ARRAY
• An array is a variable that can store multiple
values of the same type.
• The number used to refer to a particular element
of an array is called its index or subscript.
• Declaration for an array in C++ syntax is:
datatype arrayName[size];
• int A[5];
• int - type of element to be stored
• x - name of the array
• 6 - size of the array
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ARRAY DECLARATION
• The array size used to declare an array must be a constant
expression in standard C++.
• For example, the following code is illegal:
int size = 4;
double myList[size]; // Wrong
• But it is all right if SIZE is a constant as follows:
const int SIZE = 4;
double myList[SIZE]; // Correct
• If arrays have the same element type, they can be declared
together that are separated by commas. For example,
double listA[10], listB[25];
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Array Initialization
•We can assign values to members of an array at the point of declaration
using the following syntax:
type arrayName[arraySize] = {value0, value1, ..., value k};
• For example, int A[5] = {11, 3, 5, 7, 9};
• This is called the array initializer, declares and initializes the array A
with 5 elements in a single statement, making it equivalent to the
statements shown below:
int A[5];
A[0] = 11;
A[1] = 3;
A[2] = 5;
A[3] = 7;
A[4] = 9;
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Array Initialization
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Accessing Array Elements
• Each element in the array is represented using the following syntax:
arrayName[index];
• For example, storing 75 in the third element of
array A:
A[2] = 75;
• And passing the third element of A value to the
variable a, we could write:
a = A[2];
• We can use loop to manipulate/process an array.
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Accessing an array element
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
OUTPUT
int main() Value: 5
{
int bill[7]={3,4,5,6,7,7,6};
cout << " value: "<< bill[2];
return(0);
}
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• No Array-to-Array Assignments
You cannot assign one array to another in C++.
The following is wrong:
int a[10], b[10];
// Now, assign all elements of
// array b to array a
a = b; // error – illegal
Instead, you have to do the assignments for each element:
int i;
// Now, assign all elements of
// array b to array a
for(i=0; i<10; i++) a[i] = b[i];
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DISPLAYING ARRAY ELEMENTS
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int numbers[5] = {7, 5, 6, 12, 35};
cout << "The numbers are: ";
cout << "\nThe numbers are: ";
// Printing array elements OUTPUT
// using traditional for loop The numbers are: 7 5 6 12 35
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
cout << numbers[i] << " ";
}
return 0;
}
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Take Inputs from User and Store Them in an Array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int numbers[5];
cout << "Enter 5 numbers: " << endl;
// store input from user to array
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) { OUTPUT
cin >> numbers[i]; Enter 5 numbers:
} 11
cout << "The numbers are: "; 12
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// print array elements
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for (int n = 0; n < 5; ++n) { 15
cout << numbers[n] << " "; The numbers are: 11 12 13 14 15
}
return 0;
}
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MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAY
• An array of an array, known as a
multidimensional array.
• For example:
int a[3][4];
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Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Multidimensional arrays may be initialized by specifying
brackets values for each row.
• Following is an array with 3 rows and each row has 4
columns.
• int a[3][4] = {
{3, 1, 2, 3} , /* initializers for row indexed by 0 */
{0, 7, 6, 5} , /* initializers for row indexed by 1 */
{8, 9, 10, 11} /* initializers for row indexed by 2 */
};
• Or alternatively we can initialize as:
int a[3][4] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};
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Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements
• An element in 2-dimensional array is accessed by
using the subscripts, i.e., row index and column
index of the array.
• For example:
int val = a[2][3];
• The above statement will take 4th element
from the 3rd row of the array.
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// C++ Program to display all elements
// of an initialised two dimensional array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() { OUTPUT
int test[3][2] = {{2, -5}, test[0][0] = 2
{4, 0}, test[0][1] = -5
{9, 1}}; test[1][0] = 4
// use of nested for loop test[1][1] = 0
// access rows of the array test[2][0] = 9
test[2][1] = 1
for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
// access columns of the array
for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) {
cout << "test[" << i << "][" << j << "] = " << test[i][j] << endl;
}
}
return 0;
}
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String
• String is a collection of characters.
• There are two types of strings commonly used in
C++ programming language:
– Strings that are objects of string class (The Standard
C++ Library string class)
– C-strings (C-style Strings)
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C-Style Character String
• The C-style character string originated within the C
language and continues to be supported within C++.
• This string is actually a one-dimensional array of
characters which is terminated by a null character '\0'.
char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};
• If you follow the rule of array initialization, then you
can write the above statement as follows:
• char greeting[] = "Hello";
• Following is the memory presentation of above defined
string in C/C++:
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str[100];
cout << "Enter a string: ";
cin >> str;
cout << "You entered: " << str << endl;
cout << "\nEnter another string: ";
cin >> str;
cout << "You entered: "<<str<<endl;
return 0;
OUTPUT
} Enter a string: C++
You entered: C++
Enter another string: Programming is fun.
