IMPORTANT FORMULAS ON RCC

1. IMPORTANT CODE

IS 456 :2000 RCC

IS 1893 Earthquake
IS 13920 Ductile Detailing
IS 1343 Prestress
IS 3370 (Part- I/II/III/IV) Water tank
IS 800:2007 Steel
IS 1905 Masonry work

2. Permissible Limit for Impurities in water

(IS 456:2000)
Maximum permissible limit
Impurity
( mg/l)

Organic 200

Inorganic 300

Sulphates (as SO3 ) 400

Suspended matter 2000

2000- plain concrete

Chloride as Cl
500- Reinforce concrete work

3. IMP TEST ON CEMENT

i. Consistency- Vicat apparatus
ii. Initial and final setting time- Vicat apparatus
iii. Soundness test- Autoclave test
iv. Specific gravity- Le chatelier flask
v. Fineness by specific surface- Blaine air permeability test

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Note: Water cement ratio 
Compressive strength

4. IMPORTANT CRITERIA USED IN RCC

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 i. Comparison of workability by various methods
Slump Vee-Bee
Degree of workability Compacting
(mm) (sec)
Very low Nil 20-10 0.70 – 0.75
Low 0 – 25 10 – 5 0.75 – 0.80
Medium 25 – 75 5-3 0.80 – 0.85
High 75 – 150 3-0 0.85 – 0.92
Very high > 150 - > 0.92

ii. Minimum cement contents and maximum w/c ratio for durability

Plain cement concrete Reinforcement cement Minimum grade

PCC concrete RCC of concrete
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Exposure PCC RCC
cement kg/m3 Free w/c cement kg/m3 free w/c
Mild 220 0.60 300 0.55 - M20
Moderate 240 0.60 300 0.50 M15 M25
Severe 250 0.50 320 0.45 M20 M30
Very
260 0.45 340 0.45 M20 M35
Severe
Extreme 280 0.40 360 0.40 M25 M40

iii. Exposure conditions

Environment Exposure condition
Concrete surfaces protected against weather or aggressive conditions, except those
Mild
situated in coastal area
Concrete surfaces sheltered from rain or freezing whilst wet
Concrete exposed to condensation and rain
Moderate Concrete continuously under water Concrete in contact or buried under non-
aggressive soil/ground water
Concrete surfaces sheltered from saturated salt air in coastal area
Concrete surface exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying or occasional
freezing whilst wet or severe condensation.
Severe
Concrete completely immersed m sea water. Concrete exposed to coastal
environment

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 Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water spray. corrosive fumes or severe freezing
Very severe conditions whilst wet Concrete in contact or buried under aggressive subsoil ground
water
Surface of members in tidal zone. Members in direct contact with liquid/solid
Extreme
aggressive chemicals

5. NOMINAL COVER
It is minimum clear cover required for outermost layer of steel reinforcement.
Minimum Nominal cover
Extreme
Member Mild (mm) Moderate (mm) Severe (mm) Very severe (mm)
(mm)
Slab 20 30 45 50 75
Beam 25 30 45 50 75
Column 40 40 45 50 75
Foundation 40 50 50 50 75

6. CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (fck)

i. The strength below which 5% of test result are expected to fail is called characteristic
strength of concrete.
ii. fck value gives compressive strength at 28 days after casting.
iii. If fm is targeted mean strength and fck is characteristics strength, then
fm = fck + 1.65 × ∝
∝ = standard deviation
Value of standard deviation
Grade standard deviation (∝) N/mm²)
M10- M15 3.5
M 20-M25 4
M 30 & Higher 5

7. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR CONCRETE

As per IS code 456:2000
i. The avg. strength of four non overlapping consecutive test should not be
ii. fav ≥ (fck + 0.825 × ∝) or favg ≥ (fck + 3) {whichever is more}
iii. For individual test result ITR ≥ (fCK─ 3)
iv. Test result should be obtained after testing on atleast 3 cubes. Difference in each test block
strength and average strength should not be more than 15%
8. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE

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i. Initial Tangent modulus (ET) - Tangent’s slope at any point on curve is called initial
tangent modulus. It gives instant value of modulus of elasticity.
ii. Secant modulus/ Static modulus (ES) - Slope of line joining any point of curve to origin
is called secant modulus of elasticity.
iii. Initial tangent of elasticity/dynamic modulus of elasticity (E C)- It is modulus of
elasticity of concrete at origin.

