Experiment – 01

Aim- Study of (manual and Semi automatic) Direct on line starter, Star- Delta Starter, connection and running a 3-phase
induction motor and measurement of starting current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1 3-ɸInduction Motor 440v, 1500 RPM, 3HP 1no
2 Insulated Combination Pliers 150mm 1no
3 Screw driver 200mm 1no
4 Line Tester 1100v, 6‟‟ 1no
5 3-ɸ DOL Starter 440V, 16A 1no
6 Star-Delta Starter(Manual) 440v,16A 1no
7 Star-Delta Starter(Semi automatic) 440v,16A 1no
8 Multimeter - 1 no
9 Wires 2.5 sq mm As per required

Theory:-

3-ɸ Induction Motor:-

The three-phase AC induction motor is a rotating electric machine that is designed to operate on a three-phase supply.
This 3 phase motor is also called as an asynchronous motor. These AC motors are of two types: squirrel and slip-ring type
induction motors. It works on the same principle as a DC motor, that is, the current-carrying conductors kept in a magnetic field
will tend to create a force.
Direct on line (DOL) starter:-
DOL Starter (Direct Online Starter) is also known as “across the line starter”. DOL starter is a device consists of main
contactor, protective devices and overload relay which is used for motor starting operations. It is used for low rating usually below
5HP motors. In direct online starter method of motor starting, the motor stator windings is directly connected to the main supply
where the DOL protect the motor circuit from high inrush current which may damage the overall circuit as the initial current is
much more higher than the full rated current.
Construction of DOL Starter:-
A DOL or Direct Online starter has simply two buttons; Green and Red, where the green button is used for starting and
the red is used for stopping the motor. The green button connects the terminals and closes the circuit while the red button
disconnects the terminals and breaks the circuit. The DOL starter is made of a circuit breaker or MCCB or fuse, an overload relay
and contactor or coil. The circuit breaker is used for protection against short circuits while the overload relay protects the motor
from overloading. The contactor is used for starting and stopping the motor where the green and red buttons are connected.
DOL Starter Working Principle:-

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 The working principle of a DOL starter begins with the connection to the 3-phase main with the motor. The control circuit
is connected to any two phases and energized from them only. When we press the start button, the current flows through contactor
coil (magnetizing coil) and control circuit also. The current energizes the contactor coil and leads to close the contacts, and
hence3-phase supply becomes available to the motor.If we press the stop button, the current through the contact becomes
discontinued, hence supply to the motor will not be available, and the similar thing will happen when the overload relay operates.
Since the supply of motor breaks, the machine will come to rest. The contactor coil (Magnetizing Coil) gets supply even though
we release start button because when we release start button, it will get supply from the primary contacts as illustrated in the
diagram of the Direct Online Starter.

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Star- Delta Starter:-
A star delta starter is the most commonly used method for the starting of a 3 phase induction motor. In star delta starting
an induction motor is connected in through a starconnection throughout the starting period. Then once the motor reaches the
required speed, the motor is connected in through a delta connection A star delta starter will start a motor with a star connected
stator winding. When motor reaches about 80% of its full load speed, it will begin to run in a delta connected stator winding. A
star delta starter is a type of reduced voltage starter. We use it to reduce the starting current of the motor without using any external
device or apparatus. This is a big advantage of a star delta starter, as it typically has around 1/3 of the inrush current compared to
a DOL starter.
Manual Star-Delta Starter:-
The switch in this starter has three positions: 0 (for OFF), 1 (for Star) and 2 (for Delta). If the switch is placed in 0 –
position, the windings of the motor are open and the motor is OFF. To activate the Star Connection, the switch is moved to 1 –
position.
During this position of the switch, the finishing ends of the windings i.e. X2, Y2 and Z2 are shorted. This completes the
star connection and the motor starts rotating.As the motor accelerates, it gains speed and as the speed of the motor approaches its
rated speed, the switch is moved from 1 – position to 2 – position.The 2 – position of the switch activates the Delta Connection
as it establishes X2-Y1, Y2-Z1 and Z2-X1 contacts. The motor now runs in Delta Connection and reaches its rated speed without
any problem.

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Semi automatic Star-Delta Starter:-

In a Semi – Automatic Star Delta Starter, we require three contactors for connecting the motor windings is Star and Delta
Connections. The wiring diagram of the Semi – Automatic Star Delta starter is shown in the following image along with the
winding diagram of Delta Connection.

