Chapter 11 Programming Programming Concepts Chapter 11 Programming Concepts 170 Cambridge Computer Science 0948 (2021)TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING SELECTION STATEMENTS ...sesccssssssseseesesssssnnntieeeeeessnnneneseceeesnnnnteeeeetennnnnntestee Loop STATEMENTS ARRAYS sssessssesssecssssssnneeseeeesssnnneteeeesnsnnnnaeceeseesnsnnoetecetensnnnneneteeeeennnnneeeeeetens TRACING CODE ERRORS «-sssssesseeseeceeesnsneeeeee DATABASES seseesecessssvssrerseeseensnnnrecereeerensnnerecees DEFINITIONS ..ssesscscsssssseesececennenenneee THEORY QUESTIONS ...-cssssssvereeerereesseeee 24 36 43 1 64 TS 100 . 109Introduction to programming Definition of a program: A list of instructions that does a specific task. Example: Write a program that reads two numbers from the user and print out their sum, In other words, we need to write a program to solve the following equation: Z=A+B Solution: To write the program we go through four phases: 1 Analysis 2 Design 3. Implementation 4 Testing 1.1 Analysis In the analysis phase we try to figure out what are the inputs of the program, processing that it should do and the outputs it shall produce. Back to our program: © Inputs: A, B © Processing: ZA +B © Output: Ztion to programming Operators Types of operators: 1 Arithmetic operators 2 Logic operators 3. Assignment operator Arithmetic Operators The following table shows the various Arithmetic operators and what they do: Arithmetic operators Operator symbol Description ‘Mulkiplies the left operand by the right operan Mukiplication ‘ ultiplies the left operand by the right operand. Example: x* y Divides the left operand by the right operand bivision 1 jes the left operand by the right oper Example: xly Subtracts the right operand from the left operand Subtraction Example: x-y ‘Adds the left operand to the right operand Addition + Example: x+y Raises the left operand to the power of the right operand Power owe Example: x” is written as xy Logic Operators The following table shows some Logic operators: ‘Comparison Operators Operator Symbol Greater than > Less than < Equal = Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to Not equal to °Introduction to programming Assignment Operator © This operator assigns a value or an expression to a variable. + The symbol used for this operator is an arrow pointing left: € Examples of assignment operator: cost « 10 Price « Cost * 2 Tax + Price * 0.14 Service + Price * 0.12 Paidamount — Tax + Service 1.2 Design After the analysis phase is done, we design the Algorithm An algorithm is a step-by-step solution to a given problem. We design algorithm using one of two methods: © Flowcharts © Pseudocode 1.2.1. Flowcharts Definition: Diagram that designs the steps of a program by using a standard set of symbols joined by Tines to show the direction of flow. Flowcharts have some shapes that we use to draw the diagram wi Shape Name Description An oval represents a start Cc > Stertiend ond po or end point Aline isa connector that Arrows shows the relationship between the shapesIntroduction to programming Aparallelogram Zo | trouost | seyesemeoupror apt Adiamond indicates a decision Solving our problem using the flowchart desigIntroduction to programming 1.2.2 Pseudocode Uses English words and mathematical notations to design the steps of a program. L J INPUT Keywords To allow the user to input a value we use one of two keywords: * INPUT © READ OUTPUT Keywords To show the user the value of a variable we use one two keywords: © OUTPUT © PRINT Writing the program in pseudocode: ourpur “Please enter two numbers to add” INPUT A INPUT B ZOA+B ourpur 2 1.3 Implementation ‘After designing the algorithm, the algorithm is transformed into code using a programming language. Examples of programming languages: ° CH Java © PythonIntroduction to programming 1.4 Testing The last phase of the programming, this phase is done after implementation by testing how the program works, we will discuss this later. Variables Det ion: Avariable is a named memory location that stores a value that can change during the execution of a program X ) Rules for naming variables: © Variable names cannot contain spaces * Variable names cannot start with numbers © Variable name should not be a keyword of pseudocode * Variable names should be meaningful to the value it stores Examples of valid variable names: © number © total © count © count © count_students © countstudents Examples of invalid variable names: © count students © 1count © ourpurtion to programming Constants ' Definition: A constar stores a value that does not change during the a named memory location th execution of a program c >) Note that: Constants have the same naming rules as variables. Data Types Computers need to know the data type for every variable, to make the processing on this, variable as ef ctive as possible. The following table shows the data types used in programs: Data type Definition Examples Integer | APosttve ornegative whole number be used in eee mathematical operations 150, 100, 0 Appositive or negative number that has a fractional Real ms i ; part that can be used in mathematical operations 100.5, -15.2 char ‘single character from the keyboard H ‘ A oh Hello World, strin sequence of characters e ‘a A312_@odq Boolean Data with two possible values TRUE/FALSEIntroduction to programming Declaration When declaring a variable you have to do two things: © Give your variable a valid name © Give ita data type Declaration syntax in pseudocode: DECLARE [VARIABLE NAME] : [VARAIBLE DATA TYPE] The complete pseudocode solution: DECLARE Numl: REAL DECLARE Num2: REAL DECLARE Sum: REAL OUTPUT “Please enter two numbers to add” INPUT Num1 INPUT Num2 sum € Num1 + Num2 OUTPUT “The number is ”,SumIntroduction to programming Sequential Exercise Write a program to input length, width and depth of a pool. The program should output the volume and price of pool The price of the pool is dependent on the volume: $1 per 100 cm’. Write a program that inputs 2 mark and raw score. The program should output the percentage Write a program that converts a person’s height in inches to centimeters and their weight in stones into kilograms [1 inch = 2.54 cm and 1 stone 6.364 kg] Write a pseudocode that inputs days from the user. The program should output how many weeks and days. A function INT() should be used. The function takes a number and returns the whole number. For example INT(1.5) = 1 Write a program that inputs diameter and depth of a round concrete slab in mm. The price of one slab is $0.05 per 10000 mm’. HINT: Volume of a cylinder = m*radius**depthSelection Statements Part! IF..THEN..ENDIFConditional Statements Definition of Sequential statements: ») Statements are executed one after another according to their order. Definition of Conditional/Selection statements: Selective statement(s) are executed depending on meeting certain criteria. Purpose of Conditional statements: To allow different paths through a program depending on meeting certain criteria } \ J 2.1 IF .. THEN ., ELSE ., ENDIF: (a) Definition: A conditional structure with different outcomes for true and false. Purpose: It allows for checking complex conditions. IF [CONDITION] THEN // What to do if the condition is true ELSE // What to do if the condition is false ENDIF Example 2.1.1: Design a program, using pseudo-code and flowchart, which takes a number as input and ‘outputs whether the number is zero or non-zero. Pseudo-code Soluti DECLARE num: REAL OUTPUT “Enter a number” INPUT num IF num = 0 THEN oUrPUT “The number is zero” ELSE OUTPUT “The number is non-zero” ENDIF 10Conditional Statements Flowchart Solution: Example 2.1.2: Design a program, using pseudo-code and flowchart, which takes a number as input and ‘outputs whether the number is positive or negative or zero. Pseudo-code Solution: DECLARE num: REAL ourpur “Enter a number” INPUT num IF num > 0 THEN OUTPUT “The number is positive” ELSE IF num < 0 THEN OUTPUT “The number is negative” ELSE OUTPUT “The number is negative” ENDIF ENDIF "Flowchart Solution: Conditional StatementsValidation Conditional Statements Often we need to check that the user has not entered unacceptable data, take the example of dividing two numbers, you cannot divide by zero. So we have to anticipate mistakes users might do, this is called Validation. Example: Read two numbers and divide them Z = A / B. Pseudo-code Solutio! DECLARE Numl,Num2,Resul : REAL INPUT Num1,Num2 IF Num2 = 0 THEN OUTPUT “MATH ERROR” ELSE Result € Numl / Num2 ourpur Result ENDIF BConditional Statements Design a program, using pseudocode and flowchart, which inputs from the user length of a square. The program calculates the perimeter of the square. AN ERROR MESSAGE SHOULD BE DISPLAYED WHEN NEEDED. Design a program using pseudocode which inputs a