ET = Es = Ec = 5000 fck

Above formula is hold only for short term. For long term elastic coefficient (E L)

5000 fck
EL =
1+ 
θ = creep coefficient
Table for creep coefficient

Age of loading Creep coefficient

7 days 2.2

28 days 1.6

1 year 1.1

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 LIMIT STATE OF FLEXURE

1. Characteristic strength of materials

➢ The term ‘characteristic strength‘ means that value of the strength of material below which not
more than minimum acceptable percentage of test results are expected to fall.
➢ IS 456:2000 have accepted the minimum acceptable percentage as 5% for reinforced concrete
structures.

➢ Characteristic strength = Mean strength – K x standard deviation or

fk = fm – K x Sd
where, fk = characteristic strength of the material
fm = mean strength
K = constant = 1.65
Sd = standard deviation for a set of test results.
The value of standard deviation (sd) is given by

Sd =
 2

n −1
Where δ = deviation of the individual test strength from the average or mean strength of
n samples.
n = number of test results
IS 456:2000 has recommended minimum value of n = 30

2. Partial safety factor for loads

The partial safety for loads, as per IS 456:2000 are given in table below

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 Load Limit state of collapse Limit state of Serviceability
combination DL LL WL/EL DL LL WL/EL
DL+IL 1.5 1.5 - 1.0 1.0 -
DL+WL 1.5 or - 1.5 1.0 - 1.0
0.9*
DL+IL+WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8

(* This value is to be considered when stability against overturning or stress reversal is

critical)
LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN FLEXURE

➢ The maximum compressive strain in concrete (at the outermost fibre)  cu shall be taken as

0.0035 in bending.
➢ For design purpose, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed
to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial factor y, 1.5 shall be applied in
addition to this.

Figure: Stress-strain curve for concrete

➢ For design purpose of reinforcement, the partial safety factor  m equal to 1.15 shall be

applied.
➢ The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be
less than :
fy
+ 0.002
1.15Es

3. Single Reinforced Beam

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 Table: Limiting depth of neutral axis for different grades of steel
Steel Grade Fe 250 Fe 415 Fe 500
Xu,max/d 0.5313 04791 04791

d= effective width
i. Depth of neutral Axis
0.87fy A st
xu =
0.36fckb

ii. Lever Arm= d-xu (d= effective width and xu is depth of neutral axis)
iii. Ultimate Moment of resistance
MuR = 0.36× fck× bxu (d – 0.42xu) ; for all xu
Alternatively, in terms of the steel tensile stress,
MuR = 0.87 fy× Ast (d – 0.42xu) ; for all xu

xu xu,max
Case – 1 : equal to the limiting value : Balanced section
d d

xu
Case – 2: less than limiting value : under-reinforced section
d

xu
Case – 3 : more than limiting value : over-reinforced section.
d

iv. Computation of Mu
a. xu < xu,max

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 ➢ In this case the concrete reaches 0.0035, steel has started flowing showing ductility
0.87fy
(Strain > + 0.002 ).
Es

➢ Therefore, Mu= 0.87 fy Ast (d – 0.42 xu)

b. xu = xu,max
0.87fy
➢ In this case steel just reaches the value of + 0.002 and concrete also reaches its
Es

maximum value.

xu,max  xu,max  2
Mu,lim = 0.36 1 − 0.42  fckbd
d  d 
➢
C. xu > xu,max
In this case , concrete reaches the strain of 0.0035, tensile strain of steel is much less

 0.87fy 
than  + 0.002 
 Es 
0.87fy
➢ On the other hand, when steel reaches + 0.002 , the strain of concrete far exceeds
Es

0.0035. Hence, it is not possible. Therefore, such design is avoided and the section
should be redesigned.
➢ The moment of resistance Mu for such existing beam is calculated by restricting x u to
xu,max only and the corresponding Mu will be as per the case when xu = xu,max .

2. DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION

➢ MU2 = 0.87 fy Ast2 (d-d’) = Asc (fsc – fcc) (d – d’)

Where Ast2 = Area of additional tensile reinforcement
Asc = Area of compression reinforcement
fsc = stress in compression reinforcement

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 fcc = Compressive stress in concrete at the level of compression reinforcement
Since the addition a reinforcement is balanced by the additional compressive force.
Asc (fsc – fcc) = 0.87 fyAst2

 xu 
➢ The strain at level of compression reinforcement is 0.0035 1 − 
 xu,max
 
➢ Total area of reinforcement shall be obtained by
Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
Ast1 = Area of reinforcement for a singly reinforced section for M u,lim

A sc ( fsc − fcc )
A st2 =
0.87fy

3. T BEAMS AND L BEAMS

i. Effective width of Flange

a. For Beam casted monolithic with slab
‘effective width of flange bf (Cl. 23.1.2 of Code) are given as follows:

l / 6 + bw + 6Df for T − Beam

bf =  0 [Eq. 1]
l0 / 12 + bw + 3Df for L − Beam
• bw is the breadth of the web,

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 • Df is the thickness of the flange
• l0 is the “distance between points of zero moments in the beam” (which may be
assumed as 0.7 times the effective span in continuous beams and frames).
b. For Isolated Beams

 l0
 + bw for isolated T − Beam
l0 / b + 4
bf = 
 0.5l0 + b for isolated L − Beam
l / b + 4 w
0
ii. Analysis of Singly Reinforced Flanged Sections
Case A: If the neutral axis lies in the Flange area (i.e., x u < Df)

0.87  fy  A st
xu =
0.36  fck  bf

bf = width of flange
CASE B: neutral axis lies in the web region (i.e., xu >Df)

I. When xu >Df and Df <(3/7) xu

a. For calculation of NA
0.36  fck  bw  Xu + 0.45  fck  (bf − bw )  Df = 0.87  fy  A st

b. Ultimate moment of resistance

 D 
Mu = 0.36  fck  bw  Xu  (d − 0.42  Xu ) + 0.45  fck  (bf − bw )  Df  d − f 
 2 
➢
 D 
Mu = 0.87  fy  A st1  (d − 0.42Xu ) + 0.87  fy  A st2   d − f 
 2 
➢

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 0.36  fck  bw  Xu
A st1 =
0.87  fy
➢
0.45  fck  (bf − bw )  Df
A st2 =
0.87  fy
➢
II. When xu >Df and Df > (3/7) xu

yf = 0.15Xu + 0.65Df
a. For calculation of NA
0.36  fck  bw  Xu + 0.45  fck  (bf − bw )  y f = 0.87  fy  A st

b. For Moment of Resistance

 y 
Mu = 0.36  fck  bw  Xu  (d − 0.42  Xu ) + 0.45  fck  (b f − bw )  y f  d − f 
 2
➢
 y 
Mu = 0.87  fy  A st1  (d − 0.42Xu ) + 0.87  fy  A st2   d − f 
 2
➢
0.36  fck  bw  Xu
A st1 =
0.87  fy
➢
0.45  fck  (bf − bw )  y f
A st2 =
0.87  fy
➢

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 LIMIT STATE OF COMPRESSION

➢ If leff > 3B, it is called a column

➢ If leff < 3 LLD, it is called a pedestal
Note: LLD is least lateral dimension
1. IS RECOMMENDATION REGARDING LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

➢ Minimum percentage of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% to prevent
buckling of the column.
➢ Maximum percentage of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be more than 6% to avoid
congestion of reinforcements which would make it very difficult to place the concrete and
consolidate it.
➢ The minimum no of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular columns
and six in circular columns.
➢ The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter
➢ Maximum spacing of longitudinal bars = 300 mm
➢ Minimum cover to the column reinforcement equals 40 mm or dimeter of bar, whichever is
greater.
2. TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

➢ Diameter shall not be less than the maximum of these values

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➢ If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75 mm on either side, transverse
reinforcement need only to go around corner and alternate bars for purpose of providing
effective lateral supports.

