Darren Daniel S.

Infante
BS-Psychology 1
EXERCISE SET 1
Exercises 1 to 10, use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each list.
1. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ? 6. 80, 70, 61, 53, 46, 40, ?
3 5 7 9 11 13
2. 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 35, ? 7. , , , , , , ?
5 7 9 11 13 15
1 2 3 4 5 6
3. 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, ? 8. , , , , , , ?
2 3 4 5 6 7

4. 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ? 9. 2, 7, --3 , 2, --8, --3, --13, --8, --18, ?

5. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, ? 10. 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ?
Solution
1. Each successive number is 4 larger than the preceding number. Thus we predict that the next
number in the list is 4 larger than 24, which is 28.
2. Each successive number is 6 larger than the preceding number. Thus we predict that the next
number in the list is 6 larger than 35, which is 41.
3. The first and second term have a difference of 2 and the second and third term have a
difference of 4. We conclude that the difference in each term is increasing by 2. The fifth and
sixth term have a difference of 10 so to get the next term, we need to add 2. Thus, we predict that
the next term is 12 larger than 33, which is 45.
4. In this case we will find the term’s third difference (it will be shown below)
Sequence 1 8 27 64 125
1 Difference
st
7 19 37 61
2 Difference
nd
12 18 24
3 Difference
rd
6 6
We found that their third difference is 6, so if we continue to find the next term, we will just add
6 to the 24 (in the 2nd term) and the sum will be added again to 61 (in the 1st difference). Thus,
we can predict the next term is 91 lager than 125, which is 216.
5. The first two numbers differ by 3. The second and the third numbers differ by 5. It appears
that the difference between any two numbers is always 2 more than the preceding difference.
Since 36 and 49 differ by 13, we predict that the next number in the list will be 15 larger than 49,
which is 64.
6. The first two numbers differ by -10. The second and the third numbers differ by -9. It appears
that the difference between any two numbers is always 1 less than the preceding difference.
Since 46 and 40 differ by -6, we predict that the next number in the list will be 5 less than 40,
which is 35.
7. The first two numbers in the numerator differ by 2. The second and the third numbers in the
numerator differ by 2 also. And if we look at the denominators, The first two numbers differ by
2. The second and the third numbers differ by 2 also. It appears that the difference between any
two numbers is always 2. Thus, we predict that the next number in the list when we add 2 in both
13 15
numerator and denominator of , which is .
15 17

8. The first two numbers in the numerator differ by 1. The second and the third numbers in the
numerator differ by 1 also. And if we look at the denominators, The first two numbers differ by
1. The second and the third numbers differ by 1 also. It appears that the difference between any
two numbers is always 1. Thus, we predict that the next number in the list when we add 1 in both
6 7
numerator and denominator of , which is .
7 8

9. The first two terms differ by 5. The second and third differ -10. The third and fourth term
differ by 5. It seems that the difference is the alternate of 5 and -10. Since the last two terms
differ by -10, we can predict that the next term will be -13 because it should have a 5 difference
in -18.
10. The first two numbers differ by 4. The second and the third numbers differ by 7. Then, the
third and fourth term differs by 10 It appears that the difference between any two numbers is
always 3 greater than the preceding difference. Since 22 and 35 differ by 13, we predict that the
next number in the list will be 16 larger than 35, which is 51.
EXERCISE SET 1.2
I. In Exercises 1 to 4, construct a difference table to predict the next term of each sequence.
1. 1, 7, 17, 31, 49, 71, …
1 7 17 31 49 71 97
6 10 14 18 22 26
4 4 4 4 4
2. 10,10,12,16, 22, 30, ...
10 10 12 16 22 30 40
0 2 4 6 8 10
2 2 2 2 2
3. −1, 4, 21, 56, 115, 204, ...
-1 4 21 56 115 204 329
5 17 35 59 89 125
12 18 24 30 36
6 6 6 6
4. 3, 15, 25, 53, 105, 187, ...
17 15 25 53 105 187 305
-2 10 28 52 82 118
12 18 24 30 36
6 6 6 6

II. The Fibonacci sequence has many unusual properties. Experiment to decide which of the
following properties are valid. Note: F n represents the nth Fibonacci number. If sequence is:

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,

a. 3 F n−Fn −2 =F n +2 for n ≥ 3
Experiment to see whether 3 F n−Fn −2 =F n +2 for several values of n. For instance, for n =
4, we get
3 F 4−F 4−2=F 4 +2
3 F 4−F 2=F 6
3(3)−1=8
8=8
which is true. Evaluating 3 F n−Fn −2 =F n +2 for several additional values of n, n ≥ 3, we
find that in each case 3 F n−Fn −2 =F n +2. Thus, by inductive reasoning, we conjecture
3 F n−Fn −2 =F n +2 is a true statement.