number from the user and outputs the square root. Use a function called Sqrt, which takes a number and returns the square root of the number DONOT FORGET TO VALIDATE THE NUMBER. Design a program, using pseudocode and flowchart, which takes a number between 1 and 7 and outputs the day name (Day 1= Sunday). An error message should be displaye the user enters invalid day number Design a program, using pseudocode and flowchart, that takes two numbers and the operation as input and performs a basic operation (+, - or *) as per user requires An error message should be displayed if the user enters invalid operation 4Conditional Statements Example 2.1.3: Design a program, using pseudo-code and flowchart, which takes a number and prints “In range" if the number is between 1 and 10 inclusive, otherwise the program outputs “Outside range”. Pseudo-code Solutio DECLARE Num: REAL ourpur “Enter a number” INPUT Nun IF Num >= 50 AND Num <= 100 THEN ourpur “In range” ELSE OUTPUT “outside range” ENDIF Flowchart Solution: i = ‘output "Correct Range" ourpuT "Wrong Range/ 5Example 2.1.4: Conditional Statements Design a program, using pseudocode and flowchart, which takes marks in an exam as input and outputs the grade according to the following grade boundaries: Mark Grade 90-100 A 80-89 B 70-79 c <70 F Pseudo-code Solution: DECLARE Mar! INTEGER ourpur “Enter the mark” INPUT Mark IF Mark >= 90 AND Mark <= 100 THEN ourpur “a” ELSE IF Mark >= 80 AND Mark <= 89 THEN ourpur “5” ELSE IF Mark >= 70 AND Mark <= 79 THEN ourpur “c” ELSE IF Mark >= 0 AND Mark <= 69 THEN ourpur “Fr” ELSE OUTPUT “Invalid mark" ENDIF ENDIF ENDIF ENDIFFlowchart Solution: Conditional StatementsConditional Statements Conditional Exercise 2 1 Write a pseudocode that reads a number and prints “Correct range" in case the number is between 30 and 50 exclusive. Otherwise the program outputs "Wrong range”. 2 Extend the above pseudocode so that if the number is in wrong range, a message will be displayed saying whether the number is above range or below range. 3. Design a program, using pseudocode and flowchart, which takes three numbers from the user and outputs the minimum, 4 Design a program, using pseudocode and flowchart, that takes the salary of 3 months (salaries cannot be negative) as inputs and output the financial status according to the following table: ‘Average salary of 3 months Financial Status >10,000 Rich 2,000 - 10,000 Moderate <2,000 Poor DO NOT VALIDATE THE SALARIES. 5 Design a program, using pseudocode and flowchart, that: - Takes from the user the number of hours worked this week and their hourly rate of pay. = The program should calculate and output the gross pay. = If the number of hours worked is more than 40, then the extra hours are paid 1.5 times the rate. The program should stop and display an error message if the number of hours worked is not in the range of 0 to 60 OR if the user entered a negative hourly rate of pay.Conditional Statements 2.2 CASE .. OF .. OTHERWISE .. ENDCASE: 6 Definition: A conditional structure that allows selection to be made based on value of a variable. Purpose: Used to test for a large number of discrete values. \ / CASE [ANY VARIABLE] OF 1: // do something if the variable equals 1 // do something if the variable equals 2 OTHERWISE: // do something if the variable doesn’t equal any of the cases. ENDCASE Example 2.2.1: Design a program, using pseudocode and flowchart, which takes a course number as input and outputs the corresponding course name according to this table: Course Number Course Name 1 ‘Computer Science 2 it 3 Math 4 Biology Pseudocode Solution: DECLARE CourseNo: INTEGER OUTPUT “Enter the course number” INPUT CourseNo CASE CourseNo OF 1: OUTPUT “compute Science” 2: OUTPUT “ICT” 3: OUTPUT “Math” 4: OUTPUT “Biology” OTHERWISE OUTPUT “Invalid Course number” ENDCASEFlowchart Solution: Conditional Statements 20Example 2.2.2: Conditional Statements Write pseudocode that takes two numbers as input and performs any of the basic operation -% as per user requires Solution: DECLARE FirstNumber, SecondNumber, Result: INTEGER DECLARE Operation: CHAR ourpur “Enter the first number” INPUT FirstNumber ourpuT “Enter the second number” INPUT SecondNumber ourpur “Enter the operation” INPUT Operation CASE Operation OF ‘#1: Result € FirstNumber + SecondNumber OUTPUT Result ‘-': Result € FirstNumber - SecondNumber ouTPuT Result ‘*': Result € FirstNumber * SecondNumber ouTPUT Result ‘/' Result € FirstNumber / SecondNumber OUTPUT Result OTHERWISE OUTPUT “Invalid operation” ENDCASEConditional Statements Conditional Exercise 3 1 Write a pseudocode that takes from user: length, width and depth of an object. The user also inputs the object code from the following table: Object code Object name 1 Square 2 Rectangle 3 Cylinder (Output the volume of the object based on the user's choice. HINT: Volume of cylinder: rr*depth 2. Design a program, using pseudocode and flowchart, that takes three numbers from the user and prints the numbers in descending order. 3. Write a pseudocode that takes a number from the user and displays whether it's a negative or zero (don’t output anything if it's positive). 1 Write a pseudocode that inputs the savings of a bank client without interest rate. The program outputs the updated amount after applying interest according to the following criteria = Isavings exceed 500,000, the interest rate is 10% — If savings exceed 250,000, the interest rate is 5% = Ifsavings exceed 50,000, the interest rate is 2.5% ~ Otherwise no interest is added If the user inputs a negative saving, an error message should be displayed and the program stops without calculating the updated amount. 61Conditional Statements 4 Write a pseudocode that inputs the income of a worker without taxes. The program must output the updated amount after applying taxes according to the following criteria Salary Tax Rate >10,000 50% 2,000 ~ 10,000 25% «2,000 ox Note that the salary cannot be less than 0 and not more than 50,000 5 Write a pseudocode that reads two integer values (x and y), which should represent the coordinates of a point in a plane. Next, determine which quadrant the point belongs. Q2}| Qi Q3 | Q4 If the point is at the origin print “Origin” 's exactly on the x-axis print "X-Axis” If it’s exactly on the y-axis print “V-Axis” Otherwise print the name of the quadrant 23Loop Statements Part | FOR..NEXTLoop Statements C Definition of Iteration/Repetition: One or more statements are repeated till a test condition is met or whilst a test condition is TRUE. x 3.1 FOR ... TO... NEXT (ao) Def A loop structure that iterates a set number of times, x FOR variable € [initial value] 70 [final value] // statement(s) to be repeated Example 3.1.1: Design pseudo-code and flowchart that prints the integers from 1 to 10. Pseudocode solution: FoR i € 1 70 10 ourpur i NEXT Flowchart soluti C=) beter 24Loop Statements Example 3.1.2: Write pseudo-code that prints the integers from 10 to 1 Pseudocode solution: FOR Count € 10 T0 1 STEP -1 ouTPUT Count NEXT Totaling (Se) Definition: Totaling is a process of summing a list of number. Examples: Total € Total + 5 sum € Sum + Num Example 3.1.3: the sum ofall the numbers between 1 Write pseudocode that reads a number N, and pri and N. Pseudocode solution: DECLARE N,Sum: INTEGER ourpur “Enter he number” INPUT N sum € 0 FOR i € 1 70N sum € sum + i NEXT OUTPUT “The summation is: “, Sum 25Loop Statements ition: Counting is the process of finding how many numbers/items are in a list. Qn) Examples: count € count + 1 count € count + 5 count € count — 1 X Example 3.1.4: Write pseudocode that inputs 50 numbers and counts the numbers that are greater than 100 Pseudocode solution: DECLARE Num,Count: INTEGER count € 0 FoR i € 1 70 100 ourpur “Enter the number” INPUT Num IF Num > 100 THEN count € Count +1 ENDIF NEXT OUTPUT “The count of numbers greater than 100 is: ”,Count 26Example 3.1.5: Write pseudocode that reads 100 numbers and prints out their minimum. Pseudocode solution 1: DECLARE Min, Num: INTEGER Min € 99999 FOR Counter € 1 TO 100 ourpur “Enter number” INPUT Num IF Num < Min THEN Min € Num ENDIF NEXT OUTPUT “Minimum number entered is: “,Min Pseudocode solution 2 (better solution): DECLARE Min, Num: INTEGER ourpur “Enter number” INPUT Num Min © Num FOR Counter € 1 To 99 ourpur “Enter number INPUT Num IF Num < Min THEN Min € Num ENDIF NEXT OUTPUT “Minimum number entered is: “,Min 7 Loop StatementsExample 3.1.6: Write pseudocode that reads 100 numbers and prints out their maximum. Pseudocode solution 1: DECLARE Max, Num: INTEGER Max € -99999 FOR Counter € 1 TO 100 ourpur “Enter number” INPUT Num IF Num > Max THEN Max € Num ENDIF NEXT OUTPUT “Maximum number entered is: “,Max Pseudocode solution 2 (better solution): DECLARE Max, Num: INTEGER ourpur “Enter number” INPUT Num Max € Num FOR Counter € 1 To 99 ourpur “Enter number INPUT Num IF Num > Max THEN Max € Num ENDIF NEXT OUTPUT “Maximum number entered is: “,Max 28 Loop StatementsLoop Statements Loop Exercise 1 Write a pseudocode that prompts the user to enter a short message and the number of times it is to be displayed and then displays the message the required number of times Write a pesudocode that reads 100 numbers from the user. Then it counts the numbers that in the range -100 to 35 inclusive. Write a pseudocode that takes 5 numbers from the user and outputs the maximum. Write a pseudocode to input 250 numbers. Count how many numbers are positive, how many are negative and how many are zeros. Then output the results Write a pseudocode that inputs 500 numbers and outputs how many of these numbers were whole numbers (integers). HINT: You may use INT(x) in your answer. For example, INT(3.8) gives the value 3 Write a pseudocode that reads a number and prints out its factorial. The factorial of a number is calculated by multiplying all the integers smaller than or equal to it until 1 BESSx4x3x2x1 FACTORIAL CANNOT BE DONE ON A NEGATIVE NUMBER! 