➢ The diameter of transverse reinforcement need not exceed 20 mm.

➢ Spacing of transverse Reinforcement shall not exceed the least of the following
• Least lateral dimension
• Sixteen times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal reinforcing rod.
• 48 times the diameter of transverse reinforcement

3. EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Case No. End condition Theoretical Leff Recommended Leff

1 0.5 L0 0.65 L0

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 HIP
NRAR

2 0.7 L0 0.80 L0

HIP RAR

3 1.0 L0 1.0 L0

4 1.0 L0 1.20 L0

5. – 1.5 L0

6. NHIP 2.0 L0 2.0 L0

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 RAR

7. 2.0 L0 2.0 L0

4. SHORT COLUMNS AND LONG COLUMNS

➢ If

➢ If

5. SLENDERNESS RATIO (SRxx)

➢ It is the ratio of the length of a column and the least Radius of gyration of its cross section.

➢ Maximum slenderness ratio for column = 60

➢ If one end is restrained, unsupported length

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➢ For a short column,

➢ For a long column,

6. MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY

7. DESIGN OF COLUMNS
All columns shall be designed for
➢ Axial load = P0
➢ Moment about x – x = Mux Mux > Muxmin
➢ Moment about y – y = Muy

(a) IS code method – WSM method

➢ The safe load on a short column is given by

WC = σcc × Ac + σsc × As
Ac = (BD – ASC) = net area of concrete
➢ Safe stresses in concrete
M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
σcc 5 6 8 9 10

➢ Safe stresses in concrete

Fe 250 Fe350 Fe415 Fe500
σsc 130 N/mm2 130 N/mm2 190 N/mm2 190 N/mm2

➢ Load carrying capacity of a long column

P = Cr (σcc Ac + σscAsc)
Cr = reduction coefficient

➢ For Rectangular or square coulmn

Leff
Cr = 1.25 −
48B
B= Least lateral dimension

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 ➢ For irregular shape

Leff
Cr = 1.25 −
160  imin
imin = Minimum radius of gyration

I
imin =
A
➢ Load carrying capacity of composite column
P = Cr [σcc Ac + σscAsc + σmcAmc)

Where Amc = area of metal core (if provided) 0.2×BD

σmc = stresses of metal core
σmc = 125 N/mm2 for structural steel
= 70 N/mm2 for cost Iron
(b) LSM METHOD
i. When column is subjected to only axial load
PU = 0.45 fCk AC + 0.75fyASC
Note -The column section should be designed for the combined effect of axial load and bending
moment due to the minimum specified eccentricity. But as simplification, when the minimum
eccentricity as per above specification is less than or equal to 0.05 D, the column section can be design
as per the equation
PU = 0.4 fCk ×AC + 0.67 fy ×ASC
8. DESIGN OF CIRCULAR COLUMN
For column with helical reinforcement
➢ If emin≤ 0.05 D
Load carrying capacity is increased by 5%
so PU = 1.05 [0.4 fCk AC + 0.67 fy ASC]
➢ For Helical reinforcement

Where,
Ag = Grow area of the section
AC = Area of the core of the helically reinforced column

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 DC = D – 2 × Clear cover
VC = Volume of core portion in unit length of column = 1000 AC mm3
Vh = Volume of helical reinforcement in unit length of column
Vh = No. of turns × Length of one turn × C\s are of helical

