y) where its line of action A
intersects the plate.
B
P x
y

y
6m
x 4m
SOLUTION C
FR = {500i + 300j + 800k} N FC {300j} N

FR = 2(500)2 + (300)2 + (800)2 = 990 N Ans.

uFR = {0.5051i + 0.3030j + 0.8081k}

MRx¿ = ©Mx¿; MRx¿ = 800(4 - y)

MRy¿ = ©My¿; MRy¿ = 800x

MRz¿ = ©Mz¿; MRz¿ = 500y + 300(6 - x)

Since MR also acts in the direction of uFR,

MR (0.5051) = 800(4 - y)

MR (0.3030) = 800x

MR (0.8081) = 500y + 300(6 - x)

MR = 3.07 kN # m Ans.

x = 1.16 m Ans.

y = 2.06 m Ans.

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3–138.

Determine the resultant couple moment of the two couples

z y
that act on the assembly. Member OB lies in the x-z plane. A

400 N
O 500 mm
150 N
SOLUTION x
45°
For the 400-N forces:
600 mm
M C1 = rAB * 1400i2

i j k B
= 3 0.6 cos 45° -0.5 - 0.6 sin 45° 3
400 N
400 0 0 400 mm
C
= - 169.7j + 200k 150 N

For the 150-N forces:

M C2 = rOB * 1150j2

i j k
= 3 0.6 cos 45° 0 -0.6 sin 45° 3
0 150 0

= 63.6i + 63.6k

M CR = M C1 + M C2

M CR = 63.6i - 170j + 264k N # m Ans.

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3–139. z

The horizontal 30-N force acts on the handle of the wrench.

30 N
What is the magnitude of the moment of this force about the 200 mm 45
z axis? B A 45

50 mm 10 mm

O y

SOLUTION
x
Position Vector And Force Vectors:

rBA = { -0.01i + 0.2j} m

rOA = [( - 0.01 - 0)i + (0.2 - 0)j + (0.05 - 0)k} m

= { -0.01i + 0.2j + 0.05k} m

F = 30(sin 45°i - cos 45° j) N

= [21.213i - 21.213j] N

Moment of Force F About z Axis: The unit vector along the z axis is k. Applying
Eq. 4–11, we have

Mz = k # (rBA * F)

0 0 1
= 3 - 0.01 0.2 03
21.213 - 21.213 0

= 0 - 0 + 1[(- 0.01)(- 21.213) - 21.213(0.2)]

= -4.03 N # m Ans.

Or

Mz = k # (rOA * F)

0 0 1
= 3 - 0.01 0.2 0.05 3
21.213 - 21.213 0

= 0 - 0 + 1[(- 0.01)(- 21.213) - 21.213(0.2)]

= -4.03 N # m Ans.

The negative sign indicates that Mz, is directed along the negative z axis.

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3–140. z

The horizontal 30-N force acts on the handle of the wrench. 30 N

Determine the moment of this force about point O. Specify 200 mm 45⬚
B 45⬚
the coordinate direction angles a, b, g of the moment axis. A

50 mm 10 mm

O y

SOLUTION
x
Position Vector And Force Vectors:

rOA = {(- 0.01 - 0)i + (0.2 - 0)j + (0.05 - 0)k} m

= {-0.01i + 0.2j + 0.05k} m

F = 30(sin 45°i - cos 45°j) N

= {21.213i - 21.213j} N

Moment of Force F About Point O: Applying Eq. 4–7, we have

MO = rOA * F

i j k
= 3 -0.01 0.2 0.05 3
21.213 -21.213 0

= {1.061i + 1.061j - 4.031k} N # m

= {1.06i + 1.06j - 4.03k} N # m Ans.