You entered: Programming
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• Problem: Entering the string “Programming is
fun”, the above program only returns
“Programming”, not the entire sentence.
• Reason: The C++ input/output system stops
reading a string when the first whitespace
character is encountered.
• Solution: Use another C++ library function,
gets().
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <cstring>
int main()
{
char str[80]; // long enough for user input?
cout << "Enter a string: ";
gets(str); // read a string from the keyboard
cout << "Here is your string: ";
cout << str << endl;
return(0);
}
OUTPUT
Enter a string: Jimma institute of technology
Here is your string: Jimma institute of technology
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Some C++ Library Functions for Strings
• C++ supports a range of string-manipulation
functions.
• The most common are:
•strcpy() : copy characters from one string to another
•strcat() : concatenation of strings
•strlen() : length of a string
•strcmp() : comparison of strings
• First of all, include <string.h> or include <cstring>
in the very first lines of the code.
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Continued
• strcpy(to_string, from_string) — String Copy :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <cstring>
int main() OUTPUT
{ hello
char a[10];
strcpy(a, "hello");
cout << a;
return(0);
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <cstring>
int main()
{
char a[10] = "hello";
char b[10] = "JIT";
cout<<b<<endl; OUTPUT
strcpy(b, a); JIT
hello
cout << a<<endl; hello
cout<<b<<endl;
return(0);
}
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• strlen(string) — String Length : Continued
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; strlen(str) returns the length of the
#include <cstring> string pointed to by str, i.e., the number
of characters excluding the null
int main()
terminator.
{
char str[80];
cout << "Enter a string: ";
gets(str); // let the input is: hello
OUTPUT
// Length is: 5 Enter a string: program
Length is: 7
cout << "Length is: " << strlen(str);
return(0);
}
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Continued
• strcat(string_1, string_2) — Concatenation of Strings :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; The strcat(s1,s2) function
#include <cstring> appends s2 to the end of s1.
int main(){ String s2 is unchanged.
char s1[21], s2[11];
strcpy(s1, "Hello");
strcpy(s2, " there");
Displays:
strcat(s1, s2);
cout << s1 << endl; Hello there
cout << s2 << endl; there
return(0);
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Continued
The first string array has to be large enough to hold both strings:
• To be on the safe side:
strlen(s1concats2) >= strlen(s1) + strlen(s2)
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Continued
• strcmp(string_1, string_2) — Comparison of Strings :
The strcmp(str_1, str_2) function compares two strings and
returns the following result:
• str_1 == str_2 :0
• str_1 > str_2 : positive number
• str_1 < str_2 : negative number
The strings are compared lexicographically
(i.e., according to dictionary order), for example:
a < aa < aaa < … < b < ba < bb < … < bz < baa < … < abca
< abd
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// Comparing strings
// Comparing strings
Continued
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
OUTPUT
#include <cstring> Enter password: hai
Invalid password.
int main(){
char str[80];
Enter password: password
cout << "Enter password: "; Logged on.
gets(str);
if(strcmp(str, "password")) // strings differ
cout << "Invalid password.\n";
else cout << "Logged on.\n";
return(0);
}
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POINTERS
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Address in C++
• To understand pointers, you should first know how data is stored
on the computer.
• Each variable is assigned a location in the computer's memory.
The value the variable stores is actually stored in the location
assigned.
• To know where the data is stored, C++ has an ampersand ‘&’
symbol.
• The & reference operator gives you the address occupied by a
variable.
• If var is a variable then, &var gives the that variable.
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Example 1: Address in C++
#include <iostream> Output:
using namespace std; 0x7fff5fbff8ac
0x7fff5fbff8a8
0x7fff5fbff8a4
int main()
{ Note: You may not get the same result on your
int var1 = 3; system.
int var2 = 24;
int var3 = 17; The 0x in the beginning represents the
address is in hexadecimal form.
cout << &var1 << endl;
Notice that first address differs from second by
cout << &var2 << endl; 4-bytes and second address differs from third
cout << &var3 << endl; by 4-bytes.
return 0; This is because the size of integer (variable of
} type int) is 4 bytes in 64-bit system.
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Pointer Definition
• Pointers are used in C++ program to access the memory and
manipulate the address.
• For type T, T* is the type “ ”
• For example:
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C++ Pointers Declarations
• Pointers variables are variables that points to a specific address in the
memory pointed by another variable.
• For example: int *p; int*p,*q;
// or, // for many pointers
int* p; int* p, q;
• The statement above defines a pointer variable p, which holds the
memory address.