➢ Pitch (p)
For helical reinforcement
(i ). p  75mm
D 
(ii ). p   C 
 6 
(iii ). p  25mm
(iv). p  3n

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 FOOTING
1. Bearing capacity of soil
Bearing capacity of soil governs the dimensions and depth of foundation. Under no case the loading
on foundation can be greater than bearing capacity of foundation
(A) Gross Bearing capacity: Total bearing capacity at based on foundation which includes weight
of foundation, super structure load, earth lying over footing.
(B) Net Bearing capacity: It can be defined as follows
Net bearing capacity= Gross Bearing capacity - W
W= weight of soil at level of footing before trench was made for footing
2. Depth of foundation

𝑝 1−sin 𝜙 2
H= [ ]
𝛾 1+sin 𝜙

p = Bearing capacity of foundation

γ = Density of soil
ϕ = angle of repose
H= Depth of foundation
3. SOME IMPORTANT SPECIFICATION
A. Thickness of edge
➢ As per IS 456 the minimum thickness for edge of footing on basis of serviceability critical will
be 150 mm.

B. Minimum percentage of steel

➢ For Fe 250, 0.15%of gross area
➢ For Fe 415/ Fe 500, 0.12% of gross area must be provided.

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C. Nominal cover as per IS 456:200

Minimum Nominal cover as per exposure condition

Extreme
Member Mild (mm) Moderate (mm) Severe (mm) Very severe (mm)
(mm)
Foundation 40 50 50 50 75

LIMIT STATE OF SHEAR

1. NOMINAL SHEAR STRESS

➢ The average shear stress can be calculated using the following formula:
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑
Where,
Vu = ultimate shear stress at the section
b = width of the section
d = effective depth of the section
➢ For beams with varying depth
 V2  (Mu d) tan  
v =  
 bd 

Where,
β = inclination of flexural tensile force to the horizontal.
Mu = factored bending moment at the section.

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 2. DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH
The design shear strength of concrete depends upon two factors:
(i) Grade of concrete
(ii) Percentage tensile reinforcement
The value of τc is given in table 19 of IS: 456.

100 A s
Concrete grade
bd
M20 M25 M30
(1)
(2) (3) (4)
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.29 0.29
0.25 0.36 0.36 0.37
0.50 0.48 0.49 0.50
0.75 0.56 0.57 0.59
1.00 0.62 0.64 0.66
1.25 0.67 0.70 0.71
1.50 0.72 0.74 0.76

The nominal shear stress should not exceed the maximum shear strength of concrete as given
in table 20 of IS: 456 to avoid compression failure. Maximum shear strength is given in the
following table:
Concrete Grade M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 and above
τc max (N/mm ) 2
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0

3. MINIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Minimum amount of shear reinforcement should always be provided in RCC section to
➢ Avoid sudden shear failure.
➢ To hold the reinforcing bars together
➢ To prevent cracks in concrete due to shrinkage, thermal stresses etc.
➢ IS 456 specifies the following formula for calculation of minimum shear reinforcement.

 A sv   0.4 
    

 bSv   0.87 fy 

Where Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear.

Sv = spacing of stirrups.
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of web of flanged beams.
fy = characteristic strength of stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 which shall not be taken greater
than 415 N/mm2.

4. DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

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➢ When the nominal shear stress exceeds the design shear strength, extra shear reinforcement
is provided in the form of
• Vertical/Inclined stirrup

• Bent up bars

➢ The design shear stress is given by the following formula:

Vus = (Vu – Vc) = (τv – τc) bd
Where,
Vu = total Shear Force.
Vc = shear resisted by concrete
Vus = shear resisted by reinforcements (Links or bent up bars)
τv = nominal shear stress.
τc = design shear stress of concrete
5. Vertical/Inclined Stirrup
➢ The spacing of vertical stirrup can be calculated by using the following formula:

 0.87 fy . Asv .d 
Sv =  
 Vus 

Where,
Asv = total area of the legs of shear reinforcement.
Sv = spacing of the links.
d = effective depth of section.

