Micro-Project Proposal
Micro Project for information about
Various Pins In Microprocessor
Aims of the Micro-Project
a)To create various types of report and get more knowledge about how to make
report.
b)We have chosen this micro project to get knowledge about Various Pins In
Microprocessor.
c)Because of the micro project now we have get deep knowledge.
Course Outcomes Addressed
a) Analyze the functional block of 8086.
b) Use instruction for different addressing modes.
3.0 Proposed Methodology
Collect the information of all the Pins In Microprocessor.
I searched the micro project topics related to subject. Then selected micro project title. After
selection of topic searched and collected information related to selected topic. Then
completed proposal of micro project.
4.0 Action Plan
Sr.No Details of activity Planned Start Planned Name of Responsible
. Date Team Members
Finish date
1 Decide individual micro project All Members
2 Search micro project topics related To All Members
subject.
3 Selection of micro project title All Members
4 Search information related to All Members
selected topic
Name of Resource
/Material
Sr. Specifications Qty. Remarks
No.
1 Processor 3.00 GHZ,RAM 4
Computer System GB,HDD 500 GB 1 Used
2 Operating System Windows 7 1 Used
3 Text editor Microsoft Word 1 Used
4 Browser Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome Used
1
5 Printer HP Laser Jet 1 Used
6 Other resource Internet Connection 1 Used
Names of Team Members with Enrollment no
Name Enrollment no
1. Narawade Vighnesh Santosh. 2009920100
2. Date Prathmesh Ashok. 200992091
(To be Approved by the concerned teacher)
(Mr.Thorat mam)
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“VARIOUS PINS IN MICROPROCESSOR”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA
IN
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI
SUBMITTED BY:-
Narawade Vighnesh Santosh
Date Prathmesh Ashok
GUIDED BY
(Mr.Thorat mam)
SAMARTH POLYTECHINIC,BELHE
SAMARTH POLYTECHINIC, BELHE
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the project report entitled
“VARIOUS PINS IN MICROPROCESSOR ”
Was successfully completed by Student of third semester Diploma in
computer engineering.
Name of Students Enrollment No.
Narawade Vighnesh Santosh. 2009920100
Date Prathmesh Ashok. 200992091
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in
Computer Engineering and submitted to the Department of Computer of Samarth
Polytechnic, Belhe work carried out during a period for the academic year 2021-
22 as per curriculum.
Name of Guide Name of HOD Name of Principal
(Mr. Thorat mam) (Mr. Kshirsagar Sir) ( Mr. Kapile A. S.)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project is done as a Third semester project, as a part course titled
“VARIOUS PINS IN MICROPROCESSOR ”
We are really thankful to our course the Principal Prof. Kapile A. S. and the
HOD Prof. Kshirsagar.S.B Samarth Polytechnic, Belhe for his invaluable guidance
and assistance, without which the accomplishment of the task would have never been
possible. We also thank Prof.Kedar Sir for giving this opportunity to explore into
the real world and realize the interrelation without which a Project can never
progress. In our present project we have chosen the topic-
“VARIOUS PINS IN MICROPROCESSOR ”
We are also thankful to parents, friend and all staff of Computer engineering
department, for providing us relevant information and necessary clarifications, and
great support.
Narawade Vighnesh Santosh
Date Prathmesh Ashok
INDEX
Sr. No. Name of Chapter Page No.
Chapter 1 Synopsis 1
1.1.
Project Title
1.2.
Project option
1.3.
Internal Guide
1.4.
Problem statement
Chapter 2 Introduction 2
Chapter 3 Evolution 5
Chapter 4 Types 7
4.1 Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors
4.2 Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor
4.3 Superscalar Microprocessors
4.4 The Application Specific Integrated Circuit
4.5 Digital Signal Multiprocessors
Chapter 5 Microprocessor Pins 9
Chapter 6 Hardware And Software Requirenment 14
Chapter 7 Advantages and Dis advantages 15
Chapter 8 Application 16
Chapter 9 Features 17
Chapter Conclusion 19
10
Chapter Reference 20
11
Various Pins In Microprocessor
CHAPTER 1 SYNOPSIS
1.1. Project Title
Various Pins In Microprocessor
1.2. Project Option None
1.3. Internal Guide Mr.Kedar
Sir
1.3. Problem Statement
To design the Various Pins In Microprocessor
CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION
The microprocessor contains millions of tiny components like transistors,
registers, and diodes that work together.A Microprocessor is an important part of a
computer architecture without which you will not be able to perform anything on
your computer. It is a programmable device that takes in input perform some
arithmetic and logical operations over it and produce desired output. In simple
words, a Microprocessor is a digital device on a chip which can fetch instruction
from memory, decode and execute them and give results.