First, the contactor S (for Star Connection) will be used to connect the windings in Star Connection. Now, by closing the
main contactor M, we can start the motor in star connection as X2, Y2 and Z2 are shorted. After the motor gains speed, the
contactor S is opened and contactor D (for Delta Connection) is closed so that the windings are configured in Delta Connection
as the motor windings X2, Y2 and Z2 are connected to Y1, Z1 and X1 respectively. It is important open the Star Connection
(contactor S) before engaging the Delta Connection if not, short circuit takes place. The following image shows the control circuit
of the Semi – Automatic Star Delta Starter.

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 First, when we push the ON button, the contactor S is energized and as a result the motor windings are connected in star
connection. The supplementary contacts of S i.e. S1 and S2 gets closed and opened respectively.Since S1 is closed, the main
contactor M gets energized and the motor starts in star connection. After this, the contactor M stays energized by the
supplementary contact M1. Since S2 is open, the Delta Connection cannot be started when Star Connection is activated and in
order to activate the Delta Connection, we must disengage the Star Connection.When the ON button is released, the contact S1
is open and S2 is close as the contactor S is de – energized. As S2 is closed and M is already energized by M1, the motor now
runs in Delta Connection. To turn off the motor, the OFF button is pushed, which will de – energize the contactors M and D (main
and delta).

Procedure:-
* Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
* Set the timer at the marked position (10 secs).
* Check the three phase supply at the voltmeter.
* check the sequence of the operations of the contactors after switching the start button.
* Connect the power supply terminals R Y B to the M C and delta power terminals RYB on the board.
Record the no-load current at starting with the help of ammeter

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Tabulation:-

Sl. No Name of Starters Starting Current in Amp

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt about the, manual and Semi automatic Direct on line starter, Star- Delta
Starter, connection and running a 3-phase induction motor and its starting current.

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 Experiment – 02

Aim- Study of (manual and Semi automatic) Auto transformer starter, Rotor resistance Starter, connection and running a 3-
phase induction motor and measurement of starting current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1 3-ɸInduction Motor 440v, 1500 RPM, 3HP 1no
2 3-ɸSlip-ring Induction Motor 440v, 1500 RPM, 3HP 1no
3 Insulated Combination Pliers 150mm 1no
4 Screw driver 200mm 1no
5 Line Tester 1100v, 6‟‟ 1no
6 Wire Stripper 150mm 1 no
7 3-ɸ Auto Transformer Starter 440V, 16A 1no
8 Rotor Resistance Starter 440v,16A 1no
9 Multimeter - 1no
10 Wires 2.5 sq mm As per required

Theory:-

3-ɸ Induction Motor:-

The three-phase AC induction motor is a rotating electric machine that is designed to operate on a three-phase supply.
This 3 phase motor is also called as an asynchronous motor. These AC motors are of two types: squirrel and slip-ring type
induction motors. It works on the same principle as a DC motor, that is, the current-carrying conductors kept in a magnetic field
will tend to create a force.
Auto Transformer Starter:-
Squirrel cage induction motor started on full line voltage using D O L starter as a starting method draw very large starting
current which can damage motor winding and also create a current surge on the power system. Hence another starting method is
used to start three phase induction motor called an autotransformer starter. Auto transformer Starter can be used for
both star/delta connected induction motors.The starting current 6 to 8 times the rated current and this can cause voltage
dip in supply and also motor and motor-driven equipment experience large torque surge which can damage the motor as well as
connected equipment. Three phase autotransformer is used to reduce high inrush starting current.Many reduce voltage starting
methods are used to start induction motor. one of them is autotransformer starter, autotransformer starter is also reduced
voltage starter particularly used for higher rating motors greater than 10HP.Auto-transformer starter (Variable
Autotransformer) can be used with any squirrel cage induction motor, motor supplied through taps of three-phase auto transformer
starter. In Auto- transformer Starter, Motor is directly connected on secondary of autotransformer. The taps provided on auto-
transformer limit the starting voltage and supply motor in steps of 50% 65% or 80% of nominal voltage. Using auto transformer
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for starting purpose the line current is always less than motor nominal current during start, because of motor connected to the
secondary side of auto-transformer starter during acceleration. If motor connected to 50% tap of auto transformer, the motor
current would be reduced up to 50% of nominal starting current. But the line current will be only 25% of nominal starting current.
The difference between line current and motor current due to auto transformer is in the circuit. Due to the lower line, current auto
transformer starter is a very popular type of reduce voltage starter. Since the motor starting current is greater than the line current
with autotransformer starter, the starter produced more torque per ampere of line current than any other type of reduce voltage

starter.

