Road Side Design Guide
Road Side Design Guide
Chapter H
Roadside Design Guide
Part I – Practices, Guidelines and Processes
H1 Overview Driver Operation includes:
• falling asleep
• reckless or inattentive driving
H1.1 Introduction
• driving under the influence of alcohol or
Motor vehicle collisions take a tremendous toll other drugs
on society within the Province. For example, in • excessive speed
2003, 321 fatal collisions, representing 0.3% of the • not driving according to weather conditions
total 113,357 collisions resulted in 380 deaths. (sun, snow, rain, ice, fog)
And from 1999 to 2003, approximately 18,650 • or when the driver deliberately attempts to
personal injuries occurred annually in Alberta avoid a collision with another motor vehicle,
(Source: 2003 Alberta Traffic Collision Statistics). an animal, or an object on the road.
The total annual societal cost of motor vehicle
Vehicle malfunction includes:
collisions in Alberta is conservatively estimated
at $2.6 billion, based on the collision costs • component failures such as steering or
presented in Alberta Infrastructure and braking systems
Transportation’s (INFTRA) Benefit‐Cost Analysis • tire blowouts.
Guide.
Roadway conditions include:
While a detailed breakdown of collisions in
• poor alignment
Alberta is not available, data gathered in the
• poor visibility due to weather conditions
United States suggests that roughly 60% of all
• reduced pavement friction
fatal collisions involved only one vehicle. In
• inadequate drainage
about 70% of these collisions, the vehicle left the
• or substandard signing, marking, or
road surface and either overturned or collided
delineation.
with a fixed object within the roadside area.
Some of these fixed objects were man‐made, The probability of a collision occurring within
including bridges and approaches, retaining the roadside environment depends primarily on
walls, overhead sign supports, utility poles, the speed and trajectory of the errant vehicle and
longitudinal traffic barriers, culverts, and other what lies in its path. While the severity of a
roadside elements. The design, position and collision is influenced by several factors, such as
location of these fixed objects are usually dictated the use of vehicle occupant restraint systems, the
by the highway agency. type of vehicle, and the nature of the roadside
environment, the highway designer can only
Although vehicles are expected to remain on the
address the design and functionality of the
roadway, the highway designer must recognize
roadside environment.
that vehicles may leave the roadway for a variety
of reasons. These reasons can be grouped into The forgiving roadside design philosophy
three types: driver operation, vehicle emerged in the mid 1960s to reflect the fact that
malfunction, and roadway conditions. vehicles can run off the roadway. Most highway
agencies in North America now accept that the
OVERVIEW H1-1
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
November 2007 Roadside Design Guide
severity of a collision, measured in terms of • remove the hazard
personal injury and/or extent of property • redesign the hazard so that it can be safely
damage, can be reduced if a more traversable traversed or contacted
recovery area is provided. A principal objective • relocate the hazard to reduce the probability
of the forgiving roadside philosophy is to of it being traversed or contacted
provide a generally clear traversable area • reduce the severity of the hazard
adjacent to the highway—a Clear Zone area— to • shield the hazard
accommodate the occasional errant vehicle that • delineate and increase the driver’s
enters the roadside. The Clear Zone should be awareness of the hazard when other
free of non‐traversable hazards, such as mitigation measures cannot be made to
unyielding fixed objects or steep sideslopes. work.
Significant advances have been made to The Clear Zone concept and the hazards that
understand how the design and functionality of should be considered for mitigation are
roadside features can influence the outcome of a presented in Section H3.2.
roadside‐related collision. Road agencies now
have a better understanding of the performance
limits of road safety hardware. This knowledge H1.2 Historical Perspective
includes the average severity of collisions The design of the roadside environment, defined
resulting from contact with barriers and other as the area from the travelled way (at the edge of
hazards, and the expected frequency of roadside the outermost roadway lane) to the right‐of‐way
encroachments, based on traffic volume, speed, (ROW) limit, has evolved significantly over the
and shoulder width. In some cases, these factors past five decades.
can be combined to permit a rational
Early field testing, performed during the General
examination of the design options available to
Motor Proving Grounds Study by P.C. Skeels in the
the designer. In other cases, design decisions
late 1950s, established a basic understanding of
must continue to be based on previous
the relationship between encroachment
experience and/or state‐of‐the‐art practices.
probability and encroachment distance. The
Selecting the best alternative from a range of
study revealed that a high percentage of the
acceptable choices is the continuing challenge the
vehicles leaving the travelled way will only
highway designer must face.
travel, or encroach, into the roadside area a short
Recent publications by the American Association distance. Researchers also learned that a very
of State Highway and Transportation Officials low percentage of errant vehicles will travel a
(AASHTO), such as the Highway Safety Design great distance into the roadside area. This
and Operations Guide (1997) and the Roadside encroachment probability/distance relationship,
Design Guide (2002), provide an in‐depth graphically illustrated in Figure H1.1, still
discussion and history of the forgiving roadside influences the design philosophy of the roadside
concept. The reader is encouraged to review today.
these documents.