b. F n F n−2=F n+1 F n+2

 Experiment to see whether F n F n−2=F n+1 F n+2 for several values of n. For instance, for n
= 5, we get
F 5 F 5−2=F5 +1 F 5+2
F 5 F 3=F 6 F 7
( 5 ) ( 2 )=( 8 )( 13 )
10=104
which is false. Evaluating F n F n−2=F n+1 F n+2 for several additional values of n, we find
that in each case F n F n−2 ≠ F n+1 F n+2 . Thus, by inductive reasoning, we conjecture
F n F n−2=F n+1 F n+2 is a false statement.

c. F 3 n is an even number
Experiment to see whether “ F 3 n is an even number” for several values of n. For instance,
for n = 2, we get
F 3( 2)
F 6=8
which is true. Evaluating F 3 n for several additional values of n, we find that in each case
F 3 n is an even number. Thus, by inductive reasoning, we conjecture “ F 3 n is an even
number” is a true statement.

d. F n−F n−2=Fn +3 for n ≥ 3

Experiment to see whether F n−F n−2=Fn +3 for several values of n. For instance, for n =
6, we get
F 6−F 6−2=F6 +3
F 6−F 4=F 9
8−3=34
5=34
which is false. Evaluating F n−F n−2=Fn +3 for several additional values of n, n ≥ 3, we
find that in each case F n−F n−2 ≠ F n +3. Thus, by inductive reasoning, we conjecture
F n−F n−2=Fn +3 is a false statement.

EXERCISE SET 1.3

Use the Polya’s four-step problem-solving strategy and the problem solving procedures
presented in this section to solve each of the following exercises.
- Number of Girls There are 364 first-grade students in Park Elementary School. If there
are 26 more girls than boys, how many girls are there?
- Determine a digit What is the 44th decimal digit in the decimal representation of
1
=0.09090909 …
11
- Number of Games In a basketball league consisting of 12 teams, each team plays each of
the other teams exactly twice. How many league games will be played?
Solution:
1. Understand the Problem There are 364 total students. Girls were 26 more than the boys.
We need to determine the number of girls.
Devise a Plan There is a method that can be used to determine the number of two if their
difference was given. We need to divide the total number and their difference by 2, then
we will add the half of their difference to the half of the total. We will also subtract the
half of their difference to the half of the total. The larger number will be the girls because
they are originally greater in number.
Carry Out the Plan
- We need to divide the total number and their difference by 2.
 Number of Students Difference of the Students
364 26
=182 =13
2 2
- We will add the half of their difference to the half of the total. We will also subtract
the half of their difference to the half of the total. The larger number will be the girls
because they are originally greater in number.
Girls Boys
182+13=195 182−13=169

- Based on the method we followed, we figured that there are 195 girl students in
Park Elementary School.
Review the Solution If we add the number of boys and girls, we will have a sum of 364,
which is the right total number of students. If we subtract the two, we will get the right
difference of 26. Thus this method is correct.

2. Understand the Problem We need to find the 44th digit of the continuous decimal 1/11.
There are only two digit in this recurring decimal, which is 0 and 9. The first digit after
the decimal is 0 and the second is 9. With that, we can say that 0 appear when the place
of the digit is an odd number and 9 appear when it is an even number.
Devise a Plan With the information given we need to look if the place of the digit is an
odd or an even number to find which digit will appear on 44th place.
Carry Out the Plan The 44th digit is an even number, so basically, we can say that the
44th digit is the number 9 because it represents the even number in the decimal.
Review the Solution If we expand the recurring decimal, we can see that the 44th digit is
the number 9.
0.090909090909090909090909090909090909090909090909…
3. Understand the Problem We need to determine the total number of games that will be
played if there were 12 teams and each team will play the same team only twice.
Devise a Plan In this case we will use the factorial notation because it is a combination.
n!
We will use the formula Where n is the number of team which is 12, and r is the
( n−r ) !
number of team playing in a match which is 2. Then we will multiply it by 2 because the

team will face the other team twice so the full equation will be ( n!
)
r ! ( n−r ) !
2.

Carry Out the Plan If we follow the formula, the process will be
¿
( n!
r ! ( n−r ) !
2
)
Substitute:
¿
( 2 ! ( 12−2
12 !
) !)
2

¿ ( 1210 !! )2
We will cancel out 10!
And divide 12 by 2
¿ ( 12 ×11
2 ×10 ! )
×10 !
2