29Loop Statements 3.2 WHILE ... DO ... ENDWHILE Zr Definition: ‘+ Aloop that iterates whilst a specified condition exists © Criteria is pre-tested (It has criteria check at the start) = Itmay never run WHILE (CONDITION) DO // Code to repeat in here. ENDWHILE, Example 3.2.1: Write pseudocode that reads set of numbers from the user until the user enters a non-positive number (Less than or equal to zero). The program calculates and displays the total of these numbers. Pseudocode solution: DECLARE Num: REAL DECLARE Sum: REAL sum € 0 OUTPUT “Input a number” INPUT Num WHILE Num >= 0 Do sum € Sum + Num OUTPUT “Input another number” INPUT Nun ENDWHILE OUTPUT “The sum of numbers entered is: “,Sum 30Example 3.2.2: Rewrite the pseudocode given below by using WHILE...DO...ENDWHILE loop DECLARE Num, Total : INTEGER INPUT N Total € 0 FoR i € 1 TON Total € Total + i NEXT ourpur Total Pseudocode solution: DECLARE Num, Total, i : INTEGER INPUT Num Total € 0 i€1 WHILE i <= Num Do Total € Total + i i € itt ENDWHILE ourpur Total Loop StatementsLoop Statements 3.3 REPEAT ... UNTIL 6 Definition: © A loop that iterates until a condition is met * Criteria is post-tested (It has criteria check at the end) © Ititerates at least once REPEAT /1 code to repeat UNTIL (STOPPING CONDITION) ifferences between REPEAT ... UNTIL and WHILE ... DO ... ENDWHILE: \ + In WHILE the criteria is pre-tested but in REPEAT..UNTIL the criteria is post- tested ‘© WHILE may never run while REPEAT UNTIL runs at least once © WHILE iterates whilst a condition is TRUE but REPEAT UNTIL iterates condition is TRUE Example 3.3.1: Design pseudocode that inputs set of until the user enters 0. Calculate and display the total. Pseudocode solution: DECLARE Sum: REAL DECLARE num: REAL sum € 0 REPEAT ourpur “Enter a number to add” INPUT num sum € Sum + num UNTIL num = 0 OUTPUT “The total of the numbers entered: “,Sum 32Loop Statements Example 3.3.2: Write a pseudocode that will take anything as input and will display it as output until “Stop” or “End” is pressed Pseudocode solution: REPEAT ourpur “Enter a number, value, character or symbol to display” INPUT anyvalue ourpur anyvalue UNTIL anyvalue = “End” OR anyvalue = “Stop” Example 3.3.3: Rewrite the pseudocode given below by using REPEAT .. UNTIL loop. DECLARE Num, Total : INTEGER INPUT N Total € 0 FOR i € 1 70 N Total € Total + i NEXT ourPuT Total Pseudocode solution: DECLARE Num, Total, i : INTEGER INPUT Num Total € 0 i€1 REPEAT Total € Total + i a € an UNTIL i > ourpuT Total 3BLoop Statements Co > IMPORTANT: Both REPEAT..UNTIL and WHILE..DO..ENDWHILE loops are called Condition Controlled Loops 6 > Purpose of Iteration/Repetition statements: To repeat same or similar code a number of times, which allows for shorter code. Loop Exercise 2 1 Write a pseudocode using that asks the user to enter an age between 1 and 99 inclusive and will validate the input. It should repeatedly ask the user for the age until the user enters a valid age. The age is then displayed. DO THIS QUESTION ONCE WITH WHILE AND ONCE WITH REPREAT UNTIL. 2 Write a pseudocode that asks the user to input N weights from the user. The program then prints the average of those weights. VALIDATE THE WEIGHTS (CANNOT BE NEGATIVE OR MORE THAN 250) DON'T FORGET TO VALIDATE N 3 Write a pseudocode that: + Inputs numbers tll the user inputs -1 + Totals the numbers that are between 40 and 80 (inclusive) 4 Suppose you have designed a game that only allows people to play it if they are over 12 years of age. Write a pseudocode that reads ages of players until the user enters zero, and prints out the number of players who can play the game, and the number of players who cannot. 34Loop Statements 5 Rewrite the following pseudocode using WHILE .. DO .. ENDWHILE and REPEAT... UNTIL loop: INPUT Num Max € Num FOR Counter — 1 To 49 INPUT Num IF Num > Max THEN Max € Num ENDIF NEXT OUTPUT “The maximum number is :”,Max 6 Write a pseudocode that multiplies two numbers entered by the user without using the multiplication operator. 7 Write a pseudocode that inputs username and password of an account on a social network website. In order to return the password for an account, a function called GetPassword(username) is used. This function takes a username as a parameter and returns the corresponding password. - The program displays "Success" if the password of the account is correct, Ifthe password is incorrect, the program prompts the user to re-enter the password but only for 3 attempts ASSUME THAT THE USERNAME ENTERED EXISTS IN THE SYSTEM 35Arrays 4.1 Arrays Consider the following example: Example 4.1: Write a pseudocode that reads 5 numbers from the user and prints them in reverse order. Pseudocode solution: DECLARE Numl,Num2,Num3,Num4,Num5: INTEGER INPUT Num1 INPUT Num2 INPUT Num3 INPUT Num4 INPUT Num5 OUTPUT NumS OUTPUT Num4 ourpuT Num3 ourpur Num2 ourPuT Num1 This would be okay if you want to reverse few integers, but if you want to reverse 100 integers, maybe a 1000. We have to use something called an Array. Array Definition: A data structure that holds a number of elements of the same data type. Pseudocode declarat DECLARE Numbers[1:N] : INTEGER Nis the number of elements in the array 36Accessing an element in an array: Arrays In order to access an element of the array, the index should be specified For example: OUTPUT Numbers[1] This statement will output the value stored in the first place in the array Numbers Example 4.2: Write pseudocode that reads 1000 numbers from the user and prints them in reverse order. Pseudocode solution: DECLARE Numbers[1: 1000] : FOR Counter €1 To 1000 INPUT Numbers[ Counter] NEXT FOR Counter € 1000 TO 1 STEP -1 ourpur Numbers [Counter] NEXT - Purpose of using arrays: INTEGER © To store multiple values under the same identifier making the code shorter * Allows for simpler programming 37Arrays Example 4.3: Write pseudocode that reads the ages of a 100 student from the user and stores them. Then use the stored values to find the count of students who are older than 18 years. Pseudocode solution: DECLARE Ages[1:100]: INTEGER DECLARE Count: INTEGER FoR i € 1 70 100 INPUT Ages[i} NEXT count € 0 FOR i € 1 70 100 IF Ages[i] > 18 THEN count € count +1 ENDIF NEXT OUTPUT “Count of students older than 18 is: ",Count 38Arrays 4.1 Associative Arrays Sometimes you might need to store two values about @ certain thing, for example, the name and age of all students. In this case we'd need to have two arrays, one array for storing the names, and one for storing the ages. Example 4.4: the names and marks of 50 students, stores them and then Write pseudocode that read: output the name of the student who scored the highest grade. Marks are out of 100. Pseudocode solution: DECLARE Names[1:50]: STRING DECLARE Marks[1:50]: INTEGER DECLARE MaximumIndex, MaximumMark: INTEGER MaximumMark € -1 FoR i € 1 70 50 ourpur “Enter the name of the student ” INPUT Names[i] REPEAT ourpur “Enter the mark of the student ” INPUT Marks[i} UNTIL Marks[i]>=0 and Marks[i]<=100 NEXT FoR i € 1 70 50 IF Marks{i] > MaximumMark THEN MaximumMark € Marks[i] MaximumIndex € i ENDIF NEXT OUTPUT “Student with highest mark is : ",Names[MaximumIndex] OUTPUT “The highest mark is: ”,MaximumMark 39Arrays Arrays Exercise 1 Write a pseudocode that inputs and stores one temperature per day for a year (365 days), Display: + The maximum temperature in the first 20 days + The maximum temperature in the last 20 days 2. Write pseudocode that will take 10 student names and 10 student ages and print # name of the student with the maximum age. 3. Adata logger records the temperature on a roof of a school twice @ day, at midday and midnight. Task 1: + Input and store the temperatures recorded for 30 days. © You must store the temperatures two arrays, one for midday ight temperatures. temperatures and one for mi * All temperatures should be validated and the user should repeatedly re-enter the temperatures if they are invalid o Assume that a valid temperature is between -20 and 100 (5) Task 2: + Calculate and output the average temperature for midday + Calculate and output the average temperature for midnight i] Task 3: + Select the day with the highest midday temperature + Select the day with the lowest midnight temperature (5) Don't forget to display appropriate messages for input and output. 