System Software
by Leland L. Beck
chapter 1, pp.1-20.
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Outline of Chapter 1
System Software and Machine Architecture The Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC) Traditional (CISC) Machines
Complex
Instruction Set Computers Instruction Set Computers
RISC Machines
Reduced
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System Software vs. Machine Architecture
Machine dependent
The
most important characteristic in which most system software differ from application software
e.g. assembler translate mnemonic instructions into machine code e.g. compilers must generate machine language code
Machine independent
There are aspects of system software that do not directly depend upon the type of computing system e.g. general design and logic of an assembler e.g. code optimization techniques
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The Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC)
SIC is a hypothetical computer that includes the hardware features most often found on real machines Two versions of SIC
standard
model extension version
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SIC Machine Architecture (1/5)
Memory
215
bytes in the computer memory 3 consecutive bytes form a word 8-bit bytes
Registers
Mnemonic Number Special use A Accumulator; used for arithmetic operations 0 X Index register; used for addressing 1 L Linkage register; JSUB 2 PC Program counter 8 SW Status word, including CC 9
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SIC Machine Architecture (2/5)
Data Formats
Integers
are stored as 24-bit binary numbers; 2s complement representation is used for negative values No floating-point hardware
Instruction Formats
opcode (8)
address (15)
Addressing Modes
Mode Direct Indexed Indication x=0 x=1 Target address calculation TA=address TA=address+(X)
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SIC Machine Architecture (3/5)
Instruction Set
load
and store: LDA, LDX, STA, STX, etc. integer arithmetic operations: ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, etc.
All
arithmetic operations involve register A and a word in memory, with the result being left in the register
comparison:
COMP
COMP
compares the value in register A with a word in memory, this instruction sets a condition code CC to indicate the result
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SIC Machine Architecture (4/5)
Instruction Set
conditional
these
jump instructions: JLT, JEQ, JGT
instructions test the setting of CC and jump accordingly
subroutine
linkage: JSUB, RSUB
JSUB jumps to the subroutine, placing the return address in register L RSUB returns by jumping to the address contained in register L
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SIC Machine Architecture (5/5)
Input and Output
Input
and output are performed by transferring 1 byte at a time to or from the rightmost 8 bits of register A The Test Device (TD) instruction tests whether the addressed device is ready to send or receive a byte of data Read Data (RD) Write Data (WD)
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SIC Programming Examples
Data movement Fig. 1.2 Arithmetic operation Fig. 1.3 Looping and indexing Fig. 1.4, Fig. 1.5 Input and output Fig. 1.6 Subroutine call Fig. 1.7
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SIC Programming Examples (Fig 1.2)
-- Data movement
ALPHA FIVE CHARZ C1 RESW WORD BYTE RESB . . LDA STA LDCH STCH (a) 1 5 CZ 1
No memory-memory move instruction 3-byte word:
LDA, STA, LDL, STL, LDX, STX LDCH, STCH
FIVE ALPHA CHARZ C1
1-byte:
Storage definition
WORD, RESW BYTE, RESB
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SIC Programming Examples (Cont.)
All arithmetic operations are performed using register A, with the result being left in register A.
BETA=ALPHA+INCR-ONE DELTA=GAMMA+INCR-ONE
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SIC Programming Example -- Arithmetic operation (Fig 1.3)
BETA=ALPHA+INCR-ONE DELTA=GAMMA+INCR-ONE
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SIC Programming Example
-- Looping and indexing (Fig. 1.4)
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SIC Programming Example
-- Looping and indexing (Fig. 1.5)
Arithmetic
Arithmetic operations are performed using register A, with the result being left in register A
Looping (TIX)
(X)=(X)+1 compare set
with operand
CC
GAMMA[I]=ALPHA[I]+BETA[I] I=0 to 100
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SIC/XE Machine Architecture (1/4)
Memory
220
bytes in the computer memory
More Registers
Mnemonic Number Special use B Base register; used for addressing 3 S General working register 4 T General working register 5 F Floating-point acumulator (48bits) 6
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SIC/XE Machine Architecture (2/4)
Data Formats
Floating-point
frac:
data type: frac*2(exp-1024)
0~1 exp: 0~2047
s exponent (11)
fraction (36)
Instruction Formats
Format 1 op(8) Format 2 op(8) r1(4) r2(4)
Format 3 op(6)
Format 4 op(6)
e=0 n I xbp e
e=1 n I x bp e
disp(12)
address (20)
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SIC/XE Machine Architecture (3/4)
How to compute TA?