¿(6× 11) 2
¿ 132
There will be total of 132 matches in the league.
Review the Solution If we manually do the tally, per team will face 11 team (they will
not include themselves as opponent) and played with them twice so we will multiply it by
2 to get 22 which is the total number of games an individual team will play. To get all the
 team’s number of games, we need to multiply the total number of teams by the total
number of games of an individual team, it is 11 x 12 = 132. So the answer is correct.
EXERCISE SET 2.1
In Exercises 1 to 12, use the roster method to write each of the given sets. For some exercises
you may need to consult a reference, such as the Internet or Encyclopedia.
1. The set of U.S. coins with a value of less than 50¢
- { 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢}
2. The set of months of the year with a name that ends with the letter y
- {January, February, May, July}
3. The set of planets in our solar system with a name that starts with the letter M
- {Mercury, Mars}
4. The set of the seven dwarfs
- {Grumpy, Dopey, Doc, Happy, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy}
5. The set of US presidents who have served after bill
- {Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W., Bush Bill Clinton}
6. The set of months with exactly 30 days
- {April, June, September, November}
7. The set of negative integers greater than −6
- {-5, -4, -3, -2, -1)
8. The set of whole numbers less than 8
- {7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
9. The set of integers x that satisfy x − 4 = 3
- {7}
10. The set of integers x that satisfy 2x – 1 = −11
- {-5}
11. The set of natural numbers x that satisfy x + 4 = 1
- {-5}
12. The set of whole numbers x that satisfy x − 1 < 4
- {4, 3, 2, 1}
In exercises 13 to 20, write a description of each set. There may be more than one correct
description.
1. {Tuesday, Thursday}
- The set of the days of the week that starts with letter t
2. {Libra, Leo}
- The set of Zodiac Signs that starts with letter l
3. {Mercury, Venus}
- The set of planets between Earth and Sun
4. {penny, nickel, dime}
- The set of US coins below 25 cents
5. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
- The set of whole numbers less than 10
6. {2, 4, 6, 8}
- The set of whole even numbers under 10
7. {x/x ∈ N and x ≤ 7}
- The set of counting numbers less than or equal to 7
8. {x/x ∈ W and x < 5}
- The set of whole numbers less than 5
Ticket Prices The following table shows the average U.S. movie theatre ticket for each year from
1994 to 2009.
Use the information in the table and the roster method to represent each of the sets in Exercises
21 to 24.
1. The set of years in which the average ticket price was less than $5.00
- {1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998}
2. {x | x is a year for which the average ticket price was greater than $6.15 but less than
$6.75}
- {2004, 2005, 2006}
3. The set of years in which the average ticket price was greater than $7.00
- {2008, 2009}
4. {x | x is a year for which the average ticket price was less than $7.00 but greater than
$6.00
- {2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007}
In Exercises 25 to 32, state whether each of the given pairs of sets are equal, equivalent, both, or
neither.
1. The set of Philippines senators; the set of Philippines representatives (congressmen)
- Neither
2. The set of single-digit natural numbers; the set of pins used in a regulation bowling game
- Both
3. The set of positive whole numbers; the set of counting numbers
- Neither
4. The set of single-digit natural numbers; the set of single-digit integers
- Neither
5. {1, 2, 3}; {I, II, III}
- Equivalent
6. {6, 8, 10, 12}; {1, 2, 3, 4}
- Equivalent
7. {2, 5}; {0, 1}
- Equivalent
8. { }; {0}
- Neither
EXERCISE SET 2.2
In Exercises 1 to 8, find the complement of the set given that U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
1. {2, 4, 6, 7} →{0, 1, 3, 5, 8}
2. {3, 6} → {0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8}
3. ∅ → {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
4. {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} → {0, 1, 2, 3}
5. 5. {x|x | x< 7 and x ∈ N} → {7, 8}
6. 6. {x|x < 6 and x ∈ W} → {6, 7, 8}
7. The set of odd counting numbers less than 8 → {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
8. he set of even counting numbers less than 10 → {1, 3, 5, 7}
In Exercises 9 to 18, insert either ⊆ or ⸧ in the blank space between the sets to make a true
statement.

9. {a, b, c, d} ⊆ {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
 10. {3, 5, 7} ⊆ {3, 4, 5, 6}
11. {big, small, little} ⸧ {large, petite, short}
12. {red, white, blue} ⊆ {the colors in the American flag}
13. the set of integers ⊆ the set of rational numbers
14. the set of real numbers ⸧ the set of integers
15. ∅ ⸧ {a, e, i, o, u}
16. {all sandwiches} ⸧ {all hamburgers}
17. {2, 4, 6, ... , 5000} ⊆ the set of even whole numbers
18. {x|x < 10} ⊆ {x ∈ Q}
In Exercises 19 to 36, let U = {p, q, r, s, t}, D = {p, r, s, t}, E = {q, s}, F = {p, t}, and G = {s}.
Determine whether each statement is true or false.

19. F ⊆ D True 20. D ⊆ F False

21. F ⊂ D True 24. E ⊂ D False
23. G ⊂ E True 22. E ⊂ F False
25. G′ ⊂ D False 26. E = F′ False
27. ∅ ⊂ D False 28. D′ ⊂ E True
29. D′ ⊂ E True 30. G ∈ E True
31. F ∈ D True 32. G ⸧ F False
33. {0} = ∅ False 34. D has exactly eight subjects and False
seven proper subsets.
35. U has exactly 32 subsets. True 36. F and F′ each have exactly four False
subsets.
In Exercises 37 to 40, list all subjects of the given set.