40Arrays 4 TASK1 Input and store the names of 500 employees in a company. Also, input and store their genders and salaries. + Gender is either "Male" or “Female” + Minimum salary is $1000 and maximum salary is $40,000 TASK 2 The program should display the name and salary of the top paid male worker and the top paid female worker. TASK 3. Determine and output who has higher average salary, male or female workers. 5. The height of buildings and number of floors in buildings were being analyzed. Task 1 + Inputs the heights and number of floors of 200 buildings © Heights should not be negative co Number of floors cannot be less than 1 or more than 50 Task 2: * Calculate and output the average height of all the buildings + Calculate and output the number of buildings with more than 50 floors Task 3: The user inputs number of floors and the program searches for buildings that has the number of floors specified by the user and outputs the height of the tallest one from those buildings. (Note that: not all buildings will be considered when calculating the maximum) 4Arrays 6 Set up a voting system that chooses between 4 candidates. 50 students will vote. Task 1: + Input and store the names of the 4 candidates + Output the candidate names with a number (1,2,3 or 4) beside each name + Set up another array for voting and set its value to zero Task 2: + Each student inputs a choice between 1,2,3 or 4 + Update the vote of the appropriate candidate + Output the name of the candidate voted for or output ‘invalid vote’ if a vote is rejected Task 3: + Display the name of the winner and the number of votes. 2Tracing1 The flowchart inputs the size of a number of car engines; a value of ~1 stops the input. This information is output: average engine size and number of engines with size > 1.5 4B‘Complete the trace table for the input data. 18, 2.0, 1.0, 1.3, 1.0, 25, 20, 1.3, 18, 1.3, -1 Program Tracing Engine Count Number Average OUTPUT 44Program Tracing 2 The flowchart below inputs the height of children who want to ride on a rollercoaster. Children under 1.2 metres are rejected. The ride starts when eight children have been accepted. Riders +0 Reject — 0 INPUT Height Reject + Reject +1 Riders + Riders + 1 ourpuT "Ready to go + Reject 45Complete the trace table for the input data: 14,13, 1.1, 13, 1.0, 15, 1.2, 13,14, 1.3, 09, 1.5, 16, 1.0 Program Tracing Riders Reject Height ouTPUT 46 (4)Progr 3. The flowchart below inputs the weight of a number of parcels in kilograms, Parcels weighing more than 25 kilograms are rojectod, A value of —1 stops the input “The following information is output: the total weight of the parcels accepted and number of parcels rejected. Reject Reject Total ~ Total + Neight 47‘Complete the trace table for the input data: 1.8, 26.0, 7.0, 11.3, 10.0, 25, 25.2, 5.0, 19.8, 29.3, -1 Program Tracing Total Reject Weight ‘ourpur 48 (5)Program Tracing 4 This flowchart inputs the weight in kilograms of a passenger stepping into a lift. The lift can take a maximum of eight passengers or a maximum weight of 640 kilograms. totalWeight «0 totalNumber +0 totalWeight «totalWeight + Weight totalNumber «totalNumber + 1 Is totalNumber > 8? 49Program Tracing Complete the trace table for the passenger input data: 50, 70, 65, 100, 95, 50, 55, 85, 70, 75 Weight — totalWeight | totalNumber OUTPUT (4) 505 Program Tracing The flowchart below calculates the number of tins of paint required to paint walls. The flowchart Inputs the height and width of a wall in metres, the number of doors and the number of windows. ‘A value of ~1 for the height stops the input. START Area 0 Tins —0 INPUT Height, Width, Doors, Windows ‘Tins < INT(Area/10 + 0.5) ourpUT Tins Area (Area + Height * Width = Doors * 1.5 — Windows Complete the trace table for the input data: 3,5, 1,0, 3, 7,0,0,3,5,0, 3,3, 7,1, 1,-1,0,0,0 ‘Area Tins Height Width Doors Windows 4) 51‘Study the flowchart. ‘Complete the trace table for the input values 4, 3, ~1: A B c OUTPUT (4) 52Progr 7 This flowchart inputs the type of passenger for a survey: S for Senior, A for Adult, C for Child. All other values are ignored, apart from Z which ends the process. Senior «0 Adult + 0 Child + 0 Senior © Senior +1 Adult < Adult + Child « chita+1 [J OUTPUT “Seniors ", Senior T "Adults ", Adult OUTPUT "Children “, Cl 53Complete the trace table for the passenger input data: S,8,S,A,C,C,C,A,A,A,A,W, SS, D,C,Z,D,S Program Tracing Senior | Adult | Child | Type OUTPUT 54 6)Program Tracing 8 The flowchart below inputs an integer. The predefined function 0: gives the value othe division, for example Z— 11 DIV 2 ves the value 2 ~ 2. The predefined function 100 gives the value tthe mainder, fr example 2 =- 11 cD 2 gives the value 2 = 2. Fes Rex DIV Bex MoD 8 ourpur x Complete a trace table for each of the two input values 33 and 75. ‘Trace table for input value 33 x A B ‘ourPuT ‘Trace table for input value 75 x A B ‘ouTPUT (4) 559 Progr ing (a) The flowchart below inputs six single digit numbers. The predefined function Mop gives the value of the remainder, for example, ¥ = 10 MOD 3 givesthe value ¥ = 1 Total — Arl+ Bt2+ C#3+ Dd + EFS Check = Total MoD 11 Ze check >>¥es oureur P? ‘Accept * fo oureur ‘Reject! 56Program Tracing Complete a trace table for each of the two sets of input data. Set 5,2,4,3,1,5 Set2 3,2,1,0,7,3 Trace table set 15, 2, 4,3, 1,5 A 8 c > E F | Tota | check | Output Trace table set 2.3, 2, 1,0,7, a 8 c > E F | Total | Check | Output i) (b) State the purpose of the flowchart in part (a). 1] (c)_ Identity a problem with this flowchart and explain how to correct it. Problem Solution {3} 3710 (a) The flowchart inputs an integer. The predefined function DIV gives the integer result of the division, e.g. < 10 DIV 3 gives the value Y value of the rem Posne 1 New +0 / INPUT x / Tl-xD T2 ‘Tencents > 0? OUTPUT “One 5 cent coin" 60Complete the trace table for the input data: 6.29 Program Tracing Price | Change Dollars | TenCents OUTPUT 6 (5)12 Jatinder uses Internet banking. This pseudocode checks her PIN. INPUT PIN x — PIN REPEAT x/10 PRINT ELSE PRINT “PIN OK” ENDIF “error in PIN entered” (a) What value of c and what message would be output if the following PINs were entered? 51020 Value of «: Message: 5120 Value of c: Message etn senenen eos 2 613 Program Tracing This pseudocode inputs the weight of items in kilograms to be loaded on a trailer. Any item over 25 kilograms is rejected. The trailer can take up to 100 kilograms, TotalWeight € 0 Reject € 0 REPEAT INPUT Weight IF Weight > 25 THEN Reject € Reject + 1 ELSE Totalweight € TotalWeight + Weight ENDIF UNTIL TotalWeight > 100 TotalWeight € Totalweight — Weight OUTPUT “Weight of items ", TotalWeight ," Number of items rejected *, Reject Complete the trace table for the input data: 13, 17, 26, 25,5, 10, 15, 85, 20, 15 Weight | Reject | TotalWeight OUTPUT (5) 63Code ErrorsCode Errors Read this section of program code that should input 50 numbers and then output the average. 2 For Counter = 1 TO $0 3) INPUT Num 4 Total = Total +2 5 Counter = Counter + 1 6 Average = Total/Counter NEXT Counter 8 PRINT Average There are four errors in this code. Locate these errors and suggest code corrections to remove each error. 1 [4] 64Code Errors Read this section of program code that inputs twenty (20) numbers and then outputs the largest number input. 1 h=o0 2 e=0 3. REPEAT 4 READ x 5 IF ¥>h THEN x = h 6 eset. 7 PRINT h 8 UNTIL c < 20 There are three errors in this code, Locate these errors and suggest a corrected piece of code. i} 65Code Errors 3 Read this section of program code that should input 30 positive numbers and then output the largest number input. 1 2 8 9 Large = 9999 counter = 0 WHILE Counter > 30 Do INPUT Num IF Num < Large THEN Large = Num counter = Counter - 1 ENDWHILE PRINT Large There are four errors in this code. Locate these errors and suggest a corrected piece of code for each error. 66 [4]Code Errors 4 Read this section of program code that should input 10 positive numbers and then output the smallest number input. 