Slip-ring Induction Motor:-

A slip ring induction motor is referred to as an asynchronous motor as the speed at which it operates is not equal to the
synchronous speed of a rotor. The rotor of this type of motor is wound type. It comprises of a cylindrical laminated steel core and
a semi-closed groove at the outer boundary to accommodate a 3-phase insulated winding circuit.
Rotor Resistance Starter:-
These motors are practically started with full line voltage applied across the stator terminals. Starting current is adjusted
by introducing a variable resistance or rheostat in the rotor circuit. The rheostat connected in star & the resistance being gradually
cut out of the rotor circuit equally in each phase as motor picks up the speed. By increasing the rotor resistance, is the rotor current
is reduced at starting and the starting torque is also increased due to improvement in power factor.The controlling rheostat is
either contact type as in this experiment on that of the stud type. Starter usually having a line switching contactor for the stator
along with no voltage and order current protective device. There is some kind of interlocking to ensure sequential operation of
the line contactor and the starter. This interlocking prevents the closing of stator contactor unless the starter is all in. The additional

8
external resistance in the rotor circuit enables a slip ring motor to develop a high starting torque with moderate starting current.
Additional resistance cuts as the motor gains speed.

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Procedure:-
* Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
* Set the timer at the marked position (10 secs).
* Check the three phase supply at the voltmeter.
* check the sequence of the operations of the contactors after switching the start button.
* Connect the power supply terminals R Y B to the M C and delta power terminals RYB on the board.
* Record the no-load current at starting with the help of ammeter.
Tabulation:-

Sl.No Name of Starters Starting Current in Amp

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt about the, Auto Transformer Starter, Rotor resistance Starter, connection
and running a 3-phase induction motor and its starting current.

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 Experiment – 03

Aim- Study and Practice of connection & Reverse the direction of rotation of Three Phase Induction motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1 3-ɸInduction Motor 440v, 1500 RPM, 3HP 1no
2 Insulated Combination Pliers 150mm 1no
3 Screw driver 200mm 1no
4 Line Tester 1100v, 6‟‟ 1no
5 Wire Stripper 150mm 1 no
6 D O L Starter 440V, 16A 1no
7 Wires 2.5 sq mm As per required

Theory:-
The direction of rotation of an electric motor can be changed anytime and easily at the motor terminals. In three-phase
motors, the windings configuration can easily be changed from a star or Y connection to a delta or mesh connection at the motor
terminal box. The rotation of a WYE- or delta-connected motor can be changed by exchanging any two of the three phases of the
incoming voltage. Fig. 1 shows diagrams for a WYE-connected motor and Fig. 2 shows the diagrams for a delta-connected motor
for clockwise (forward) and counterclockwise (reverse) rotation. From these diagrams notice that T1 and T2 supply voltage
terminals have been exchanged in the diagram for motor reversal. In industrial applications, terminals Ti and T2 are generally
switched by the contacts of the reversing motor starter. These diagrams will be useful for installation connections and
troubleshooting.

Above: Fig. 1 Diagram of the WYE-connected motor for clockwise and counterclockwise operation. (a) WYE-connected motor
for clockwise rotation for480 V; (b) WYE-connected motor for counterclockwise rotation for 480 V.

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Above: Fig. 2 Diagram of a delta-connected motor for clockwise and counterclockwise operation. (a) Delta-connected motor for
clockwise rotation for 480 V (b) Delta-connected motor for counterclockwise rotation for 480 V.

This wiring configuration is also used when the motor is connected for plugging use. When the motor is used for plugging, it's
reversed while running at full rpm. When the motor’s stator is quickly reconnected for reverse rotation by switching two of the
three input voltage lines, it will quickly build up a reverse magnetic field that will begin to rotate in the opposite direction. The
rotor will follow this quick change in rotation and begin to rotate in the opposite direction. This will cause the load to decrease
its rpm from full in the clockwise direction to zero, and begin to rotate counterclockwise. The moment the rotor begins to rotate
in the opposite direction, the power is de-energized and the rotor shaft is stopped from rapid reverse torque.

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Procedure:-
1. Make sure that all the connection should be as per circuit diagram.

2. The main switch should be at off position before doing the connections.

3. Before changing the connection, switch off the supply properly.

4. All connection should be tight and clean.

5. The reading in instruments should not exceed from their permissible limit.

6. Don‟t touch the necked terminals as voltage is high.

Conclusion:- From the above experiment we learnt about the, connection & Reverse the direction of rotation of Three Phase
Induction motor.