37. {∂, ∅}

- {}, {∂}, {∅}, {∂, ∅} 4 subsets

38. {β, δ, α,π}
- {}, { β }, { δ }, { α }, { π }, {β, δ} {β, α } {β, π }, { δ, α}, { δ, π }, { α,π}, {β, δ, α}, {β, δ,
π}, {δ, α,π}, {β, α,π} {β, δ, α,π} 16 subsets
39. { I, II, III}
- {}, {I}, {II}, {III}, {I, II}, {I, III}, {II, III}, { I, II, III} 8 subsets

40. ∅
- {} 1 subset
In Exercises 41 to 48, find the number of subsets of the given set,
41. {2, 5} 4 Subsets
42. {1, 7, 11} 8 Subsets
43. {x | x is an even counting number between 7 and 21} 8192 Subsets
44. {x | x is an odd integer between −4 and 8} 64 Subsets
45. The set of eleven players on a football team 2048 Subsets
46. The set of all letters of our alphabet 67108864 Subsets
47. The set of all negative whole numbers 1 Subsets
48. The set of all single-digit natural numbers 512 Subsets
In exercises 1 to 10, let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 2, 5, 8}, and C = {1, 3,
7}.
Find each of the following.

1. A ∪ B → {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8} 2. A ∩ B → {2}
3. A ∩ B′ → {4, 6} 4. B ∩ C′ → {2, 5, 8}
5. (A ∪ B)′ → {3, 7} 6. (A′ ∩ B)′ → {2, 3, 4, 6, 7}
7. A ∪ (B ∩ C) → {1, 2, 4, 6} 8. A ∩ (B ∪ C) → {2}
9. (A ∪ B) ∩ (B ∩ C → {2, 5, 8} 10. (B ∩ A′) ∪ (B′ ∪ → {1, 3, 4, 5, 6,
′) C) 7,8}

EXERCISE SET 3
I. In Exercises 1 to 8, determine whether each sentence is a statement.
1. The Dark Knight is the greatest movie of all time. → Statement
2. Harvey Mudd college in Oregon. → Statement
3. The area code for Storm Lake, Iowa , is 512. → Statement
4. January 1, 2021, will be a Sunday. → Statement
5. Have a fun trip. → Not statement
6. Do you like to read? → Not statement
7. Mickey Mouse was the first animated character to review a star on the Hollywood Walk
of Fame. → Statement
8. Drew Brees is the starting quarterback of the San Diego Chargers. → Statement
II. In Exercises 9 to 12 determine the simple statements in each compound statement.
9. The principal will attend the class on Tuesday or Wednesday. → Compound Statement
10. 5 is an odd number and 8 is an even number. → Compound Statement
11. A triangle is an acute triangle if and only if it has three acute angles. → Compound
Statement
12. If this is Saturday, the tomorrow is Sunday. → Compound Statement
III. In Exercises 13 to 16, write the negation of each statement.
13. The Giants lost the game.
- The Giants did not lost the game.
14. The lunch was served at noon.
- The lunch was not served at noon
15. The game did not go into overtime.
- The game did go into overtime.
16. The game was not shown on ABC.
- The game was shown on ABC.
IV. In exercises 17 to 24, write each sentence in symbolic form. Represent each simple statement
in the sentence with the letter indicated in the parentheses. Also state whether the sentence is a
conjunction, disjunction, a negation, a conditional, or bi-conditional.
17. If today is Wednesday (w), then tomorrow is Thursday (t).
- w→t Conditional Statement
18. I went to the post office (p) and the bookstore (s).
- pΛs Conjunction Statement
19. A triangle is an equilateral triangle (e) if and only if it is equiangular triangle (a)
- e⇿a Bi-conditional Statement
20. A number is an even number (e) if and only if it has a factor of 2 (f)
- e⇿f Bi-conditional Statement
 21. If it is a dog (d), it has fleas (f)
- d→f Conditional Statement
22. Polynomials that have exactly three terms (p) are called trinomials (t).
- pΛt Conjunction Statement
Exercise Set 4.2
1. What is the difference between a majority and a plurality? It is possible to have one
without the other?
- Majority determines the winner by the most first votes while plurality is
consider the ranking as a whole to determine who is the winner.
2. Explain why plurality voting system may not be the best system to use in some situations.
- Because some system can be used better than popularity voting system especially
when they have rankings.
3. Explain how the Borda count method of voting works?
- The winner is decided on how much points received. To compute for the points,
you need to multiply the number of votes per place. Example, the first place is
multiplied by the number of candidates or n, for the 2nd place, we will multiply
the votes by n-1. After the votes were multiplied, get the sum and that is the
deciding places of the candidates.
4. Explain how the plurality with elimination voting method works?
- In this method, we need first to determine which candidate has the least votes for
the 1st place and eliminate it. After eliminated, we need to readjust the rankings
and do the same process. The remaining candidate will be the winner.
5. Explain how the pairwise comparison voting method works.
- Pairwise comparison voting works like a one-on-one matchup. it is used by
comparing the candidates with one another. The pointing system is: 1 point for a
win, 0.5 points for a draw, and 0 point for loss. The candidate with the most
points win.
6. What does the Condorcet criterion say?
- It says that a candidate who wins all possible head-to-head matchups should win
an election when all candidates appear on the ballot.
7. Is there a “best“ voting method? Is one method more fair than the others?
- For me, the best voting method is the Borda count method because it shows all
the tally points of every candidate got.
8. Explain why, if only two candidates are running, the plurality and Borda count methods
will determine the same winner.
- Those two methods were similar due to the fact that they tally the total number
of votes when comparing the winner.
9. Presidential Election The table shows the popular vote and the Electoral
College vote for the major candidates in the 2000 presidential election.
Candidate Popular vote Electoral College vote
George W. Bush 50,456,002 271
Al Gore 50,999,897 266
Ralph Nader 2,882,955 0
a. Which candidate received the plurality of the popular vote?
- Al Gore
b. Did any candidate receive a majority of the popular vote?
- Al Gore
c. Who won the election?
- Al Gore