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7. For inclined stirrup:

0.87 fy A st d
Vus =
Sv
( sin  + cos  )

Where,
α = Angle of inclination of stirrup
8. The spacing between two stirrup shall be minimum of following values:
(𝑖) 𝑆𝑣   ≯   (𝑆𝑣 )𝑚𝑖𝑛  𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑓𝑡
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑆𝑣   ≯  0.75𝑑 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉 − 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠)
 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒
   ≯  𝑑 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠) 
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑆𝑣   ≯  300 𝑚𝑚 }
9. Bent Up Bars
Vus = 0.87 fy Asb sin α
Where,
α = Angle of inclination of bar with horizontal
Asb = Area of bent up bar
SLABS AND LINTELS

1. ONE WAY SLAB

➢ If slab is designed as one way slab.

Main Reinforcement distribution bars

Ly = longer span
Lx = shorter span
Main Reinforcement is always provided along the supports

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2. TWO WAY SLAB

3. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN OF SLABS

LC = clear span
w= width of support
d= depth of support
i. Effective length–
➢ For slabs that not built integrally with their supports
Leff = Minimum of {(LC + d), (LC + w)}
LC = clear span
➢ For Continuous Slabs
Lc
• If width of support w 
12
▪ Leff = minimum {(LC + d), (LC + w)}

L 
• If width of support w  min  C , 600mm 
 12 
▪ One end is fixed other is continuous or both end continuous
Leff (Le) =LC
▪ One end is continuous and other end is simply supported

 W  d 
Leff ( Le ) = min   LC +  ,  LC +  
 2  2

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➢ For cantilevers

• for fixed ends

• for continuous supports

ii. Deflection
As per clause 23.2 of IS–456:2000,

➢ Deflection

For all loads including the effect of temperature, creep and shrinkage measured from Cast level
of supports

➢ Deflection or 20mm

For lead load only including temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring after the erection of
partition.
iii. Span to depth ratio
➢ For span < 10m
A value

➢ For span > 10m

iv. Concerete cover

➢ The cover at each end of the reinforcement bar should be not less than 25mm or twice the
diameter of bar

v. Reinforcement
The reinforcement for a slab spanning in one direction consists of main bars.
➢ The minimum reinforcement in either direction shall we 0.15% of the total cross–section area.
➢ This Value is reduced to 0.12% when high strength deformed bars are used.
➢ Distribution Reinforcement
• These are reinforcement provided running at right angles to the main steel in order to
distribute the load and the temperature and shrinkage stresses.
➢ Diameter of bars

25
 •
• Diameter of distribution bars = 8 mm

Limit State of Bond

1. BOND AND ANCHORAGE
➢ Development Length

0.87fy
Ld = 
• For LSM
4bd

  st
Ld =
• For WSM
4bd

➢ Permissible bond stress in tension τbd, (N/mm2)

Grade of concrete M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 and above
Design bond stress _ 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
(LSM)

Design bond stress 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2

(WSM)

• For deformed bars above value must be increased by 60%

• For Bar in compression the above value must be increased by 25%

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 LIMIT STATE OF TORSION

1. Equivalent Shear
The equivalent shear is calculated by the following formula:
𝑇𝑢
𝑉𝑒 = 𝑉𝑢 + 1.6
𝐵

Where,
Ve = Equivalent shear force
Vu = Shear force
Tu = Torsional moment
B = Width of the section
2. Longitudinal reinforcement
The longitudinal tension reinforcement should be designed to carry equivalent bending moment of
𝑀𝑒1 = 𝑀𝑢 + 𝑀𝑡
Where, Mu = Flexural moment
𝐷
1+
Mt = 𝑇𝑢 ( 𝑏
)
1.7