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Basic of Microprocessor
A Microprocessor takes a bunch of instructions in machine language and
executes them, telling the processor what it has to do. Microprocessor performs three
basic things while executing the instruction:
1. It performs some basic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and some logical operations using its Arithmetic
and Logical Unit (ALU). New Microprocessors also perform operations
on floating point numbers also.
2. Data in Microprocessor can move from one location to another.
3. It has a Program Counter (PC) register that stores the address of next
instruction based on the value of PC, Microprocessor jumps from one
location to another and takes decision.
We do not have any 128-bit Microprocessor in work at present one among the
reasons for this is that we are a long way from exhausting the 64 bit address space
itself, we use it a constant rate of roughly 2 bits every 3 years. At present we have
only used 48 bits of 64 bits so why require 128 bit address space. Also 128 bit
Microprocessor would be much slower than the 64 bit Microprocessor.A
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microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control
is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits.
The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based, digital
integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to
instructions stored in its memory, and provides results (also in binary form) as
output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital
logic. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary
number system.
The integration of a whole CPU onto a single or a few integrated circuits using
Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) greatly reduced the cost of processing power.
Integrated circuit processors are produced in large numbers by highly automated
metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) fabrication processes, resulting in a relatively
low unit price. Single-chip processors increase reliability because there are many
fewer electrical connections that could fail. As microprocessor designs improve, the
cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller components built on a semiconductor
chip the same size) generally stays the same according to Rock's law
Before microprocessors, small computers had been built using racks of circuit
boards with many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits, typically of TTL
type. Microprocessors combined this into one or a few large-scale ICs. The first
commercially-available microprocessor was the Intel 4004.Microprocessor, any of a
type of miniature electronic device that contains the arithmetic, logic, and control
circuitry necessary to perform the functions of a digital computer's central processing
unit.
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CHAPTER 2 EVOLUTION
The microprocessor has become a more essential part of many gadgets. The
evolution of microprocessor was divided into five generations such as first, second,
third, fourth, and fifth-generation and the characteristics of these generations are
discussed below.
We can categories the microprocessor according to the generation or according to
the size of the microprocessor
2.1 First Generation Microprocessors
The first generation microprocessors were introduced in the year 1971-1972. The
instructions of these microprocessors were processed serially, they fetched the
instruction, decoded and then executed it. When an instruction of the microprocessor
was finished, then the microprocessor updates the instruction pointer & fetched the
following instruction, performing this consecutive operation for each instruction in
turn.
2.2 Second Generation Microprocessors
In the year 1970, a small number of transistors were available on the integrated
circuit in the second-generation microprocessors. Examples of the second- generation
microprocessors are 16-bit arithmetic 7 pipelined instruction processing, MC68000
Motorola microprocessor. These processors are introduced in the year 1979, and Intel
8080 processor is another example of the microprocessor. The second generation of
the microprocessor is defined by overlapped fetch, decode, and execute the steps.
When the first generation is processed in the execution unit, then the second
instruction is decoded and the third instruction is fetched.
The difference between the first generation microprocessor and second-generation
microprocessors was mainly the use of new semiconductor technologies to
manufacture the chips. The result of this technology resulted in a fivefold increase
in instruction, speed, execution, and higher chip densities.
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2.3 Third Generation Microprocessors
The third generation microprocessors were introduced in the year 1978, as
denoted by Intel’s 8086 and the Zilog Z8000. These were 16-bit processors with a
performance like mini computers. These types of microprocessors were different
from the previous generations of microprocessors in that all main workstation
industrialists began evolving their own ISC based microprocessor architectures.
2.4 Fourth Generation Microprocessors
As many industries converted from commercial microprocessors to in house
designs, the fourth generation microprocessors are entered with outstanding design
with a million transistors. Leading-edge microprocessors like Motorola’s 88100 and
Intel’s 80960CA could issue & retire more than one instruction per clock cycle.
2.5 Fifth Generation Microprocessors
Fifth-generation microprocessors employed decoupled superscalar processing,
and their design soon exceeded 10 million transistors. In the fifth generation, PCs
are a low-margin, high volume business conquered by a single microprocessor.
On Dec 23rd, 1947, the Transistor was invented in Bell lab whereas an integrated
circuit was invented in 1958 by J Kilby in Texas Instruments. So, Intel or INTegrated
ELectronics has invented the first microprocessor.
CHAPTER 3 TYPES
Microprocessors are classified into five types, namely: CISC-Complex
Instruction Set Microprocessors, RISC-Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor,
ASIC- Application Specific Integrated Circuit, Superscalar Processors, DSP’s-
Digital Signal Microprocessors.