10. Cartoon Characters A kindergarten class was surveyed to determine the children’s
favorite cartoon characters among Dora the Explorer, SpongeBob Square Pants, and Buzz
 Lightyear. The students ranked the characters in order of preference; the results are
shown in the preference schedule below.
Cartoon Characters Rankings
Dora the Explorer 1 1 2 2 3 3
SpongeBob Square Pants 3 2 1 3 1 2
Buzz Lightyear 3 2 3 1 2 1
Number of Students 6 4 6 5 6 8
a. How many students are in class?
- 35 students are in the class.
b. How many votes are required for a majority?
- More than 50%, so 18 students are required for a majority.
c. Using plurality voting, which character in the children’s favorite?
- Buzz Lightyear is the most favorite of the children by plurality voting. (solution
on the table below)
Cartoon Characters First-place Votes
Dora the Explorer 6 + 4 = 10
SpongeBob Square Pants 6 + 6 = 12
Buzz Lightyear 5 + 8 = 13

11. Catering A 15-person committee is having lunch catered for a meeting. Three
caterers, each specializing in a different cuisine, are available. In order to choose a caterer
for the group, each member is asked to rank the cuisine options in order of preference.
The results are given in the preference table.
Caterer Ranking
Italian 1 1 2 3 3
Mexican 2 3 1 1 2
Japanese 3 2 3 2 1
Number of votes 2 4 1 5 3
a. Using plurality voting, which caterer should be chosen?
- Italian and Mexican both have the same number of first place vote (They both
got 6 points), so they were tied. (Solution below)
Caterer Ranking
Italian 2 + 4 = 10
Mexican 1 + 5 = 12
Japanese 3

12. Movies Fifty consumers were surveyed about their movie-watching habits. They were
asked to rank the likelihood that they would participate in each listed activity. The results
are summarized in the table below.
Movie-watching habit Rankings
Go to a theatre 2 3 1 2 1
Rent a Blu-ray disc or 3 1 3 1 2
DVD
Stream online 1 2 2 3 3
Number of votes: 8 13 15 7 7
a. Using the Borda count method of voting, which activity is the most popular choice
among this group of consumers?
- Using the Borda count method, going to theatre got the most points so this
concludes the going to theatre is the most popular among the consumers.
(Solution below)
Go to a theatre 22 First-place votes = 22 ⋅ 3 = 66
 15 Second-place votes = 15 ⋅ 2 = 30
13 Third-place votes = 13 ⋅ 1 = 13
Total = 109

Rent a Blu-ray 20 First-place votes = 20 ⋅ 3 = 60

disc or DVD 7 Second-place votes = 7⋅2 = 14
23 Third-place votes = 23 ⋅ 1 = 23
Total = 97

Stream online 8 First-place votes = 8⋅3 = 24

28 Second-place votes = 28 ⋅ 2 = 56
14 Third-place votes = 14 ⋅ 1 = 14
Total = 94
13. Cell Phone Usage A journalist reviewing various cellular phone services surveyed
200 customers and asked each one to rank four service providers in order of preference.
The group’s result are shown below.
Cellular phone Services Rankings
AT&T 3 4 2 3 4
Sprint Nextel 1 1 4 4 3
Vertzon 2 2 1 2 1
T-Mobile 4 3 3 1 2
Number of votes 18 38 42 63 39
a. There is no question given so I will just use the plurality with elimination to find the
network with most user.
1st Elimination: Cellular Rankings
Sprint Nextel 1 1 3 3 3
Vertzon 2 2 1 2 1
T-Mobile 3 3 2 1 2

2nd Cellular Rankings

Elimination: Vertzon 1 1 1 2 1
T-Mobile 2 2 2 1 2
- After eliminating, Vertzon got 137 first place vote and T-Mobile got 63.
Therefore, Vertzon is the most popular service provider.