The magnitude of MO is

MO = 21.0612 + 1.0612 + (-4.031)2 = 4.301 N # m

The coordinate direction angles for MO are

1.061
a = cos - 1 a b = 75.7° Ans.
4.301

1.061
b = cos - 1 a b = 75.7° Ans.
4.301

-4.301
g = cos - 1 a b = 160° Ans.
4.301

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3–141. z

The forces and couple moments that are exerted P

on the toe and heel plates of a snow ski are
Ft = 5- 50i + 80j - 158k6N, M t = 5- 6i + 4j + 2k6N # m, and
Fh
O
Fh = 5- 20i + 60j - 250k6 N, M h = 5- 20i + 8j + 3k6 N # m, Mt Mh 800 mm
Ft
respectively. Replace this system by an equivalent force and
couple moment acting at point P. Express the results in
Cartesian vector form. 120 mm
y

x
SOLUTION
FR = Ft + Fh = { -70i + 140j - 408k} N Ans.

i j k i j k
MRP = 3 0.8 0 0 3 + 3 0.92 0 0 3 + ( - 6i + 4j + 2k) + (-20i + 8j + 3k)
- 20 60 -250 -50 80 -158

MRP = (200j + 48k) + (145.36j + 73.6k) + (- 6i + 4j + 2k) + ( -20i + 8j + 3k)

MRP = {- 26i + 357.36j + 126.6k} N # m

MRP = {- 26i + 357j + 127k} N # m Ans.

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308
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309
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3–145. z
C
Determine the moment of the force Fc about the door hinge
at A. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
2.5 m 1.5 m
FC 250 N
a

SOLUTION
Position Vector And Force Vector: 30 A
rAB = {[-0.5 - (- 0.5)]i + [0 - ( - 1)]j + (0 - 0)k} m = {1j} m
B
[ -0.5 - (-2.5)]i + a
1m 0.5 m
{0 - [ - (1 + 1.5 cos 30°)]}j + (0 - 1.5 sin 30°)k
FC = 250 § ¥N
[ -0.5 - (-2.5)]2 +
B {0 - [ - (1 + 1.5 cos 30°)]}2 + (0 - 1.5 sin 30°)2 y
x
= [159.33i + 183.15j - 59.75k]N

Moment of Force Fc About Point A: Applying Eq. 4–7, we have

MA = rAB * F

i j k
= 3 0 1 0 3
159.33 183.15 - 59.75

= {- 59.7i - 159k}N # m Ans.

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3–146. z
C
Determine the magnitude of the moment of the force Fc
about the hinged axis aa of the door.
2.5 m 1.5 m
FC 250 N
a

SOLUTION
Position Vector And Force Vectors: 30 A
rAB = {[- 0.5 - (- 0.5)]i + [0 - ( -1)]j + (0 - 0)k} m = {1j} m
B
{- 0.5 - (- 2.5)]i + a
1m 0.5 m
{0 - [ - (1 + 1.5 cos 30°)]}j + (0 - 1.5 sin 30°)k
FC = 250 § ¥N
[- 0.5 - (- 2.5)]2 +
B{0 - [ - (1 + 1.5 cos 30°)]}2 + (0 - 1.5 sin 30°)2 y
x
= [159.33i + 183.15j - 59.75k] N

Moment of Force Fc About a - a Axis: The unit vector along the a – a axis is i.
Applying Eq. 4–11, we have

Ma - a = i # (rAB * FC)

1 0 0
= 3 0 1 0 3
159.33 183.15 -59.75

= 1[1(- 59.75) - (183.15)(0)] - 0 + 0

= -59.7 N # m

The negative sign indicates that Ma - a is directed toward the negative x axis.

Ma - a = 59.7 N # m Ans.

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3–147.

The ends of the triangular plate are

subjected to three couples. Determine
the magnitude of the force F so that
the resultant couple moment is M
clockwise.

Given:
F1 600 N

F2 250 N

a 1m

T 40 deg

M 400 N˜ m

Solution:

Initial Guess F 1N

§ a ·F aF § a · M
Given F1 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ F Find ( F) F 830 N Ans.
© 2 cos  T  ¹ © 2 cos  T  ¹
2

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3–148. The tool is used to shut off gas valves that are z
difficult to access. If the force F is applied to the handle,
determine the component of the moment created about the
z axis of the valve. 0.25 m F ⫽ {⫺60i ⫹ 20j ⫹ 15k} N

. 0.4 m

y
30⬚

314