1 small = 0 2 Counter = 0 3. REPEAT 4 INPUT Num 5 IF Num < Small THEN Num = Small 6 Counter = Counter +1 7 PRINT Small 8 UNTIL Counter < 10 There are four errors in this code. Locate these errors and suggest a corrected piece of code for each error. 1 67 [4]Code Errors Read this section of program code that inputs 10 positive numbers and then outputs the smallest number input. Small = 1000 Counter = 0 REPEAT INPUT Num IF Num < Small THEN Small = Num Counter = Counter + 1 UNTIL Counter = 10 PRINT Small (i) Identity three changes you would need to make to find the largest number input instead of the smallest number. 3] (ii) Rewrite the program code with your changes. [3] 68Code Errors Read this section of code that inputs the ages of people entering an event. The input sequence is ‘ended by inputting a negative value for age. The code outputs the number of people at the event over the age of 18. 01 = Numig = 0 02 UT Age 03 WHILE Age 04 IF Age >= 18 THEN 05, Numl8 = Numlé + Age 06 ENDIF 07° ENDWHILE 08 PRINT Numi8 ~ There are four errors in this code. Locate these errors and suggest code correction to remove each error. Error 1... Correction... Error 2... Correction. Error 3 Correction. Error 4 Correction. [4] 69Code Errors 7 Read this section of program code that inputs 10 positive numbers and then outputs the total. Total = 0 Counter = 0 REPEAT INPUT Num PRINT Total Counter + 1 1 2 3 4 5 Total = Total + Num 6 7 counter 8 UNTIL Counter = 10 This code works, but it (i) Suggest three improvements that could be made. inefficient, Tacs {3] (li) Rewrite the program code with your improvements. (3) 70Code Errors ‘There are four errors in this code. Locate these errors and suggest @ correction to remove each error Error 1 .. Correction .. Error2 .. Correction .. Errors .. Correction ............-.- Error4 .. Correction .. nCode Errors 9 Read this section of program code that: * inputs 10 numbers * checks whether each number is within a specified range totals the numbers within the range and outside the range 1 InRange = 0 2 OutRange 1000 3. FOR Count = 1 70 10 4 INPUT Num 5 IF Num > 10 AND Num < 20 THEN InRange = InRange + 1 6 ELSE OutRange = OutRange - 1 7 Count = Count +1 8 NEXT x 9 PRINT InRange, OutRange (a) There are four errors in this code. Locate these errors and suggest a correction to remove each error. Error Correction Error 2. Correction .. Error 3, Correction Error 4. Correction ... [4] RCode Errors (©) Decide, with reasons, whether the numbers 10 and 20 are within or outside the range. within | Outside Number | jaye) | renge (2) Reason 10 20 (4) BCode Errors 10 (a) An algorithm has been written in pseudocode to input 50 numbers and total only the positive numbers. count — 1 Total — REPEAT INPUT Number IF Nunber <> 0 THEN Total # Total + Count ENDIF Count Count + 1 UNTIL Count < 50 PRINT Total Find the four errors in the pseudocode and suggest a correction for each error. unt Error 1 .. Correction Error 2 Correction... Error 3 Correction .. Error 4 .. Correction [4] (b) Show how you would change the corrected algorithm to only total numbers greater than 0 and less than 20. e] 74Databases1. Data types used in database Data Type Examples Number 12, 45, 1274, 653.12, -35.86 Currency £12.45, -£0.01, €999.00, $5500 Text DOG, ABC123, enquiries@bbc.co.uk Boolean TRUE/FALSE and YES/NO Date 25/10/2007, 12 Mar 2008, 10-06-08 2. Selecting Data Types When we input data to a database, we must analyse it and select appropriate data types for each field: Student Name: [Bensmith «| Text Student Number: fiz34S~S~*d™:sCNu ber Date of Birth: 10 duly 1998 Date Year Group: é Number Special Diet: [Yes | Boolean Height: [1.67 | Number Fees Paid: $1500 Currency 3. Definition of Database A structured collection of related data that allows people to extract information in a way that meets their needs. Databases are very useful in preventing data problems occurring because: * Data is only stored once - no data duplication ‘= Ifany changes are made it only has to be done once - the data is consistent ‘+ Same data is used by everyone 754. The structure of a database Inside a database, data is stored in tables, which consists of many fields and records. | Table | Record 1 | Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 | Field 4 | Record 2 | Field 1 Field 2 Field3 | Field 4 | Record 3 | Field 1 Field2 _| Field3 _| Field 4 | Record 4 | Field 1 Field 2 | Field 3 | Field 4 Record 5 _| Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 | Field 4 Record6 | Field 1 Field2 | Field3 _| Field 4 The following table shows some database elements and their defi Term Definition Examples Table/File A collection of related records Table of students For a student the fields could include: «Student name Feld A.column that contains one specific piece of + Student ID information and has one data type * Age + Address * Gender Field Name _| Title given to each field and is always placed at the top row of table A row within a table that contains data about a | Details (all information) of Record single item, person or event one student Primary Key/ Key Field A field that contains unique data and can’t be repeated for more than one once Student ID field 76Databases Arowis the table ‘The FIELD NAMES are isa RECORD the column headings / SI / Student Yeor Special Exom Fees Nome Number | Date of sith Group Telephone _—Diet_Score Height Paid | | susan anmao|] 1423 |] 5* mayi99s | 7 | (0334) 4537564! NO 67% 154 | $1500 iaueoau || o377_|[2s"aumesti996 _¢ (0332) 343 7543 | yes 55% 2.60 _ $1600 ween worms || 1103 {| rsanuary 1956 | a | (oraz)aseseas | NO 9% | 143 | $500 | 1 sensu || ozs || ror swiviges | 6 | oxsayracssra| ves | rex 67 | s1s00 KEY FIELD column y \ Note that: Primary keys are used to: * Tobe sure that each record can be found easily * To prevent duplication of records 7Databases 5. Query By Example In order to select data with some specific criteria from a database, we use queries. Let’s consider the following example: ‘A database, PROPERTY, was set up to show the prices of properties for sale and the features of each property. Part of the database is shown below. Property Type | OU" | Bedrooms | Batroomes | Garden | Garage ‘ine? Bungalow By) O7]”SCtdYStét« Yes Yes | 750,000 Apartment ‘A08 2 1 No No | 100,000 House Hi0 4 2 Yes | No | 450,000 House His 3 2 Yes | No | 399,000 Apartment 01 2 2 No | Yes | 95,000 Apartment Ae 1 1 No No | 160,000 House wa | 3) | 4 No Yes _| 250,000 | House HAG 2 1 Yes | Yes | 175,000 The following is a query-by-example grid: Here, we enter the name of fields ‘that are involved in our search We write the table name of each field. In our case i's PROPERTY We tick the fields that we need to show Here, we write our search criteria 2BThe following query-by-example grid selects and shows the Prices and Brochure numbers of all houses with more than 1 bathroom and more than 2 bedrooms in ascending order of Price. Field: Property Type |Number of Numbetet Price in$ | Brochure No Table: PROPERTY [PROPERTY [PROPERTY __|PROPERTY [PROPERTY sont Ascending Show: oO O { vi pe 5 The results shown are: 399,000 H13, 450,000 H10 6. Validation The automated checking by a program that data to be entered is sen: Examples of validation checks: + Type + Presence © Range * Length © Character = Format + Check digit 79 ible.5.1 Type Check Definition: Checks that the data entered has the appropriate data type. Example: A person's age should be a number not text. 5.2 Presence Check Definition: Checks that some data has been entered and the value has not been left blank Example: ‘An email address must be given for an online transaction Breoeer Lo ("= Required) Emait 5.3 Range Check Defi It checks that only numbers within a specified range are accepted ion: Example: Exam marks between 0 and 100 inclusive. 5.4 Length Check Defi It checks that data contains an exact number of characters ion Example: A password with exactly 8 characters in length. If the password has fewer or more than 8 characters, it will be rejected 805.6 Character Check Definition: It checks that a string of characters does not contain any invalid characters or symbols. Examples: + Aname would not contain characters such as % * Atelephone number would only contain digits. 5.7 Format Check Definition: It checks that the characters entered conform to a pre-defined pattern Example: ‘A company with IDs that start with MS then three numbers would have a format of MS#iit 5.8 Check Digit Defi A digit that it is calculated from all the other digits and appended to the number. jon: They can usually detect the following types of error: © Anincorrect digit entered o For example 5327 entered instead of 5307 * Transposition errors where two numbers have changed order o For example 5037 instead of 5307 © Removing a digit © For example 537 instead of 5307 Putting an extra digit © For example: or 53107 instead of 530 81Example: ISBN 978-0-340-98382-9 7803409838291 Figure 9.8 ISBN 13 code with check digit ‘An example ofa check digit calculation is ISBN 13, where the 13th digit of the ISBN code is calculated using the following algorithm. 