24 : : Learner Guide

10
LINES AND ANGLES

Point: A fine dot made by a sharp pencil on
Two distinct lines can not have more than
a sheet of paper. p A
one point in common.

Line: Fold a piece of paper, the crease in

Two lines in the same plane are called parallel
the paper represents a line. A line can be lines if both have no points in common or if
extended to any length on both sides. It has the distance between the lines is same every
no end points. A line has no breadth and where


named using any two points on it i.e. AB or
by a single small letter l or m or n etc.
A B
Angle is formed by two rays with a common

Line Segment : The portion of the line initial point called vertex and measured in
between two points A and B is called a line C

segment and will be named AB or BA . A degrees. A

B
line segment has two end points.

Acute angle : An angle whose measure is
A B

Ray : A line segment AB when extended in less than 90º.

one direction. It is denoted by AB .
Right angle : An angle whose measure is
Ray has one end point, called the initial point. 90º.

Obtuse angle : An angle whose measure is
A B
more than 90º but less then 180º.

Plane : A flat surface, which extends
indefinitely in all directions e.g. surface of
smooth wall, sheet of a paper etc.
Straight angle : An angle whose measure

An infinite number of lines can be drawn is 180º.
through a point. All lines are called
Reflex angle : An angle whose measure is
concurrent lines. more than 180º and less than 3600.

Two lines or rays making a right angle with
each other are called perpendicular lines.
A
Complementary angles : Two angles are
said to be complementary to each other if
the sum of their measures is 90º.

Supplementary angles : Two angles are
said to be supplementary if the sum of their

One and only one line can be drawn passing measures is 180º.
through two given points.
Adjacent angles : Two angles having a
A B common vertex, a common arm and non

If a line can pass through three or more common arms on opposite sides of the
points, then these points are said to be common arm. !BAC and !CAD are a “pair
collinear otherwise points are non-collinear. of adjacent angles”.
 Learner Guide : : 25

B
or (ii) any pair of alternate angles are equal
40º or (iii) any pair of interior angles on the same
20º C side of transversal are supplementary, then
A
D the two lines are parallel.

Linear Pair : If AB and AC are opposite
Triangle : A plane figure bounded by three
rays and AD is any other ray then !BAD A
and !CAD are said to form a linear pair.
line segments.
D B C

Scalene Triangle : A triangle in which all
C A B
the sides are of different lengths.
A

Vertically opposite angles : Two angles are 4cm
C
2cm
called a pair of vertically opposite angles, if
5cm
their arms form two pairs of opposite rays. B

!AOC and !BOD, !AOD and !COB are
Isosceles Triangle : A triangle having two
pairs of vertically opposite angles. sides equal.
C A
B
O 4cm
4cm
D
A
B C

When a transversal intersects two parallel 5cm

lines, then
Equilateral Triangle : A triangle having all

(i) each pair of corresponding angles are sides equal.
equal. A

(ii) each pair of alternate angles are equal.

4cm 4cm
(iii) each pair of interior angles on the same
side of the transversal are supplementary. C
B
4cm
For example :
(i) ∀!2 = !6, !3 = !7
Right-angled Triangle : A triangle in which
one of the angles is right angle.
(ii) !3 = !6 and !4 = !5
A
(iii) !3 + !5 = 180º and !4 + !6 = 180º

1 2 90º
B C
3 4
5

Obtuse angled triangle : A triangle in which
6 one of the angles is obtuse angle.
7 8
A

When a transversal intersects two lines in
such a way that
110º
(i) any pair of corresponding angles are B C
equal
26 : : Learner Guide

Acute angled triangle : A triangle in which 2 5

all the three angles are acute.
A
6 1
70º
3 4
60º 50º
B C
Interior opposite angles are the angles of the

The sum of the three interior angles of a triangle not forming a linear pair with the
triangle is 180º. given exterior angle.
!A + !B + !C = 180º
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
the sum of the two interior opposite angles.
A !ACD = !ABC + !BAC
A

B C

The angle formed by a produced side of the B C D

triangle and another side of the triangle is
Locus of a point moving under certain
called an exterior angle of the triangle. conditions is the path or the geometrical
!ACD is an exterior angle. figure, every point of which satisfies the
A given conditions.

The locus of a point equidistant from two
given points is the perpendicular bisector of
the line segment joining two points.
B C D
The locus of a point equidistant from two
or !1, !2, !3, !4, !5 and !6 all are intersecting lines is the pair of lines, bisecting
exterior angles. the angles formed by the given lines.

CHECK YOUR PRGORESS

1. In figure AB and AC are opposite rays, if x = 320, then value of y is :
A. 450 B. 320 C. 350 D. 1050

3yº+11º 2xº
C A B

2. In given figure value of x is:

C
60º

130º
xº
A B D

A. 45º B. 130º C. 30º D. 70º

 Learner Guide : : 27

3. In the figure, if AB
CD then values of x & y respectively are:

50º
A º
B
yº
C 130º D

A. 1300 , 1300 B. 1300, 500 C. 500, 1300 D. 500, 500

4. In figure value of !COB is

68º
A O B

A. 36º B. 68º C. 112º D. 12º

5. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2:3, the smallest angle of triangle is :
A. 30º B. 60º C. 90º D. 6º
6. In the fig., if AB || CD, !APQ = 50º and !PRD = 127º, find x any y.
A P B
50º
y

x 127º

C Q R D

7. In fig. if !PQR = !PRQ, then prove that !PQS = !PRT.

P

S Q R T

8. Prove that the sum of all interior angles of a triangle is 180º.

9. In fig. if AB || DE, !BAC = 35º and !CDE = 53º find !DCE.
A
35º B

53º
D E
28 : : Learner Guide

10. In fig., if AB || CD, EF # CD and !GED = 126º find !AGE, !GEF and !FGE.
G F
A B

C E D

STRETCH YOURSELF ANSWERS

1. In fig., lines AB and CD intersect at O. If CHECK YOUR PROGRESS :
!AOC + !BOE = 70º and !BOD = 40º 1. C
find !BOE and reflex !COE.
2. D
C 3. A
E
4. C
A O B 5. A
6. x = 500, y = 770
D
9. 920
2. In fig. l || m and transversal ‘t’ intersects 10. !AGE ∃ 1260 , !GEF ∃ 360 ,
l and m at A and B respectively. If !1 : !2
= 3 : 2, determine all the eight angles. !FGE ∃ 540

t
STRETCH YOURSELF :

l 1 1. !BOE ∃ 300 , Reflex !COE ∃ 2500

A2
3 4 2. !1 = 108º, !2 = 72º, !3 = 72º
m 5
B 8
!4 ∃ 1080 , !5 ∃ 1080 , !6 ∃ 720 ,
6
7 !7 ∃ 1080 , !8 ∃ 720