Jimma University
Jimma Institute of Technology
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Microcomputer and interfacing
(ECEg4171)
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Course objectives
• Be familiar with 8086 microprocessor
architecture
• Be familiar with Assembly Language
Programming for 8086 architecture.
• Understanding 8086 microprocessor
interfacing to different peripherals
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Prerequisite
• Computer Architecture and
Organization
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8086 microprocessors
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History of computer
• We may classify the history of a computer using
the main technology that is used to implement
it. Thus we may classify them as
– Mechanical age
– Electrical age
– Microprocessor age
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History of computer (mechanical age)
• The first generation computer use mechanical
technology (e.g. Abacus 500 B.C.)
• Abacus is the first mechanical calculator
• Applied for grain amount calculation
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History of computer: mechanical age
• Pascaline
– Invented by Blaise Pascal In 1642
– It is constructed of gears and wheels.
Difference engine and Analytical Engine
Proposed by Charles Babbage
Machinists of his day unable to create the parts needed to
complete his work
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1832 Babbage invented mechanical calculated
machine
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The Electrical Age:
• Z3 electromechanical computer
– Invented by German Konrad Zuse,
– Uses relay as a main building blocks
– It has a speed of 5.33 hz.
– Invented for aircraft and missile design application
during World War II for the German war effort
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ENIAC (electronics numeric integrator and
calculator)
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EDVAC
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The Microprocessor Age
• What is Microprocessor?
– It is also called CPU (central processing unit).
– It is the brain of a computer
– It is the controlling element in a computer system.
– Controls memory and I/O through connections
called buses.
– Memory and I/O controlled via instructions stored
in memory, executed by the microprocessor.
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Microprocessors
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The microprocessors age
• The two basic technology that enable the
invention of Microprocessor are
– Transistor technology
Invented by John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter
Brattain at Bell Labs in December 23, 1947,
– Integrated Circuit (IC) technology
• Jack Kill at Texas Instruments In 1958
• Using these two technologies 4004 which is the
first microprocessor ever was developed
– By Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stan Mazor At Intel
Corporation in 1971
• 4004 microprocessor began the microprocessor age.
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The Microprocessor Age
(4004 processor)
• Intel 4004 is the World’s first microprocessor ever
developed
– It is a 4-bit microprocessor-programmable controller
on a chip.
– It has 50kIP speed
– Addressed 4096 (4Kb), 4-bit-wide memory locations.
– a bit is a binary digit with a value of one or zero
– 4-bit-wide memory location often called a Nibble
– The 4004 instruction set contained 45 instructions.
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history of Intel microprocessor
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Evolution of intel Microprocessor
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Evolution of the Intel processors
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Some of Intel processors
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Other microprocessor producers
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The factors that change as Microprocessor
evolve
Speed,
• Word width, and
• Memory size
• Number and type of instruction set
• Physical Size
• Physical size (weight and volume)
• Cost
• Power consumption and dissipation
• Etc.
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What is a microcomputer system?
• Block diagram of a digital computer
Memory
Input CPU Output
• Block diagram of a microcomputer system
Memory
Input Microprocessor Output
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Architecture of microcomputer
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Microprocessor based computers
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application of microcomputers
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Some computer terminology
• Numbering systems
– Digits
• Binary
• Octal
• Hexadecimal
– Conversion from one base system to other
• From decimal to
– Hexadecimal
– Octal
– Binary
• Whole number Vs fractional conversion
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Conclusion
• The microprocessor is the controlling element in a
computer system.
• The micro-processor performs
• Data transfers,
• Does simple arithmetic and
• Logic operations, and
• Makes simple decisions.
• The microprocessor executes programs stored in the
memory system to perform complex operations in short
periods of time.
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Conclusion (conti…)
• The world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was a
4-bit microprocessor-a programmable controller on a
chip which
– Addressed a mere 4096 4-bit memory locations.
– And has only 45 instruction set.
• All other Intel microprocessor are upward
compatible
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Conclusion (conti…)
• All computer systems contain three buses to control
memory and I/O.
• Address bus
• The data bus
• The control bus
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