1 Add all the odd numbered digits together, excluding the check digit. 2.Add all the even numbered digits together and multiply the result by 3. 3 Add the results from 1 and 2 together and divide by 10. 4 Take the remainder, ifit is zero use this value, otherwise subtract the remainder from 10 to find the check digit. Odd digits “IN 9780340983826 See Even digits Figure 9.9 ISBN Using the ISBN above 9 7 8 0 3 4.09 8 3 8 2 without its check dij 19+8+3+0+8+8=36 23(7+0444943+2)=75 3 (36+ 75/10 = 11 remainder 1 4101 =9 the check digit. To check that an ISBN 13 digit code is correct a similar process is followed. 1 Add all the odd numbered digits together, including the check digit. 2 Add all the even number of digits together and multiply the result by 3. 3 Add the results from 1 and 2 together and divide by 10. 4 The number is correct if the remainder is zero. Using the ISBN above 9 7 8 03 4.098 3 8 2 9 with its check digit: 19+8+3+0+8+8+9=45 23(7+0+44+94+3+2)=75 3 (45 + 75)/10 = 12 remainder 0 4 Remainder is 0 therefore number is correct. 827. Data Verification Def Checking that the data has not changed during input to a computer or during transfer ion: between computers. Purpose: To ensure the accuracy of transcription. Verification methods include: * Screen/Visual check + Double entry Screen/Visual Check Det jon: «Data is compared visually with the source document by a user «The user is asked to confirm that the data entered is same as original + Ifuser finds a difference, the data is re-entered Double Data Entry Definition: «Data is entered twice (sometimes by two different people) © Acomputer checks that both entries are equal «If they are not equal, an error message requesting to re-enter the data is displayed Customer information Emali: john@rome.net Confirm email; John@neme.net Password Confirm password: Caneel Submit ( Note tha Double data entry is different from Proofreading! Proofreading is reading through the document, without referring to the original source document, to identify grammatical and spelling mistakes 838. Testing Data Definition: Data used to check that a computer program responds correctly to correct and incorrect data. Definition Examples Normal Data Correct data that should be accepted The month can be any whole number in the range of 1 to 12 Abnormal Data Data outside the limits of acceptability, or wrong type of data, and should be rejected All the following values are not allowed as inputs for the month + Negative numbers ‘+ Any value greater than 12 + Letters or non-numeric data + Non-integer values (e.g.,3.5,10.75, ete.) Extreme Data Data t the limits of acceptability and it should be accepted The extreme values of month can be either 1 or 12 Boundary Rejected Data The rejected data on the boundaries Boundary rejected values of month can be either 0 or 13, 84Databases Database Exercise A database was set up to show the properties of certain chemical elements. Part of the database is shown below. Name of | Element | Atomic | Atomic | Melting | Boiling | State at element | symbol | number | weight | point (C) | point (Cc) | room temp oxygen ° 8 16 -218 -183 gas iron Fe 26 56 1538 2861 solid mercury Hg 80 201 38 356 liquid bromine Br 35 80 7 59 liquid osmium Os 76 190 3033 5012 solid caesium Cs 55 133 28 671 solid galium | Ga 3 70 30 2204 solid argon | Ar 18 40 -189 -186 gas silver Ag a7 108 961 2162 solid (a) How many fields are in each record? (b) The following search condition was entered: (Melting point (C) < 40) AND (Atomic weight > 100) Using Element symbol only, which records would be output? (c) Which field would be best suited as primary key? 85Databases 2 Adatabase table, DEVICE, has been set up to record the electronic equipment used in a sma business. Device ID | Device Type | User Purchase | Purchase | Portable Date Price (S) 3 | Desktop ‘Alan Swales | 14/02/2017 | 1350.00) NN 4 | Laptop ‘Chantel Law | ovoz2016 | 1460.00| 5 | Tablet Abdula Saud | 31/12/2016 | 1000.00) Y 6 Desktop Abdula Saud | 14/03/2017 1000.00 N 7 — | Laptop ‘Alan Swales | 15/03/2016 | 1700.00| Y 8 | Tablet Taona Jaji | 16/12/2016 | 470.00| (a) The query-by-example grid below selects certain records. Field: User Table: DEVICE Sort: | Ascending ‘Show: 4 Criteria: or: Portable DEVICE Purchase Price (S) DEVICE >1000 ‘Show what would be the output from the query-by-example. 2) (b) Complete the query-by-example grid below to select all Desktop devices that were either purchased before 31/12/2016 or cost under $1000. Only show the Device ID and Device Type. Field: Table: Sort: Show: Criteria: or: 86 (4)Databases 3 A database, MARKS, was set up to record the test results for a class of students. Part of the database is shown below. Student Name | Class ID | Maths | English | Science | History | Geography Paul Smith 0017 70 55 | 6S 62 59 Ravi Gupta 0009 23 34 | 38 at 44 Chin Hwee 0010 43 47 | 50 45 52 John Jones | 0013 37 ey | at 28 35 Diana Abur 0001 92 885 89 78 Rosanna King | 0016 at 13 | W 27 15, (a) Give the number of fields that are in each record, (b) State which field you would choose for the primary key. Give a reason for choosing this field. (2) (c) The query-by-example grid below selects all students with more than 60 marks in History or more than 60 marks in Geography. Field: | Student Name History Geography Table: | MARKS MARKS MARKS Sort: | Ascending Show: iv Criteria 360 or 360 Show what would be output. 87Databases (4) Complete the query-by-example grid below to select and show the student names only of all students with less than 40 marks in both Maths and English. Field: | Table | Sort: | | | | Show: Criteria: or: (3) 4 Adatabase, PROPERTY, was set up to show the prices of properties for sale and the features of each property. Part of the database is shown below. PropertyType | P°No' | Beareome | Batroome | Carden | Garage | Bungalow B17 7 4 Yes Yes | 750,000 Apartment ‘A09 2 1 No No | 100,000 House H10 4 2 Yes No _ | 450,000 House H13 3 2 Yes No | 399,000 Apartment Adt 2 2 No Yes | 95,000 Apartment AI6 1 1 No No | 150,000 House H23 3 1 No Yes | 250,000 House H46 2 1 Yes Yes | 175,000 (@) Give the number of fields that are in each record. (b)_ State which field you would choose for the primary key. Give a reason for choosing this field. (2) 88©) State the data type you would choose for each of the following fields. Garage Number of Bedrooms ... Priceins .. [3] (@) The query-by-example grid below selects all houses with more than 1 bathroom and more than 2 bedrooms. Prony pe umber! Mumbercl——Pveeing—_[RrachureNo :| PROPERTY PROPERTY PROPERTY |PROPERTY PROPERTY | Ascending [ wv vj 22 >I | ‘Show what would be output. (21 (@) Complete the query-by-example grid below to select and show the brochure number, property Field: Table: Sort Show:| Criteria: a type and price of all properties with a garage below $200,000. 89 iaDatabases 5 A database table, JEWEL, is used to keep a record of jewellery for sale in a shop. Each item of jewellery can be made of silver, platinum or gold metal. The shop stocks rings, bracelets and necklaces. The number in stock and the price is also stored. (a) Identify the four fields required for the database. Give each field a suitable name and data type. Explain why you chose the data type for each field. Field 1 Name .. . Data type Explanation . Field 2 Name Data type Explanation .. Field 3 Name .. cove Data tYP@ snr Explanation .. Field 4 Name ..... . Data type Explanation ... (b) Explain why none of these fields could be used as a primary key. (1] (©) Using the query-by-example grid below, write a query to identify the silver bracelets. Only display the number in stock and the price. Field: Table: Sort: Show: oO oO Oo oO Criteria: or: 3) 906 Apicture Databases gallery owner has decided to set up a database to keep information about the pictures he has for sale. The database table, PICTURE, will contain the following fields: Title; Artist; Description; Catalogue Number; Size (area in square centimetres); Price; Arrived (date picture arrived at gallery); Sold (whether picture is already sold) @ @ i (b) (©) Table: Sort: Show: Criteria: or: State what data type you would choose for each field. Title Artist . Description .. Catalogue Number Size Price .. Arrived snc oe Sold [4] 2 z (1) Give a validation check that you can perform on each of these fields. Each validation check must be different. Catalogue NUMBEF ....cncisnnmnninnne Size PRICE aeeneeenne svtenneneee Arrived .. (4) Complete the query-by-example grid below to select and show the Catalogue Number, Title and Price of all unsold pictures by the artist Twister’. (5) 91Databases 7 A database, STAFFPHONE, was set up to show the telephone extension numbers for members of staff working in a department store. Name Department | Extension number Jane Smith Toys 129 ‘Sue Wong Books 124 David Chow Toys 129 ‘Amy Tang Household 123 Joe Higgs Books 124 Jane Smith Shoes 125 ‘Adel Abur ‘Shoes 125 Pater Patel Toys 129 (@) Explain why none of the fields in the database can be used as a primary key. (b) State a field that could be added as a primary key. Give a reason for choosing this fiald. 