Mode Base relative PC-relative Direct Indexed Indication b=1, p=0 b=0, p=1 b=0, p=0 x=1 Target address calculation TA=(B)+disp (0<=disp<=4095) TA=(PC)+disp (-2048<=disp<=2047) TA=disp (format 3) or address (format 4) TA=TA+(X) operand (TA) (TA) (TA) (TA)
How the target address is used?
Mode Indication immediate addressingi=1, n=0 indirect addressing i=0, n=1 operand value TA ((TA)) SIC instruction (all end with 00) SIC/XE instruction
simple addressing
i=0, n=0 i=1, n=1
Note: Indexing cannot be used with immediate or indirect addressing modes
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Example of SIC/XE instructions and addressing modes
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SIC/XE Machine Architecture (4/4)
Instruction Set
new
registers: LDB, STB, etc. floating-point arithmetic: ADDF, SUBF, MULF, DIVF register move: RMO register-register arithmetic: ADDR, SUBR, MULR, DIVR supervisor call: SVC
generates
an interrupt for OS (Chap 6)
Input/Output
SIO,
TIO, HIO: start, test, halt the operation of I/O device (Chap 6)
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SIC/XE Programming Examples (Fig 1.2)
ALPHA FIVE CHARZ C1 RESW WORD BYTE RESB . . LDA STA LDCH STCH (a) 1 5 CZ 1 ALPHA C1 RESW RESB . . . LDA STA LDA STCH 1 1
FIVE ALPHA CHARZ C1
#5 ALPHA #90 C1
(b)
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SIC/XE Programming Example
-- Looping and Indexing Example (Fig 1.4)
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SIC/XE Programming Example
-- Looping and indexing (Fig 1.5)
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SIC/XE Programming Example
data movement
#:
immediate addressing for SIC/XE S,X
arithmetic
ADDR
Looping (TIXR T)
(X)=(X)+1 compare set
with register specified
CC
COMPR X,T
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SIC Programming Example
-- Sample Input and Output (Fig 1.6)
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Homework #1
Write a sequence of instructions for SIC/XE to set ALPHA equal to 4*BETA-9. Assume that ALPHA and BETA are defined as in Fig. 1.3 (b) Write a sequence of instructions for SIC to set ALPHA equal to the integer portion of BETAGAMMA. Assume that ALPHA and BETA are defined as in Fig. 1.3(a)
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Homework #2
Please write a program for SIC/XE that contains routines. The routines read records from an input device (identified with device code F1) and copies them to an output device (code 05). This main routine calls subroutine RDREC to read a record into a buffer and subroutine ERREC to write the record from the buffer to the output device. Each subroutine must transfer the record one character at a time because the only I/O instructions available are RD and WD.
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Homework #2
Program copy { save return address; cloop: call subroutine RDREC to read one record; if length(record)=0 { call subroutine WRREC to write EOF; } else { call subroutine WRREC to write one record; goto cloop; } load return address return to caller }
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Homework #2 (Cont.)
EOR: Subroutine RDREC { character x00 clear A, X register to 0; rloop: read character from input device to A register if not EOR { store character into buffer[X]; X++; if X < maximum length goto rloop; } store X to length(record); return }
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Homework #2 (Cont.)
Subroutine WDREC { clear X register to 0; wloop: get character from buffer[X] write character from X to output device X++; if X < length(record) goto wloop; return }
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