14. Family Reunion The Nelson family is trying to decide where to hold a family
reunion. They have asked all their family members to rank four choices in order of
preference. The results are shown in the preference schedule below.
Location Rankings
Grand Canyon 3 1 2 3 1
Yosemite 1 2 3 4 4
Bryce Canyon 4 4 1 2 2
Yellow Stone 2 3 4 1 3
Number of votes: 7 3 12 8 13
a. Use the pairwise comparison method to determine the best choice for the reunion.
Versus Grand Yosemite Bryce Canyon Yellow Stone
Canyon
Grand Canyon Grand canyon Grand canyon Grand canyon
Yosemite Bryce Canyon Yosemite
Bryce Canyon Bryce Canyon
Yellow Stone

✔ Grand canyon was favored over Yosemite on 3+12+8+13=36

 Yosemite was favored over Grand canyon on 7

✔ Grand canyon was favored over Bryce Canyon on 7+3+13=23

Bryce Canyon was favored over Grand canyon on 12+8=20

✔ Grand canyon was favored over Yellow Stone on 3+12+13=28

Yellow Stone was favored over Grand canyon on 7+8=15

Yosemite was favored over Bryce Canyon on 7+3=10

✔ Bryce Canyon was favored over Yosemite on 12+8+13=33

✔ Yosemite was favored over Yellow Stone on 7+3+12=22

Yellow Stone was favored over Yosemite on 8+13=21

✔ Bryce Canyon was favored over Yellow Stone on 12+13=25

Yellow Stone was favored over Bryce Canyon on 7+3+8=18
- After comparing the one-on-one matches, Grand Canyon got 3 wins, Bryce
Canyon got 2 wins, and Yosemite got 1 win. Therefore, Grand Canyon will be
chosen in this family reunion.

15. Campus Clubs A campus club has money left over in its budget and must spend it before
the school year ends. The members arrive at five different possibilities, and each member
ranks them in order of preference. The results are shown in the table.
Possibilities Rankings
Establish a scholarship 1 2 3 3 4
Pay for several members to travel to a convention 2 1 2 1 5
Buy new computers for the club 3 3 1 4 1
Throw an end-of-year party 4 5 5 2 2
Donate to charity 5 4 4 5 3
Number of votes: 8 5 12 9 7

a. Using the plurality voting system, how should the club spend the money?
- The money will be spend on buying new computers when using plurality voting
system. (Solution below)
Possibilities First place votes
Establish a scholarship 8
Pay for several members to travel to a convention 5 + 9 = 14
Buy new computers for the club 12 + 7 = 19
Throw an end-of-year party 0
Donate to charity 0
b. Use the plurality with elimination method to determine, how the money should be
spent?

“Throw an end-of-year party” and “Donate to charity” has no 1st place votes so they will
be eliminated
1st Possibilities Rankings
Eliminatio Establish a scholarship 1 2 3 2 2
n Pay for several members to travel 2 1 2 1 3
to a convention
 Buy new computers for the club 3 3 1 3 1

“Establish a scholarship” plan got only 8 votes and it is the least among the remaining 3
so it will be the one to be eliminated.
2nd Possibilities Rankings
Eliminatio Pay for several members to travel 1 1 2 1 2
n to a convention
Buy new computers for the club 2 2 1 2 1

- “Pay for several members to travel to a convention” got (8 + 5 + 9 =) 22 votes

while “Buy new computers for the club” got only (12 + 7 =) 19 votes so the
money will be used for paying for several members to travel to a convention
when using plurality with elimination method.

c. Using the Borda count method of voting, how should the money be spent?
Establish a 8 First-place votes = 8⋅5 = 40
scholarship 5 Second-place votes = 5⋅4 = 20
21 Third-place votes = 21 ⋅ 3 = 63
7 Fourth-place votes = 7⋅2 = 14
0 Fifth-place votes = 0⋅1 = 0
Total = 137

Pay for several 14 First-place votes = 14 ⋅ 5 = 70

members to 20 Second-place votes = 20 ⋅ 4 = 80
travel to a 0 Third-place votes = 0⋅3 = 0
convention 0 Fourth-place votes = 0⋅2 = 0
7 Fifth-place votes = 7⋅1 = 7
Total = 157

Buy new 19 First-place votes = 19 ⋅ 5 = 95

computers for 0 Second-place votes = 0⋅4 = 0
the club 13 Third-place votes = 13 ⋅ 3 = 39
9 Fourth-place votes = 9⋅2 = 18
0 Fifth-place votes = 0⋅1 = 0
Total = 152

Throw an end- 0 First-place votes = 0⋅5 = 0

of-year party 16 Second-place votes = 16 ⋅ 4 = 64
0 Third-place votes = 0⋅3 = 0
8 Fourth-place votes = 8⋅2 = 16
17 Fifth-place votes = 17 ⋅ 1 = 17
Total = 97