2) (©) Uso the query-by-example grid below to provide a list of all members of staff, in alphabetical order, grouped by department. Field: Table: Sort: Show: Oo Criteria: or: 5) 928 A database, SOFASELECT, was set up to show the prices of suites, sofas and chairs for sale from an online furniture warehouse. Part of the database is shown below. Renee eo aes Cour | Price ins sola sv | 21 | tae | Red | 0 Sol sae [81 | wit | Bak | h000 sat cu [4 |e | whet | areon | 1.500 ait aus [88 | tether | Bim | 80 Reoliner chair RCO1 1 1 Leather Cream 600 Cher cis [| 1) 1] vim | Red | ato Recliner sofa AS23 4 1 Leather Cream 1,200 Char cio [1 | vent [rea |e (a) How many fields are in each record? (b) State which field you would choose for the primary key. 93Databases (d)_ The query-by-example grid below selects all the furniture in cream leather. Field: Description | Material Colour Price in § Brochure Number Table: SOFASELECT |SOFASELECT |SOFASELECT |SOFASELECT |SOFASELECT Sort Descending ‘Show: iv v| | Criteria: = ‘Leather = ‘Cream’ or: ‘Show the output from the query-by-example. [3] (e) Complete the query-by-example grid below to select and show the brochure number, material, colour and price of all the furniture with 3 or more seats. Field; | Table; Sort: Show: oO [iy | oO Criteria: or: 6) (©) State the data type you would choose for each of the follawing fields. Number of Seats .. Price in $ 949 A database, THEATRETOURS, was set up to show the tour dates, towns, number of seats and prices in local currency for a Shakespeare play. Town Tour Date | Number of Seats | Price Local Currency Wigan 18/08/2016 120 15.00 Dumtries 20/08/2016 160 12.50 Turin 25/08/2016 200 17.00 Macon 27/08/2016 75 18.00 Bordeaux 29/08/2016 170 20.00. Algiers 01/09/2016 125 1350.00 Windhoek 05/09/2016 65 90.00 Windhoek 06/09/2016 65 90.00 Port Elizabeth 10/09/2016 200 110.00 (a) Explain why none of the fields in the database can be used as a primary key. AZ] (b) State a ficld that could be added as a primary key. Give a reason for choosing this field (2 (c) Use the query-by-example grid below to provide a list of tour dates and seat prices in alphabetical order of town. Field: Table: Sort: Show oO o Oo U Criteria: or: (41 95Databases 10 A database, PLAYPRODUCTION, was set up to show the performance dates, prices and number of seats available at a theatre specialising in Shakespeare productions. vo Meco ee "ee nat ancy Stalls Circle As You Like It 01/07/2016 120 90 20.00 30.00 As You Like It 02/07/2016 8s 45 30.00 40.00 As You Like It 09/07/2016 31 4 30.00 40.00 Macbeth 14/07/2016 101 56 25.00 35.00 Macbeth 15/07/2016 50 34 25.00 35.00 Macbeth 16/07/2016 12 5 35.00 50.00 Julius Caesar 22/07/2016 67 wm 20.00 20.00 Julius Caesar 23/07/2016 21 24 15.00 15.00 AComedy of Errors 30/07/2016 45 36 35.00 45.00 (a) Give the number of fields that are in each record. 1) (b) State the data type you would choose for each of the following fields. Play Number Seats Stalls .. Price Stalls Seats § - [3] (©) The query-by-example grid below selects all the productions with more than 100 seats left in either the stalls or the circle. Field: | Play Performance Date | Number Seats Stalls | Number Seats Circle Table: | PLAYPRODUCTION | PLAYPRODUCTION | PLAYPRODUCTION | PLAYPRODUCTION Sort: | Ascending ‘Show: v v Criteria: > 100 or: > 100 ‘Show what would be output from the query-by-example. 3 96(4) Complete the query-by-example grid below to select all the productions with at least six seats left in the circle and show the Play, Performance Date and Price Circle Seats $ in Performance Date order. Field Table: Sort: Show: oO L LI ul Criteria: or: 15] 711 Adatabase table, BIKETYRES, is used to keep a record of tyres for sale in a cycle shop. ‘Tyres are categorised by width and diameter in millimetres, whether they have an inner tube and the type of terrain for which they are designed. Databases ‘Tyre Code Width Diameter Tube Stock Level Sut 23 700 YES 18 MLNT 24 700 NO 23 LLUNT 28 700 NO 19 sL™ 23 700 YES 22 MLTM 24 700 YES 14 uT™ 28 700 YES 12 ‘SLTH 23 700 YES 10 MLTH 24 700 YES 5 LLNH 28 700 NO 7 ‘SLNM 23 700 NO 12 MLNM 24 700 NO Mixed 22 LLNM 28 700 NO Mixed 18 ‘SSNT 23 650 NO Asphalt 10 MSNT 24 650 Xe) Asphalt 8 SSTM 23 650 YES Mixed 5 MSNM 24 650 NO Mixed 4 ‘The query-by-example grid below displays the tyre code and the stock level of all 28mm width tyres suitable for mixed terrain. Field: Tyre Code Sort: ‘Show: Stock Level ‘Width Terrain Table: BIKETYRES BIKETYRES BIKETYRES BIKETYRES oO oO =28 = Mixed’ Criteria: | or: Alter the query to show the tyre code and stock level in ascending order of stock level for all 24mm asphatt terrain tyres. Write the new query in the following query-by-example grid. Field: Table: Sort: Show: Criteria: or: 98 [4]Databases 12 Adatabase table, PORTRAIT, is used to keep a record of the portraits available from a photographic studio. Each portrait has a unique reference number PICnnn, where nis a single digit, for example PIC123. The studio keeps a record of the size (for example 20 x 15), the type (black and white or colour), and the price in dollars. (a) Complete the table to show the most appropriate data type for each of the fields. Field Data type Reference Number Size Type Price in $ (4) (b) The results from the query-by-example grid should show the reference number, price, type and size of all portraits under $50. Identify the three errors in the query-by-example grid. Field: | Reference No —_Price in $ ‘Type Size Table: | PORTRAIT PORTRAIT PORTRAIT PORTRAIT Sort: Show: 7] Z ] 7 Criteria: or: Error 1 .. Error 2 ..... Error 3 ... G] 99DefinitionsDefinitions 4. Program Definition: © A\list of instructions that does a specific task + It can be written in High Level language or Low Level Language 2. Pseudocode Definition: Method that uses English words and mathemat program al notations to design the steps of a 3. Flowcharts Definition: Diagram that designs the steps of a program by using a standard set of symbols joined by lis to show the direction of flow. 4, Trace Table Definition: + Table that can be used to record the results from each step in an algorithm © Itis used to record the value of a variable each time it changes 5. Variable Definition: A named data store that contains a value that ean change during the execution of a program. 6. Constant Definition: ‘A named data store that contains a value that does not change during the execution of a program. 100Definitions 7. Program data types: Data type Definition Examples A positive or negative whole number be used in 150 Integer mathematical operations -100 A positive or negative number that has a 100.5 Real | fractional part that can be used in mathematical 152 operations Char ‘A single character from the keyboard H Hello World String ‘A sequence of characters , A312_@odq Boolean Data with two possible values TRUE/FALSE 8. Sequential statements Definition: Statements are executed one after another according to their order. ional/Selection statements Selective statements) are executed depending on meeting certain criteria Purpose: To allow different paths through a program depending on meeting certain criteria 410. IF .. THEN .. ELSE .. ENDIF Definition: A conditional structure with different outcomes for true and false. Purpose: It allows for checking complex conditions. 101Definitions 11. CASE .. OF .. OTHERWISE .. ENDCASE Definitio A. conditional structure that allows selection to be made based on value of a variable. Purpose: Used to test for a large number of discrete values. 12. Iterative/Repetition statements. Definiti One or more statements are repeated till a test condition is met or whilst a test condition is, TRUE. Purpose: To repeat same or similar code a number of times, which allows for shorter code. 43. FOR .. TO .. NEXT Definition A loop structure that iterates a set number of times. 