Tu = Torsional moment
D = Overall depth of the section
3. Transverse Reinforcement
As per Is 456, transverse reinforcement is provided in the form of two legged closed hoops. The area
of transverse reinforcement is obtained by the following formula:
𝑇𝑢 𝑠𝑣 𝑉𝑢 𝑠𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = +
𝑏1 𝑑1 (0.87𝑓𝑦 ) 2.5𝑑1 (0.87𝑓𝑦 )
(𝜏𝑣𝑒 −𝜏𝑐 )𝑏𝑠𝑣
Subjected to a maximum value of .
0.87𝑓𝑦

Where,
Tu = Torsional moment
Vu = Shear force
sv = Spacing of shear reinforcement
b1 = centre to centre distance between corner bar in the direction of width
d1 = centre to centre distance between corner bar in the direction of depth
b = width of the member
fy = Characteristics strength of stirrup reinforcement
τve = equivalent nominal shear stress
τc = shear strength of concrete

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Note: The distribution of transverse reinforcement should be such that the spacing should be a
𝑥1 +𝑦1
minimum value of x1, or 300 mm where x1 and y1 are short and long dimension of stirrup.
4

x1 = b1 + Diameter of longitudinal bar + Diameter of stirrup

y1 = d1 + Diameter of longitudinal bar + Diameter of stirrup

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 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

➢ Prestressed concrete is basically a concrete in which internal stress of suitable magnitude and
distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from external load are counteracted to a
desired degree.
➢ A prestressed concrete is different from a conventional RCC structure due to the application of an
initial load on the structure prior to its use.
A. LOSSES IN PRESTRESS
Pre-tensioning Post-tensioning
1. Elastic deformation of concrete 1. No loss due to elastic shortening when all bars
are simultaneously tensioned. If however, wires
are successively tensioned there would be loss of
prestress due to elastic deformation of concrete
2. Relaxation of stress in steel 2. Relaxation of stress in steel
3. Shrinkage of concrete 3. Shrinkage of Concrete
4. Creep of concrete 4. Creep of concrete
5. Frictional losses
6. Anchorage slip

1. LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO FRICTION

➢ The friction generated at the interface of concrete and steel during the stretching of a curved
tendon in a post-tensioned member, leads to a drop in the prestress along the member from the
stretching end.
➢ The loss due to friction does not occur in pre-tensioned members because there is no concrete
during the stretching of the tendons.
➢ Force in cable at a distance x from jacking end, after frictional loss – Px

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 Px = Poe-(μα + kx)
Where Px = Prestressing force at a distance x from jacking end.
P0 = Prestressing force at jacking end.
k = coefficient called wobble correction factor
μ = Coefficient for friction in curve
α = Cumulative angle in radian through which the tangent to the cable profile turned between any
two point under consideration.
➢ For small values of μα + kx, the above expression can be simplified by the Taylor series
expansion.
Px = Po [1-( μα + kx)]

2. LOSS OF PRESTRESSE DUE ANCHORAGE SLIP

➢ In a post-tensioned member, when the prestress is transferred to the concrete, the wedges slip
through a little distance before they get properly seated in the conical space.
Es 
➢ This loss due to anchorage slip =
L

=   Es
➢ L 

Es = Young modulus of steel in N/mm2

Δ = Anchorage slip in mm
L = Length of cable in mm
Table:- Typical values of anchorage slip
Anchorage system Anchorage slip (Δ)
Freyssinet 4 mm
12-5 mm ϕ strands 6 mm
12-8 mm ϕ strands 8 mm
Magnet 1 mm

3. LOSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO CREEP OF CONCRETE

➢ Creep is the property of concrete by which it continues to deform with time under sustained
loading.