• The asterisk ‘*’ is a dereference operator which means pointer to.
• Here, pointer p is a pointer to int, i.e., it is
in the memory address.
• If ptr is a pointer then, *ptr gives the that address.
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C++ Pointers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int *pc, c;
c = 5;
cout << "Address of c (&c): " << &c << endl;
cout << "Value of c (c): " << c << endl << endl;
pc = &c; // Pointer pc holds the memory address of variable c
cout << "Address that pointer pc holds (pc): "<< pc << endl;
cout << "Content of the pointer pc holds (*pc): " << *pc << endl << endl;
c = 11; // The content inside memory address &c is changed from 5 to 11.
cout << "Address pointer pc holds (pc): " << pc << endl;
cout << "Content of the pointer pc holds (*pc): " << *pc << endl << endl;
*pc = 2;
cout << "Address of c (&c): " << &c << endl;
cout << "Value of c (c): " << c << endl << endl;
return 0;
}
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When c = 5; the value 5 is stored in the address of variable c -
0x7fff5fbff8c.
When pc = &c; the pointer pc holds the address of c -
0x7fff5fbff8c, and the expression (dereference operator) *pc
outputs the value stored in that address, 5.
When c = 11; since the address pointer pc holds is the same as c
- 0x7fff5fbff8c, change in the value of c is also reflected when the
expression *pc is executed, which now outputs 11.
When *pc = 2; it changes the content of the address stored by
pc - 0x7fff5fbff8c. This is changed from 11 to 2. So, when we
print the value of c, the value is 2 as well.
Address of c (&c): 0x7fff5fbff80c
Output:
Value of c (c): 5
Address that pointer pc holds (pc): 0x7fff5fbff80c
Content of the address pointer pc holds (*pc): 5
Address pointer pc holds (pc): 0x7fff5fbff80c
Content of the address pointer pc holds (*pc): 11
Address of c (&c): 0x7fff5fbff80c
Value of c (c): 2
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Be careful !!!
Suppose, you want pointer pc to point to the address of c. Then,
int *pc, c = 5;
pc=c; // Wrong! pc is address whereas, c is not an address.
*pc=&c; // Wrong! *pc is the value pointed by address, but &c is an
address.
// In both of the above cases, pointer pc is not pointing to the address of c.
pc=&c; // Correct! pc is an address and, &c is also an address.
*pc=c; // Correct! *pc is the value pointed by address and, c is also a
value.
// In both of the above cases, pointer pc is pointing to the address of c.
int* pc2 = &c; // Correct! pc2 is address pointer, and &c is also
address.
int *pc3 = &c; // Correct! pc3 is address pointer, and &c is also
address.
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Pointers and Arrays
• Not only can pointers store address of a single variable, it can
also store address of cells of an array.
int *ptr;
int arr[5]; int *ptr;
// store the address of the first int arr[5];
// element of arr in ptr ptr = &arr[0];
ptr = arr;
• Here, ptr is a pointer variable while arr is an int array. The
code ptr = arr; stores the address of the first element of the
array in variable ptr.
• arr and &arr[0] both are the same
• Addresses for the rest of the array elements are given
by &arr[1], &arr[2], &arr[3], and &arr[4].
Pointers and Arrays
• For example: int* ptr;
int a[5] = {2,4,6,8,10};
// &a[2] is the address of third element of
a[5].
ptr = &a[2];
// ptr + 1 increases by the size of int (4B in
64-bit)
// ptr + 1 will point to the fourth element.
cout<< *ptr + 1; // displays: 8
a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] int *ptr2 = &a; // char is 1B,
2 4 6 8 10
// ptr2 is pointing to a[0]
cout<< *ptr2 + 4; // displays:10
ptr2 ptr ptr + 1
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Example Pointers and Arrays
#include <iostream> Displaying address using arrays:
&arr[0] = 0x7fff5fbff880
using namespace std; &arr[1] = 0x7fff5fbff884
#define SIZE 3 &arr[2] = 0x7fff5fbff888
int main(){ Displaying address using pointers:
float arr[SIZE]; ptr + 0 = 0x7fff5fbff880
float *ptr; ptr + 1 = 0x7fff5fbff884
ptr + 2 = 0x7fff5fbff888
int i;
cout << "Displaying address using arrays: " << endl;
for (i = 0; i < SIZE; ++i)
cout << "&arr[" << i << "] = " << &arr[i] << endl;
// ptr = &arr[0]
ptr = arr;
cout<<"\nDisplaying address using pointers: "<< endl;
for (i = 0; i < SIZE; ++i)
cout << "ptr + " << i << " = "<< ptr + i << endl;
return 0;
}
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