Donate to 0 First-place votes = 0⋅5 = 0

charity 0 Second-place votes = 0⋅4 = 0
7 Third-place votes = 7⋅3 = 21
17 Fourth-place votes = 17 ⋅ 2 = 34
0 Fifth-place votes = 17 ⋅ 1 = 17
Total = 72
 - Using Borda count method of voting, the money will be spend for “Pay for
several members to travel to a convention” because it has the highest total vote.

d. In your opinion, which of the previous three methods seems most appropriate in this
situation? Why?
- For me, using the Borda count method of voting is the best because I think it is
the most accurate. And you get the highest chance of right answer.
EXERCISE SET 5.1
1. Transportation An “X” in the table below indicates a direct train route
between the corresponding cities. Draw a graph that represents this information, in which
each vertex represents a city and an edge connects two vertices if there is a train route
between the corresponding cities.

2. Social Network A group of friends is represented by the graph at the left. An edge
connecting two names means that the two friends have spoken to each other in the last
week.

a. Have John and Stacy talked to each other in the last week?
- Ada and Michael talked to Stacy last week.
b. How many of the friends in this group has Steve talked to in the last week?
- Three (3) friends talked to Steve last week.
c. Among this group of friends, who has talked to the most people in the last week?
- Ada talk the most to her friends last week with four connections.
d. Why would it not make sense for this graph to contain a loop?
- Because not everyone is their friend.

Exercises 3 to 6, determine (a) the number of edges in the graph, (b) the number of vertices in
the graph, (c) the number of vertices that are of odd degree, (d) whether the graph is connected,
and (e) whether the graph is a complete graph.

3. a. There are 6 or 9 edges in this graph.

 b. There are 7 vertices in this graph.
c. There are 6 vertices with odd degree in this graph.
d. This graph is connected.
e. It is not a complete graph.

4. a. There are 8 edges in this graph.

b. There are 6 vertices in this graph.
c. There are 4 vertices with odd degree in this graph.
d. This graph is not connected.
e. It is not a complete graph.

5. a. There are 6 edges in this graph.

b. There are 4 vertices in this graph.
c. There are 4 vertices with odd degree in this graph.
d. This graph is connected.
e. It is a complete graph.

6. a. There are 5 edges in this graph.

b. There are 2 vertices in this graph.
c. There are 0 vertices with odd degree in this graph.
d. This graph is connected.
e. It is a complete graph.
In exercises 7 to 10, determine whether the two graphs are equivalent
7. Equivalent

8. Not Equivalent

9. Equivalent

10. Equivalent

11. Label the vertices of the second graph so that it is equivalent to the first graph.
D

B E

C A

In exercises 12 to 15, (a) determine whether the graph is Eulerian. If it is, find an Euler circuit. If
it is not, explain why? (b) if the graph does not have an Euler circuit, does it have an Euler path?
If so find one. If not explain why.
12. a. The graph is an Eulerian circuit because all of its vertices have
even degree, and it path is D-A-E-D-B-E-C-D.
 13. a. Point A and B have odd degree of vertices so it is not an
Eulerian circuit.
b. However, the graph is still an Eulerian path, and the path is A-
E-A-D-E-D-C-E-C-B-E-B.

14. a. Four (4) vertices have odd degree of vertices so it is not an

Eulerian circuit.
b. It is not an Eulerian path either because the rule states that
there should only 2 vertices with odd degree, but the graph has 4
vertices with odd degree.

15. a. Point A and E have odd degree of vertices so it is not an

Eulerian circuit.
16. b. However, the graph is still an Eulerian path, and the path is A-
B-E-B-D-A-C-E.

Exercises 5.2
A. In exercise 1 and 2, use Dirac’s theorem to verify that the graph is Hamiltonian. Then
find a Hamiltonian circuit.
1. The graph has 6 vertices, we will use the formula n/2 to determine
if it is Hamiltonian by Dirac’s Theorem. So it will be 6/2=3, the
vertices have at least 3 degree so by Dirac’s Theorem, the graph
is Hamiltonian. The Hamiltonian circuit is A-E-C-F-B-D-A.
2. The graph has 6 vertices, we will use the formula n/2 to determine
if it is Hamiltonian by Dirac’s Theorem. So it will be 6/2=3, the
vertices have at least 3 degree so by Dirac’s Theorem, the graph
is Hamiltonian. The Hamiltonian circuit is A-D-F-B-C-E-A.
B. In exercise 3 and 4, use trial and error to find the Hamiltonian circuits of different total
weights, starting at vertex A in the weighted graph, compute the total weight of each
circuit.
3. Using trial and error, we found 2 Hamiltonian circuits which are
A-B-E-D-C-A with weight of 5+9+7+2+8=31 and A-C-B-E-D-A and the
weight is 8+1+9+7+7=32.
4. Using trial and error, we found 4 Hamiltonian circuits which are
A-F-B-D-C-E-A with weight of 8+7+5+9+10+5=44, A-E-C-F-B-D-
A with weight of 5+10+8+7+5+3=38, A-F-B-E-C-D-A with weight
of 8+7+4+10+9+3=41, and A-E-B-F-C-D-A with weight of
5+4+7+8+9+3=36.
C. In exercise 5 and 6, use greedy algorithm to find a Hamiltonian circuit
starting at vertex A in the weighted graph.
5. We will start at point A then,
- Starting at A, the smallest weight is 9 leading to point D. So
connect A to D.
- Point F has the least weight with 6 so we will connect D to F.
- From F, C has the least weight with 4 so we will connect F to C.
- B has a weight of 5, which is the least form C. So we will connect C
to B.
- In this point, we only have one choice because if we still follow the
rule, we will make the other point having third degree and we
 cannot go back to point A because we have not yet passed all the
vertices, so we will go to point E.
- We will close the graph by connecting E and A.
- The circuit is ADFCBEA
- The weight of it is 9+6+4+5+28+17=69