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 Experiment – 04

Aim- Study and Practice of connection & Reverse the direction of rotation of Single Phase Induction motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1 1-ɸInduction Motor 220v, 1500 RPM, 1HP 1no
2 Insulated Combination Pliers 150mm 1no
3 Screw driver 200mm 1no
4 Line Tester 1100v, 6‟‟ 1no
5 Wire Stripper 150mm 1 no
6 D O L Starter 220V, 5A 1no
7 Wires 2.5 sq mm As per required

Theory:-
Single phase motor consists of two winding such as main winding and auxiliary winding. They are not self-starting motor,
because of they do not have rotating magnetic field such as three phase induction motors. Normally, for starting of single phase
motor we use capacitors. The main power supply would be directly connected with the main winding and Capacitor is connected
in series with the auxiliary winding and supply phase. Here capacitor is used to create the phase shift from existing phase. Hence
the motor gets two phase and it starts rotating. Here we can change the motor direction by changing the capacitor connection. The
capacitor can be connected in series with the main winding instead of auxiliary winding.

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Procedure:-

1. Make sure that all the connection should be as per circuit diagram.

2. The main switch should be at off position before doing the connections.

3. Before changing the connection, switch off the supply properly.

4. All connection should be tight and clean.

5. The reading in instruments should not exceed from their permissible limit.

6. Don‟t touch the necked terminals as voltage is high.

Conclusion:- From the above experiment we learnt about the, connection & Reverse the direction of rotation of Single Phase
Induction motor.

15
 Experiment – 05

Aim- OC and SC test of alternator and determination of regulation by synchronous impedance method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

Motor- 220V DC, 3KW,
1 DC Motor Coupled to Alternator 1500RPM 1no
Alternator- 440V, 3
KVA,50 Hz
2 Line Tester 1100v, 6‟‟ 1no
3 Wire Stripper 150mm 1 no
4 Voltmeter 500v 1no
5 Ammeter 15A 1no
6 Rheostat 750ohm, 1.5A 1no
7 Multimeter - 1 no
7 Tachometer 0-9999 RPM, Digital 1no
8 Wires 2.5 sq mm As per required

Theory:-
Open Circuit Test and Short Circuit Test are performed on a Synchronous Machine to find out the Synchronous
impedance For Large Machine to determine-the voltage-regulation.
Open Circuit Test:-
The alternator is run at rated synchronous speed and the load terminals are kept open. That is, all the loads are
disconnected. The field current is set to zero, this condition is called open circuit test condition.

The field current is gradually increase in steps, and the terminal voltage Et is measure at each step, The excitation current
may be increased to get 25% more than rated voltage of the alternator. A graph is plotted between the opencircuit test voltage Ep
and field. The characteristic curve so obtain is called open circuit characteristic (O.C.C.). it take the shape of a normal
magnetization curve. the extension of linear portion of an O.C.C. is called the air gap line are show in figure.

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Short Circuit Test:-

The armature terminals are shorted through three ammeter. Care should we taken performing this test, and the field
current should first decrease to zero before starting the alternator. Each ammeter should have range greater than the full rated
value. the alternator run at synchronous speed. then the field current gradually increased in step, and the armature current is
measured at each step. The field current may be increased to get armature current up to 150% of the rated value. The field
current If and the average of three ammeter reading at each step is taken.

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Calculation of Synchronous Impedance:-
The following steps are given below for the calculation of the synchronous impedance.

• The open circuit characteristics and the short circuit characteristic are drawn on the same curve.
• Determine the value of short circuit current Isc and gives the rated alternator voltage per phase.
• The synchronous impedance ZS will then be equal to the open circuit voltage divided by the short circuit current at
that field current which gives the rated EMF per phase.

The synchronous reactance is determined as

The graph is shown below.

From the above figure consider the field current If = OA that produces rated alternator voltage per phase. Corresponding to this
field current, the open circuit voltage is AB

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Therefore,

PROCEDURE:

➢ Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

➢ Make sure the rheostat in d c motor field is at minimum position and rheostat in alternator field is at maximum
position.
➢ Start D. C. Motor
➢ Set the speed of d. C. Shunt motor to 1500 rpm by field rheostat of d. C. Motor.