There are several design strategies for the
treatment of roadside features within the Clear
Zone area. AASHTO suggests the following
priority for dealing with identified roadside
hazards:
H1-2 OVERVIEW
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
Roadside Design Guide November 2007
In the late 1960s, road authorities throughout amount of grading required. The steepness of the
North America began to concentrate on the slope was typically governed by the loading
design of the roadside environment to improve requirements to support vehicular traffic and to
road safety. Field studies conducted in the mid ensure embankment stability. As traffic volumes
1960s and 1970s enhanced the understanding of and speeds increased, the incidence of roadside
encroachment patterns for run‐off‐the‐road collisions also increased. It is now understood
(ROR) collisions. Several studies have also been that providing wider and flatter areas adjacent to
undertaken to gain a better understanding of the the travelled way can reduce the severity of
path and stability of errant vehicles when they roadside collisions. Many road authorities have
traverse the roadside. adopted the practice of providing flatter open
areas adjacent to their roadways.
From these studies, it was determined that
vehicle behaviour depends largely on the
characteristics of the roadside, vehicle speed, the
contributing circumstances that caused the loss
of control, and the performance characteristics of
the vehicle. On traversable roadside terrain, the
driver may be able to regain partial control of the
vehicle after the speed of the vehicle has been
reduced.
The design of the roadside has also evolved over
time. Road embankments were initially
constructed with steep sideslopes to reduce the
FIGURE H1.1 GM Proving Ground Encroachment Relationship
Encroachment Probability (%)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40 GM Proving Ground Results
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Encroachment (m)
OVERVIEW H1-3
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
November 2007 Roadside Design Guide
H1-4 OVERVIEW
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
Roadside Design Guide November 2007
TABLE H1.1 The Alberta Weak Post W‐Beam system has
Test Conditions for Longitudinal Barriers been accepted for use on Alberta’s highways
based on many decades of satisfactory in‐
Test Test Vehicle(s) Impact Impact
Level Used Angles Speeds
service performance in the Province.
OVERVIEW H1-5
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
November 2007 Roadside Design Guide
TABLE H1.2 Test Conditions for End Treatments and Crash Cushions
H1-6 OVERVIEW
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
Roadside Design Guide November 2007
OVERVIEW H1-7
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
November 2007 Roadside Design Guide
of the ditch to the natural or original ground vehicle or redirecting the vehicle away from the
elevation. hazard.
Barricade is a device which provides a visual Crash Tests are vehicular impact tests used to
indicator of a hazardous location or the desired determine the structural and safety performance
path a motorist should take. It is not intended to of roadside barriers and other highway
physically contain or redirect an errant vehicle. appurtenances. The tests may be grouped into
three criteria:
Barrier see longitudinal traffic barrier.
• structural adequacy
Breakaway is a design feature which allows a
• impact severity
device such as a sign, light pole, or traffic signal
• post‐impact vehicular trajectory.
support to yield or separate upon impact to
reduce the severity of impact with a roadside Crashworthy is a term used to describe a feature
feature. The release mechanism may be a slip that has been proven acceptable for use under
plane, plastic hinges, fracture elements, or specified conditions, either through crash testing
combination of these. or in‐service performance.
Bridge Railing is an integral barrier or device Design AADT is the AADT projected for the
fastened on a bridge intended to prevent an design year. For new construction projects, the
errant vehicle from going over the side of the design year is normally considered to be 20 years
bridge structure. after the year of construction because the design
life is typically 20 years in duration. The Design
Bullnose Thrie Beam Median Barrier is an end
AADT can be estimated using the current AADT
treatment using Thrie Beam barrier elements to
and a projected annual growth rate.
shield hazards, such as bridge piers and light
poles in the median. Design Speed is the speed selected and used for
correlation of the physical features of a highway
Clearance is the lateral distance from the edge of
that influence vehicle operation. It is the
the travelled way to a roadside feature.
maximum safe speed that can be maintained
Clear Zone is the total roadside border area over a specified section of highway when
adjacent to the travelled way provided for use by conditions are so favourable that the design
errant vehicles. This area may consist of a features of the highway govern. The design
shoulder, a recoverable slope, a non‐recoverable speed should be used in determining Clear Zone
slope, and/or a clear runout area. The desired and set‐back of hazards, etc. When selecting
width is dependent upon traffic volumes and longitudinal traffic barrier systems and related
speed, and on the roadside geometry. hardware, the design speed may not be directly
Cost‐Effectiveness is a measure of tangible related to the crash test speed. The crash test
benefits produced by the resources allocated and speed/impact angle/vehicle size combinations for
is generally expressed with standard terms and each test level is considered to represent fairly
predefined parameters. severe collisions.