3.1 Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors
The short term of Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors is CISM and they
classify a microprocessor in which orders can be performed together along
with other low-level activities. These types of processors perform different tasks like
downloading, uploading, recalling data into the memory card, and recalling data
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from the memory card. Apart from these tasks, it also does complex mathematical
calculations in a single command.
3.2 Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor
The short term of Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor is RISC. These types
of processors are made according to the function in which the microprocessor can
carry out small things in specific commands. In this way, these processors complete
more commands at a faster rate.
3.3 Superscalar Microprocessors
Superscalar processor facsimiles the hardware on the processor to perform various
tasks at a time. These processors can be used for ALUs or multipliers. They have
different operational units and these processors can carry out more than one
command by continuously transmitting several instructions to the extra operational
units inside the processor.
3.4 The Application Specific Integrated Circuit
The short term of Application Specific Integrated Circuit processor is an ASIC.
These processors are used for particular purposes that include automotive emissions
control or personal digital assistant’s computer. This type of processor is made with
the proper specification, but apart from these, it can also be made with off the shelf
gears.
3.5 Digital Signal Multiprocessors
Digital signal processors are also called DSP’s, these processors are used to
encode and decode the videos or to convert the D/A (digital to analog) &A/D (analog
to digital). They need a microprocessor that is excellent in mathematical
calculations. The chips of this processor are employed in RADAR, home theaters,
SONAR, audio gears, TV set-top boxes, and Mobile phones
There are many companies like Intel, Motorola, DEC (Digital Equipment
Corporation ), TI (Texas Instruments) associated with many microprocessors such
as 8085 microprocessors, ASIC, CISM, RISC, DSPs and 8086 microprocessors like
Intel
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CHAPTER 4 MICROPROCESSOR PINS
Here is the pin diagram of 8086 microprocessor −
4.1 Power supply and frequency signals
It uses 5V DC supply at VCC pin 40, and uses ground at VSS pin 1 and 20 for its
operation.
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4.2 Clock signal
Clock signal is provided through Pin-19. It provides timing to the processor for
operations. Its frequency is different for different versions, i.e. 5MHz, 8MHz and
10MHz.
4.3 Address/data bus
AD0-AD15. These are 16 address/data bus. AD0-AD7 carries low order byte data
and AD8AD15 carries higher order byte data. During the first clock cycle, it carries
16-bit address and after that it carries 16-bit data.
4.4 Address/status bus
A16-A19/S3-S6. These are the 4 address/status buses. During the first clock cycle,
it carries 4-bit address and later it carries status signals.
4.5 S7/BHE
BHE stands for Bus High Enable. It is available at pin 34 and used to indicate the
transfer of data using data bus D8-D15. This signal is low during the first clock
cycle, thereafter it is active.
4.6 Read($\overline{RD}$)
It is available at pin 32 and is used to read signal for Read operation.
4.7 Ready
It is available at pin 22. It is an acknowledgement signal from I/O devices that data
is transferred. It is an active high signal. When it is high, it indicates that the device
is ready to transfer data. When it is low, it indicates wait state.
4.8 RESET
It is available at pin 21 and is used to restart the execution. It causes the processor to
immediately terminate its present activity. This signal is active high for the first 4
clock cycles to RESET the microprocessor.
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4.9 INTR
It is available at pin 18. It is an interrupt request signal, which is sampled during the
last clock cycle of each instruction to determine if the processor considered this as
an interrupt or not.
4.10 NMI
It stands for non-maskable interrupt and is available at pin 17. It is an edge triggered
input, which causes an interrupt request to the microprocessor.
4.11 $\overline{TEST}$
This signal is like wait state and is available at pin 23. When this signal is high, then
the processor has to wait for IDLE state, else the execution continues.
4.12 MN/$\overline{MX}$
It stands for Minimum/Maximum and is available at pin 33. It indicates what mode
the processor is to operate in; when it is high, it works in the minimum mode and
vice-aversa.
4.13 INTA
It is an interrupt acknowledgement signal and id available at pin 24. When the
microprocessor receives this signal, it acknowledges the interrupt.
4.14 ALE
It stands for address enable latch and is available at pin 25. A positive pulse is
generated each time the processor begins any operation. This signal indicates the
availability of a valid address on the address/data lines.
4.15 DEN
It stands for Data Enable and is available at pin 26. It is used to enable Transreceiver
8286. The transreceiver is a device used to separate data from the address/data bus.
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4.16 DT/R
It stands for Data Transmit/Receive signal and is available at pin 27. It decides the
direction of data flow through the transreceiver. When it is high, data is transmitted
out and vice-a-versa.