For O.C. test:-

➢ Note down the voltmeter reading when switch in field of alternator is open. This is voltage
➢ due to residual magnetism when field current is zero.
➢ Close the switch in field circuit (single pole), take down readings of D. C. Ammeter (If) and
➢ C. Voltmeter (VOC) by gradually reducing resistance in the field circuit of alternator.
➢ Take down readings up to VOC = 440 V. Field current of alternator should not exceed its
➢ rating.
➢ Increase resistance gradually, then directly switch off d. c. Supply.

For S. C. Test:-

Connect Ammeter in R and Y terminal of alternator, Short Y and B terminals

Make sure rheostat positions of both machine fields
a. Motor field rheostat - minimum, b. Alternator field rheostat – maximum position.
Switch on D.C. supply, start d. C. Motor by 3 point starter.
Adjust speed of d.c. motor at 1500 rpm by field rheostat.
Close the single pole switch, d.c. ammeter will be at minimum reading.
Take down d. C. Ammeter reading (If) and a.c. ammeter (ISC)reading by gradually reducing
Field resistance of alternator.
Short circuit current of alternator must be below 4.2A that is rated current of alternator.
Increase resistance to max of alternator field and switch off d.c. supply.
Remove connection.
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OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Open Circuit Test:-

Sl. No If amps VOC Volts

Short Circuit Test:-

Sl. No If amps VSC Volts

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt about the, OC and SC test of alternator and determination of regulation by
synchronous impedance method.

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 Experiment – 06

Aim- Determine of regulation of alternator by direct loading.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

Motor- 220V DC, 3KW,
1 DC Motor Coupled to Alternator 1500RPM 1no
Alternator- 440V, 3
KVA,50 Hz
2 Line Tester 1100v, 6‟‟ 1no
3 Wire Stripper 150mm 1 no
4 Voltmeter 500v AC 1no
5 Ammeter 5A AC 4 nos
6 Rheostat 750ohm, 1.5A 1no
7 Multimeter - 1 no
7 Tachometer 0-9999 RPM, Digital 1no
8 Frequency Meter Digital Type 1 no
9 Three Phase Resistor Load 440V, 1KΩ 1no
10 Wires 2.5 sq mm As per required

Theory:-

The Voltage Regulation of a Alternator is the rise in voltage at the terminals when the load is reduced from full load rated
value to zero, speed and field current remaining constant. It depends upon the power factor of the load. For unity and lagging
power factors, there is always a voltage drop with the increase of load, but for a certain leading power, the full load voltage
regulation is zero.
The voltage regulation is given by the equation shown below.

Determination of Voltage Regulation:-

There are mainly two methods which are used to determine the regulation of voltage of a smooth cylindrical rotor type
alternators. They are named as direct load test methodand indirect methods of voltage regulation. The indirect method is further
classified as Synchronous Impedance Method, Ampere-turn Method and Zero Power Factor Method.

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Direct Load Test:-
The alternator runs at synchronous speed, and its terminal voltage is adjusted to its rated value V. The load is varied until
the Ammeter and Wattmeter indicate the rated values at the given power factor. The load is removed, and the speed and the field
excitation are kept constant. The value of the open circuit and no load voltage is recorded.
It is also found from the percentage voltage regulation and is given by the equation shown below.

The method of direct loading is suitable only for small alternators of the power rating less than 5 KVA.

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Procedure:-

➢ Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

➢ Keep the field rheostat of d.c. motor at minimum position and field rheostat of alternator at maximum position.
➢ Switch on d.c. supply and start d.c. shunt motor.
➢ Adjust the speed of d.c. motor to 1500 r.p.m. Adjust rheostat in field circuit of alternator such that it gives rated
voltage i.e. 400V. Take down voltmeter reading. This is no load voltage of alternator.
➢ Switch ON load suct that ammeter of each phase indicate same reading.
➢ Check speed of motor, if it is reduced, adjust the speed to 1500 r.p.m. at this loading condition.
➢ Take down readings of ammeter and voltmeter by gradually increasing load. At each loading condition, speed
should be adjusted to 1500 rpm.
➢ Switch off load bank.
➢ Adjust rheostat of alternator field to maximum position and switch off d.c. supply.
➢ Plot the graph.

Observation Table:-

Sl. No Ia amps VL (volts) N rpm

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Graph:-

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt about the, regulation of alternator by direct loading.