6. We will start at point A then,

- Starting at A, the smallest weight is 15 leading to point C. So
connect A to C.
- Point E has the least weight with 34 so we will connect C to E.
- From E, B has the least weight with 42 so we will connect E to B.
- In this point, we only have one choice because if we still follow the
rule, we will make the other point having third degree and we
cannot go back to point A because we have not yet passed all the
vertices, so we will go to point D.
- We will close the graph by connecting D and A.
- The weight of it is 15+34+42+36+24=151.

Exercises:

P = $1500 F=?
I=?

r = 5.2% or 0.052 t = 6 months

F=P(1+rt ) I =F−P
6 months I =$ 1539−$ 1500
F=$ 1500(1+(0.052)( )) I =$ 39
12months
F=$ 1500(1+(0.052)(.5))
F=$ 1500(1+(0.026))
F=$ 1500(1.026)
F=$ 1500(1.026)
F=$ 1539
1. You deposit $1500 in an account earning 5.2% interest. Calculate the simple interest
earned in 6 months.

P = $750 F=?
I=?

r = 7.3% or 0.073 t = 1 year

F=P(1+rt ) I =F−P
F=$ 750(1+( 0.073)(1 year )) I =$ 804.75−$ 750
F=$ 750(1+( 0.073)(1)) I =$ 54.75
F=$ 750(1+( 0.073))
F=$ 750(1.073)
F=$ 804.75
2. You deposit $750 in an account paying 7.3% simple interest. Find the future value of the
investment after 1 year.

3. The maturity value of a 4-month loan of $3000 is $3097. Find the simple interest rate.
 P = $3000 F = $3097
I = $97

r=? t = 4 months

F=P(1+rt ) I =F−P
4 months I =$ 3097−$ 3000
$ 3097=$ 3000(1+ r ( )) I =$ 97
12 months
$ 3097=$ 3000(1+ r (0.33))
$ 3097 $ 3000(1+r (0.33))
=
$ 3000 $ 3000
1.03=1+ r (0.33)
1.03−1=1+r (0.33)−1
0.03=r (0.33)
0.03 r (0.33)
=
(0.33) (0.33)
0.097∨9.7 %=r

4. Your property tax bill is $1200. The county charges a penalty of 11% simple interest for
late payments. How much do you owe if you pay the bill 2 months past the due date?

P = $1200 F=?
I=?

r = 11% or 0.11 t = 2 months

F=P(1+rt ) I =F−$ 1200

2 months I =$ 1222−$ 1200
F=$ 1200(1+(0.11)( )) I =$ 22
12months
F=$ 1200(1+(0.11)(0.17))
F=$ 1200(1+(0.0183))
F=$ 1200(1.0183)
F=$ 1222

5. If you withdraw part of your money from a certificate of deposit before the date of
maturity, you must pay an interest penalty. Suppose you invested $5000 in a 1- year
certificate of deposit paying 8.5% interest. After 6 months, you decide to withdraw
$2000. Your interest penalty is 3 months simple interest on the $2000. What interest
penalty do you pay?
I=? I =Prt I=? I =Prt

[ year )] [ months ) ]
r = 8.5% or r = 8.5% or
0.085
t = 1 year
I = ( $ 5000 ) ( 0.085 ) ( 11 year 0.085
t = 6 months
I = ( $ 2000 ) ( 0.085 ) ( 126 months
P = $5000 I =[ ( $ 5000 )( 0.085 ) 1 ] P = $2000 I =[ ( $ 2000 ) ( 0.085 )( 0.5 ) ]
I =$ 425 I =$ 85

I=? I =Prt

[ )]
r = 8.5% or $ 425+ $ 85+ $ 42.5=$ 552.5
0.085
t = 3 months
I = ( $ 2000 ) ( 0.085 ) (
3 months
12 months
The total interest penalty I paid is $ 552.5
P = $2000 I =[ ( $ 2000 ) ( 0.085 )( 0.25 ) ]
I =$ 42.5