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➢ Creep coefficient is defined as

creep strain cp

= =
elasticstrain c

➢ Loss of stress = m ϕfc

➢ Note that elastic shorting loss multiplied by creep co-efficient is equal to loss due to creep.
Age at loading Creep co-efficient
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1

4. LOSS DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE

➢ The loss of stress in steel due to the shrinkage of concrete is estimated as, Loss of stress = cs ×
Es
Where Es = modulus of elasticity of steel.
➢ cs = total residual shrinkage strain having values of 3 × 10 –4 for pre tensioning and cs = [(2 ×
10–4)/log10(t + 2)] for post-tensioning
Where, t = age of concrete at transfer in days.
5. LOSSS OF PRESTRESS DUE TO RELAXATION OF STEEL
6. Initial Stress (1) Relaxation Loss N/mm2
0.5 fp 0
0.6 fp 35
0.7 fp 70
0.8 fp 90
Note:
fp is the characteristic strength of prestressing steel.
Final conclusion of above discussions:
Sr. No. Type of loss Equation
1 Wobble & curvature effect (μα + kx)P0
2 Anchorage slip Es Δ/L
3 Shrinkage loss sc Es
4 Creep of concrete m ϕ fc
5 Elastic shortening of concrete mfc
6 Relaxation in steel 2 to 5% for initial stress in steel

Type of loss Pretensioned (%) Post tensioned (%)

Elastic shorting of conc. 3 1
Shrinkage 7 6
Creep 6 5

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 Relaxation 2 3
Total Loss 18% 15%

Losses Pretensioning Post tensioning

Length effect No Yes
Curvature effect No Yes
Anchorage slip No Yes
Shrinkage of concrete Yes Yes
Creep of concrete Yes Yes
Elastic deformation or Yes No (If all wires are simultaneously tensioned) Yes
shortening of concrete (If wires are successively tensioned)

B. DEFLECTION OF PRESTRESSED BEAM

I. Effect of tendon profile on deflection
1. Straight tendons:
Figure below shows a beam with a straight tendon at a uniform eccentricity below the centroidal
axis, if upward deflection are considered as negative and,
P = effective prestressing force
E = eccentricity
L = length of the beam
a = -(Pe/2)L(L/4)/(EI) = -(PeL2/8EI)

2. Trapezoidal tendons:
A draped tendon with a trapezoidal profile is shown in Fig. Considering the B.M.D., the deflection at
the centre of the beam is obtained by taking the moment of area of the B.M.D. over one - half of the
span. Thus,
 Pe 
a=-   [L2 (L1 + L2/2) + (L1/2)(2/3L1)]
 EI 

32
 (
= (Pe 6 EI) 2 L21 + 6 L1 L 2 + 3L22 )

3. Parabolic tendons (central anchors):

The deflection of a beam with parabolic tendons having an eccentricity e at the centre and zero at
the support is given by,

Pe  2 L 5 L   5PeL2 
=−      = −  
EI  3 2 8 2   48 EI 
 

4. Parabolic tendons (eccentric anchors):

Fig, below shows a beam, with parabolic tendons having an eccentricity e1 at the centre of span and
e2 at the support section.
• The resultant deflection at the centre is obtained as the sum of the upward deflection of a beam
with a parabolic tendon of eccentricity (e1 + e2) at the centre and zero at the supports and the
downward deflection of a beam subjected to a uniform sagging bending
moment of intensity Pe2 throughout the length.

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• Consequently, the resultant deflection becomes,

 −5 PL2   PeL2 
a=
 48 EI ( e1 + e2 )  + 
  8EI 
   

PL2
a=
48EI
( −5e1 + e2 )

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5. Sloping tendons (eccentric anchors):
From fig below the deflection is computed in a way similar to method 4 above. Thus

 PL2   Pe L2  PL2
A=
 12 EI ( e1 + e2 )  +  2  =
  8EI  24EI(
−2e1 + e2 )
   

4.2. Deflections due to self - weight and imposed loads:

• At the time of transfer of prestress, the beam hogs up due to the effect of prestressing.
• At this stage, the self-weight of the beam induces downwards deflections, which further increase
due to the effect of imposed loads on the beam.
If g = self-weight of the beam/m
q = imposed load/m (uniformly distributed).
The downward deflection is computed as,

5 ( g + q) L4
a=
384EI
Deflection due to concentrated live loads can be directly computed by using Mohr’s theorems.

****

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