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 Experiment – 07

Aim- Parallel operation of two alternators and study load sharing.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

Motor- 220V DC, 3KW,
1 DC Motor Coupled to Alternator 1500RPM 2nos
Alternator- 440V, 3
KVA,50 Hz
2 Line Tester 1100v, 6‟‟ 1no
3 Wire Stripper 150mm 1 no
4 Voltmeter 500v AC 2nos
5 Ammeter 5A AC 2 nos
6 Rheostat 750ohm, 1.5A 2 nos
7 Multimeter - 1 no
7 Frequency Meter Digital Type 2 nos
8 Syncchonoscope - 1 no
9 Lamps 100W 3nos
10 Wires 2.5 sq mm As per required

Theory:-

Alternator is really an AC generator. In alternator, an EMF is induced in the stator (stationary wire) with the influence
of rotating magnetic field (rotor) due to Faraday‟s law of induction. Due to the synchronous speed of rotation of field poles, it is
also known as synchronous generator. Here, we can discuss about parallel operation of alternator. When the AC power systems
are interconnected for efficiency, the alternators should also have to be connected in parallel. There will be more than two
alternators connected in parallel in generating stations.

Condition for Parallel Operation of Alternator:-

There are some conditions to be satisfied for parallel operation of the alternator. Before entering into that, we should understand
some terms which are as follows.
➢ The process of connecting two alternators or an alternator and an infinite bus bar system in parallel is known as
synchronizing.
➢ Running machine is the machine which carries the load.
➢ Incoming machine is the alternator or machine which has to be connected in parallel with the system.

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The conditions to be satisfied are:-

➢ The phase sequence of the incoming machine voltage and the bus bar voltage should be identical.
➢ The RMS line voltage (terminal voltage) of the bus bar or already running machine and the incoming machine
should be the same.
➢ The phase angle of the two systems should be equal.
➢ The frequency of the two terminal voltages (incoming machine and the bus bar) should be nearly the same.
Large power transients will occur when frequencies are not nearly equal.
Departure from the above conditions will result in the formation of power surges and current. It also results in unwanted
electro-mechanical oscillation of rotor which leads to the damage of equipment.
Methods:-

There are two synchronizing methods -

a. Using incandescent lamp
b. Using synchroscope.

(a) Using Incandescent lamp :-

Let machine G2 be synchronized with machine G1 which is already connected with the bus bar, using three lamps (L1,
L2 and L3) method. These lamps are known as synchronizing lamps connected as shown in Fig.1If the speed of machine 2 is not
brought up to that of machine 1 then its frequency will also be different, hence there will be a phase difference between their
voltages as shown in Fig.2.Due to difference in frequencies the resultant voltage will undergo changes similar to the frequency
changes of beats produced when two sound sources of nearly equal frequencies are sounded together.

Fig. 1 Synchronization using three lamp method

The resultant voltage is sometimes maximum and sometimes minimum. Hence, the lamps will flicker, sometimes dark
and sometimes bright. Synchronization is done at the middle of the dark period. This method of synchronizing is known as dark
lamp method. Lamp L1 is connected between A1 and A2, L2 between B1 and C2 and L3 between C1 and B2. These three lamps
26
slowly brighten and darken in cyclic successor in a direction depending upon whether incoming machine 2 is fast or slow.
The synchronizing switch will be closed at the moment when lamp L1 will be completely dark.

This method has following drawbacks:

1. The lamps become dark at about one third of the rated voltage. Hence, faulty synchronizing may be done in dark
period.
2. Using this method it is not possible to find out that how much the machine is slow or fast.
This method is not applicable for high voltage alternators, because lamp ratings are normally low. For such situations
we need an extra transformer to step down the voltage.

(b) SYNCHRONIZING BY SYNCHROSCOPE:

Synchroscope is a device that shows the correct instant of closing the synchronizing switch with the help of a pointer
which will rotate on the dial.The rotation of pointer also indicates whether the incoming machine is running too slow or too fast.
If incoming machine is slow then pointer rotates in anticlockwise direction and if machine is fast then pointer rotates in
clockwise direction.

Fig. 3 Synchronizing by Synchroscope

Procedure:
1. Make the connection diagram as shown in figure 1.1
2. Run one of the alternators and adjust its voltage at rated value and close switch to bus bar.
3. Start the second set (alternator 2), bring it upto proper speed equal to that of the runningalternator
(or bus bar voltage).

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4. Synchronize the incoming alternator by any one method described in theory.

Observations :-

➢ Measure and adjust voltage of incoming machine (Vg) and bus bar (Vs) till Vg=Vs.
➢ Measure and adjust the speed of incoming machine, till synchroscope needle creeps.
➢ Close synchronizing switch

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt about the, Parallel operation of two
alternators and study load

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