14, WHILE .. DO .. ENDWHILE Definition: © Aloop that iterates whilst a specified condition exists * Criteria is pre-tested (It has criteria check at the start) © Itmay never run 45, REPEAT .. UNTIL Definition: + Aloop that iterates until a condition is met © Criteria is posttested (It has criteria check at the end) © Ititerates at least once Differences between REPEAT ... UNTIL and WHILE ... DO ... ENDWHILI © In WHILE the criteria is pre-tested but in REPEAT..UNTIL the criteria is post-tested © WHILE may never run while REPEAT... UNTIL runs at least once © WHILE iterates whilst a condition is TRUE but REPEAT UNTIL iterates till a condition is TRUE 102Definitions 16. Totaling Definition: The process of summing a list of number. Example: sum € Sum + Num 17. Counting Definition: The process of finding how many items are in a list. Example: count € count + 1 18. Array Definiti A data structure that holds a number of elements of the same data type Purpose: * To store multiple values under the same identifier making the code shorter * Allows for simpler programming 19. Top-Down design Definiti The breaking down of a computer system into set of sub systems and then breaking each subsystem into set of smaller ones until each sub system performs a single action 18. Structure Chart Definit Diagram that shows the design of a computer system in a hierarchal way, with each level giving a more detailed breakdown of the system 103,Definitions 19. Library rou Definition: It is a list of programming instructions that is: © Given aname © Already available for use © Pre-tested Advantages of using library routines: + Library routines make writing programs easier and faster as the code is already written © They make testing the program easier as the code has already been tested and debugged 20. Subroutine Definition: + Set of programming statements for a given task and given a name © Subroutine is written in High Level Language * Can be procedure or function 21. Function Definition: A subroutine that always returns a value 22. Procedure Definition: A subroutine that doesn’t return a value, 23. Database Definition: A structured collection of related data that allows people to extract information in a way that meets their needs. 10424. Database terms: Definitions Term Definition Examples Table/File A collection of related records Table of students Fora student the fields could include: * Student name Field A column that contains one specific piece of © Student ID information and has one data type + Age © Address * Gender Field Name Title given to each field A row within a table that contains data about a | Details (all information) of Record single item, person or event one student Primary Key/ | A field that contains unique data and can’t be Student ID field Key Field repeated for more than one once 105,25. Validation Definition: Definitions The automated checking by a program that data to be entered is sensible. 26. Examples of validation checks: Validation Definition Examples check h the data enter . Type Cheek Checks that the data entered has the | person's age should be appropriate data type a number not text ‘An email Presence | Checks that some data has been entered ermal across me be Check and the value has not been left blank given fora Onin’ transaction Range Check It checks that only numbers within a specified range are accepted Exam marks between 0 and 100 inclusive It checks that data contains an exac Length Check | thet data conte * number of characters A password with exactly 8 characters in length Character | it checks that a string of characters does not| Check contain any invalid characters or symbols, Aname would not contain characters such as % It checks that the characters entert Format Check It checks that the characters entered conform to a pre-defined pattern A company with IDs that start with MS then three numbers would have a format of MS### JA digit that itis calculated from all the other digits and appended to the number Used in barcodes 106Definitions 26. Verification Definition: Checking that the data has not changed during input to a computer or during transfer between computers. Purpose: To ensure the accuracy of transcription. Types: * Screen/Visual Check * Double Data Entry 27. Screen/Visual Check Definiti + Data is compared visually with the source document by a user * The users asked to confirm that the data entered is same as original © fuser finds a difference, the data is re-entered 28. Double Data Entry Definition: + Data is entered twice (sometimes by two different people) + Acomputer checks that both entries are equal © If they are not equal, an error message requesting to re-enter the data is displayed 10729. Testing data Definition: Definitions Data used to check that a computer program responds correctly to correct and incorrect data 30. Types of test data: Type Definition Examples Normal} Correct data that should be accepted | the month can be any whole Data number in the range of 1 to 12 All the following values are not allowed as inputs for the month Data outside the limits of acceptability, ‘Abnormal | 0" wrong type of data, and should be | ‘Negative numbers © Any value greater than 12 Data rejected © Letters or non-numeric data + Non-integer values (e.g.,3.5,10.75, etc.) Data at the limits of acceptability and it |The extreme values of month can Extreme should be accepted be either 1 or 12 Data Boundan Y - Boundary rejected values of month Rejected | The rejected data on the boundaries Dot can be either 0 or 13, 108Theoretical Questions‘Theory Questions Theory Questions A satellite navigation system works using destination details entered by the user, either a new destination or chosen from previously saved destinations. The satelite navigation system will then ‘output directions to the destination in the form of either a visual map or a list of directions. satelite navigation system is an example of a computer system that is made up of sub-systems ‘This structure diagram shows some of its sub-systems. Complete the diagram by filling in the empty boxes. Satellite navigation system Input destination ic) 109‘Theory Questions 2 Four programming concepts and four examples of programming code are shown below. Draw a line to link each programming concept to the correct example of programming code. Programming Snoept Example of programming code ‘Counting Sum = Sum + Value(n} Repetition IF Value = 10 THEN PRINT ‘x Selection FOR Counter = 1 70 10 Totalling Amount = Amount + 1 Sum = Numl + Num2 3 Four validation checks and four descriptions are shown below. Draw a line to link each validation check to the correct description. Validation check Presence check Range check Type check Length check Description (4 Numbers between two given values are accepted Data is of a particular specified type Data contains an exact ‘number of characters. Ensures that some data have been entered 0 (31‘Theory Questions 4 Four statement types and four examples are shown below. Draw a line to connect each statement type to the correct example. Statement type Example Assignment FOR x <1 70 10 Iteration READ X Input PRINT X Output xeyvez 3) 5 Explain the difference between a variable and a constant in a program. f2) 6 Identify three different loop structures that you can use when writing pseudocode. Vee [3] ™‘Theory Questions 7 IF ... THEN ... ELSE ... ENDIF andCASE ... OF ... OTHERWISE ... ENDCASE are two different conditional statements that you can use when writing pseudocode. Explain, using examples, why you would choose to use each conditional statement. Example 1 Reason for choice Example 2 Reason for choice ..... (6) mm‘Theory Questions 8 REPEAT ... UNTTL is one type of loop structure. Identity and describe two other types of loop structure that you could use when writing pseudocode. Loop structure 1 Description. - Loop structure 2. Description. [4] 9 Aprogrammer writes a program to store a patient's temperature every hour for a day. 10 " State the data structure that would be most suitable to use and give the reason for your choice. Data structure ... Reason. (2) Identity two different selection statements that you can use when writing pseudocode. (2) ‘A routine checks the weight of melons to be sold in a supermarket. Melons weighing under (5 kilograms are rejected and melons weighing over 2 kilograms are also rejected. Give an example of each type of test data for this routine. Normal Extreme ‘Abnormal... (3) 13‘Theory Questions 12 REPEAT .. 1 and WHILE . structures you can use when writing pseudocode. ENDWHILE are two different loop Explain, using examples, why you would choose to use each type of loop. Example 1... Reason for choice Example 2 Reason for choice 14‘Theory Questions 13 A program will be written to store information about members of a swimming club. The following membership details will be recorded: + Name + Gender + Status: © Senior © Junior Fee ‘Team member (Yes or No) (Choose a suitable data type for each of the membership details to be recorded. Membership detail Data type Name Gender Status Fee ‘Team member 6) (ii) The swimming club has 50 members. State the data structure that would be most suitable to use and give a reason for your choice. Data structure.. Reason... 15