Crash Cushion is an impact attenuating device Design Vehicle is a selected motor vehicle used
designed to bring an errant vehicle of a particular to establish highway design controls to
size range, at a given speed and angle of impact, accommodate the specific weight, dimensions,
to a safe stop by gradually decelerating the and operating characteristics of a designated
type of vehicle.
H1-8 INTRODUCTION
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
Roadside Design Guide November 2007
Ditches are normally located between the Gore Point is the decision point on an exit ramp
sideslope and backslope planes and are intended or the convergent point of an entrance ramp with
to collect and channel surface and subsurface the mainline.
water. Most highways in Alberta have a rounded
Hazard is any non‐breakaway or non‐traversable
flat bottom or a ditch that slopes gradually away
roadside feature located within the roadside
from the highway.
environment that is greater than 100 mm in
Drainage Features are roadside items that are diameter or thickness or that protrudes more
designed to adequately accommodate roadway than 100 mm that can increase the potential for
drainage. Examples include curbs, culverts, personal injury and/or vehicle damage when
ditches, and drop inlets. struck by an errant vehicle leaving the travelled
portion of the roadway.
Driving Lane is the portion of the roadway
designed for the movement of vehicles, Hinge is the weakened section of a sign post
excluding shoulders. A driving lane may have designed to allow the post to rotate upward
different surfaces including concrete, asphalt, or when impacted by a vehicle.
granular.
Impact Angle is the angle between a tangent to
End Treatment is a design modification of a the face of the barrier system and a tangent to the
longitudinal traffic barrier system or an added vehicleʹs path at impact. For crash cushions, the
device at the end of the barrier system intended impact angle is the angle between the axis of
to reduce the severity of impact. symmetry of the crash cushion and a tangent to
the vehicleʹs path at impact.
Flare is the variable offset distance of a barrier
system to locate it further from the travelled way. Length of Need is the total length of a
longitudinal traffic barrier needed to shield a
Frangible Base or Structure is a structure or
hazard by containing or redirecting the errant
component especially designed to readily break
vehicle away from the hazard.
upon impact.
Longitudinal Traffic Barrier is the generic term
Gating is the performance characteristic of an
for a device used to mitigate vehicles from
end treatment or crash cushion allowing a
striking a more severe hazard located on the
vehicle impacting the nose and/or end segment
roadside or in the median, or to mitigate against
of the system to pass through the device.
crossover median collisions. It is intended to
Guardrail is a flexible to semi‐rigid form of contain or redirect an errant vehicle of a
longitudinal traffic barrier used to mitigate particular size range, at a given speed and angle
vehicles from striking a more severe hazard of impact. Common types of longitudinal traffic
located on the roadside or in the median, or to barrier systems used include:
mitigate against crossover median collisions. It is
• High Tension Cable Guardrail
intended to contain or redirect an errant vehicle
• Alberta Weak Post W‐Beam Barrier
of a particular size range, at a given speed and
• Strong Post W‐Beam Barrier
angle of impact. Common types of guardrail
• Modified Thrie Beam Barrier
systems used in Alberta include:
• Concrete Barrier.
• High Tension Cable Guardrail
Median is the portion of a divided highway
• Alberta Weak Post W‐Beam Barrier
separating the travelled ways for traffic going in
• Strong Post W‐Beam Barrier
opposite directions.
• Modified Thrie Beam Barrier.
OVERVIEW H1-9
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
November 2007 Roadside Design Guide
Median Barrier System is a longitudinal traffic Roadside Hardware is the collective term used to
barrier designed to be impacted on both sides. describe longitudinal traffic barrier systems, end
treatments, and crash cushions.
Modified Thrie Beam Barrier is a TL‐4 guardrail
system with a three‐rib steel beam element, Roadway is the portion of a highway, including
longer posts, and wide offset blocks. shoulders, designated for vehicular use.
Non‐Recoverable Slope is a slope that is Rounding is the smooth transition between two
considered to be traversable although errant surface planes or slopes to minimize the abrupt
vehicles will generally continue to the bottom of slope change, and to allow a vehicle to traverse
these slopes with little chance for recovery. such slopes without bottoming out or vaulting.