4.17 M/IO
This signal is used to distinguish between memory and I/O operations. When it is
high, it indicates I/O operation and when it is low indicates the memory operation.
It is available at pin 28.
4.18 WR
It stands for write signal and is available at pin 29. It is used to write the data into
the memory or the output device depending on the status of M/IO signal.
4.19 HLDA
It stands for Hold Acknowledgement signal and is available at pin 30. This signal
acknowledges the HOLD signal.
4.20 HOLD
This signal indicates to the processor that external devices are requesting to access
the address/data buses. It is available at pin 31.
4.21 QS1 and QS0
These are queue status signals and are available at pin 24 and 25. These signals
provide the status of instruction queue.
4.22 S0, S1, S2
These are the status signals that provide the status of operation, which is used by the
Bus Controller 8288 to generate memory & I/O control signals. These are available
at pin 26, 27, and 28.
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4.23 LOCK
When this signal is active, it indicates to the other processors not to ask the CPU to
leave the system bus. It is activated using the LOCK prefix on any instruction and is
available at pin 29.
4.24 RQ/GT1 and RQ/GT0
These are the Request/Grant signals used by the other processors requesting the CPU
to release the system bus. When the signal is received by CPU, then it sends
acknowledgment. RQ/GT0 has a higher priority than RQ/GT1.
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CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRENMENT
Hardware requirements:
• i5 processor based computer or higher
• Memory :1.50 GB RAM
• Hard drive :50 GB Internet connection
Software Requirement:
• Windows 7
• Microsoft word
• Internet
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CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages of microprocessor
• The processing speed is high Intelligence has been brought to systems
Flexible.
• Compact size.
• Easy maintenance
• Complex mathematics
• High processing speed
• Compact size
• Easy maintenance
• Can perform complex mathematics
• Flexible
Disadvantages of microprocessors –
• Overheating occurs due to overuse
• Performance depends on size of data
• Large board size than microcontrollers
• Most microprocessors do not support floating point operations CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION
Applications of micrprosser are -
1. The microprocessor is used in personal computers (PCs).
2. The microprocessor is used in LASER printers for good speed and making
automatic photo copies.
3. The microprocessors are used in modems, telephone, digital telephone
sets, and also in air reservation systems and railway reservation systems.
4. The microprocessor is used in medical instrument to measure temperature
and blood pressure.
5. It is also used in mobile phones and television.
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6. It is used in calculators and game machine.
7. It is used in accounting system and data acquisition system.
8. It is used in military applications.
9. It is also used in traffic light control.
10. Microprocessor is used in home appliances such as microwave ovens,
washing machine etc.
CHAPTER 8 FEATURES
The main features of a microprocessor include the following.
1. Portable
Microprocessors are portable because of the size as well as less power consumption.
2. Low Cost
Microprocessors are available at less cost due to IC technology. So this technology
will diminish the price of a computer system.
3. Versatile
A microprocessor is versatile so it can be used for different applications
4. Reliable
Microprocessors are reliable, so the rate of failure is less because of the
semiconductor technology.
5. Small Size
The fabrication of microprocessors can be done in very less space because of the
technologies used like VLSI & ULSI. So the computer system size will be reduced.
6. High Speed
Microprocessors perform very fast because of the technology used so it executes a
number of instructions for each second.
7. Low Power Consumption
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Microprocessors use low power because of the MOS technology
8. Low Heat Generation
Microprocessors cannot generate huge heat as compared with vacuum tube devices
because it uses semiconductor technology.
9. Basic Terms
The basic terms mainly used in microprocessors are discussed below.
10. Instruction Set
The instruction set can be defined as the set of commands understood by the
microprocessor. It is an edge between software as well as hardware.
11. Bus
The conductors which are used to transmit data, address otherwise control
information for dissimilar elements within a microprocessor. It includes three types
of buses namely data bus, control, and address bus
12. IPC
The IPC stands for Instructions per Cycle. It is a calculation of how many commands
a CPU can execute within a single clock.
13. Clock Speed
When the no. of operations for each second can be performed by the processor is
known as clock speed. The CLK speed can be expressed in MHz (megahertz)
otherwise GHz (gigahertz). An alternate name for this is the Clock Rate.
14. Bandwidth
The short term of the Bandwidth is BW and it can be defined as the no. of bits that
can be processed within a single instruction.
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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION
Hence we study the various pins in microprocessor that project has the
introduction about the microprocessor and evolution and types of microprocessor
and all the Pins in the project of microprocessor or advantages and disadvantages ,
application and some features about the microprocessor.
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CHAPTER 10
REFERENCE
1. https://www.elprocus.com/
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/
3. Collage Faculties
4. Friends
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