Embankment slopes between 3:1 and 4:1 may be
Severity Index (SI) is a number from zero to ten
considered traversable, but non‐recoverable, if
used to categorize collision by the probability of
they are smooth and free of hazards.
their resulting in property damage, personal
Offset is the distance between the travelled way injury, or a fatality, or any combination of these
and a roadside barrier or other hazard. possible outcomes. The resultant number can be
translated into a collision cost and the relative
Offset Block is an element of strong post
effectiveness of alternate safety treatments can be
guardrail systems that positions the beam away
estimated.
from the post to reduce the potential for wheel
snags on the post during impact. Offset blocks Shielding is the introduction of a longitudinal
for Strong Post W‐Beam guardrail systems are traffic barrier system, end treatment, or crash
made of either solid wood or plastic. Offset cushion, between the vehicle and a hazard or
blocks for Modified Thrie Beam systems are area of concern to reduce the severity of impacts
made from standard structural steel (I‐Beam) of errant vehicles.
modified to provide a triangular cutout in the
Sideslopes are parallel surface planes located
web.
immediately adjacent to the edge of the travelled
Performance Level is the degree to which a way. Sideslopes generally slope down and away
bridge barrier, is designed for containment and from the shoulder of the highway.
redirection of different types of vehicles.
Slip Base is a structural element at or near the
Performance level ratings PL‐1, PL‐2, and PL‐3
bottom of a post or pole which will allow the
are used in the 2006 edition of the Canadian
post to release from its base upon impact but is
Highway Bridge Design Code (CSA‐S6‐06) to define
still capable of resisting wind loads.
bridge barrier requirements for structural
adequacy. Standard Thrie Beam is a longitudinal barrier
system used for bridge transitions or as part of
Recoverable Slope is a slope on which a motorist
the Thrie Beam Bullnose System. The Standard
may, to a greater or lesser extent, retain or regain
Thrie Beam uses wood or plastic offset blocks,
control of an errant vehicle. Slopes 4:1 or flatter,
rather than the modified structural steel elements
are generally considered recoverable.
used with the Modified Thrie Beam System.
Roadside is the area between the outside
Test Levels are the performance benchmarks for
shoulder edge and the right‐of‐way limits.
roadside hardware as outlined in National
Roadside Barrier System is a longitudinal traffic Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)
barrier designed to be impacted on only one side. Report 350 – Recommended Procedures for the Safety
Performance Evaluation of Highway Features.
H1-10 INTRODUCTION
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation
Roadside Design Guide November 2007
Temporary Longitudinal Traffic Barriers are Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation,
used to prevent vehicular access into Traffic Accommodation in Work Zones – Urban
construction or maintenance work zones and to Areas, Edmonton, AB, 2003
redirect errant vehicles to minimize damage to
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation,
the vehicles, to reduce occupant and construction
Traffic Control Standards Manual,
worker injuries, and to provide work zone area
Edmonton, AB, 1995.
protection.
American Association of State Highway and
Transitions incorporate a gradual stiffening of
Transportation Officials,
one roadside hardware system to match the
Highway Safety Design and Operations Guide,
stiffness of an adjacent system where they
Washington, DC, 1997.
connect to prevent or mitigate vehicular
pocketing, snagging, or penetration at the American Association of State Highway and
connection. Transportation Officials,
Roadside Design Guide 2006,
Traversable Slope is a slope on which a motorist
Washington, DC, 2006.
will be unlikely to steer back to the roadway but
may be able to slow and stop or reach the bottom Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code
of the slope safely. Slopes between 4:1 and 3:1 (CSA‐S6‐06)
generally fall into this category. Transportation Research Board,
Warrants are the criteria governing the need to National Cooperative Research Program Report 230 ‐
provide a safety treatment or improvement. Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance
Evaluation of Highway Features,
Washington, DC, 1980.
H1.7 References Transportation Research Board,
The following documents were used during the National Cooperative Research Program Report 350 ‐
development of this section: Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance
Evaluation of Highway Features,
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation,
Washington, DC, 1993.
Benefit‐Cost Analysis Manual,
Edmonton, AB, 1991.
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation,
Highway Geometric Design Guide,
Edmonton, AB, 1999.
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation,
Highway Guide and Information Sign Manual,
October 2006.
Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation,
Traffic Accommodation in Work Zones,
Edmonton, AB, 2001
OVERVIEW H1-11
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November 2007 Roadside Design Guide
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H1-12 INTRODUCTION