AUTISM THERAPY CENTER- ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT OF HEALING SPACES AND DESIGN

ABSTRACT

In an essay called “Building, dwelling, thinking” Heidegger (2001) ended his essay with a saying “build-out
of dwelling, and think for the sake of dwelling.” The necessity for a space that can be resided, occupied, and dwelled
in, whether consciously or unconsciously, encompasses an architect’s work order for establishment or facility is the
true essence of architecture. The true essence of architecture is an “existential experience of space” that gives a
sense of place and a positive experience of spaces, in short, it is more than just a decoration. Montaner I Martorell
(2002) quoted, “space has an ideal, theoretical, generic, and undefined condition, whereas place has a concrete,
empirical, existential, articulated, and detailed character." Architects were entrusted to provide the needs that will
allow all users to have a positive outlook and enjoy a social life, regardless of disability, especially those of the
unseen like those people with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Present design methods such as the Sensory Design
Approach which takes charge of a controlled sensory environment that makes autistic users comfortable while the
Neuro Typical Approach focuses on design that is similar to the public areas. Architectural studies have revealed that
spaces have effects on users’ mood, health, and behavior so it is important to create a sense of security and spatial
sequence. The paper will focus on Architectural Aspects and guidelines in designing an effective Autism Therapy
Center. It also aims to focus on Spatial Experience and ASSPECTS Index Design Development. Spatial Experience
was a practice used in the Ancient era where it considers the mood of the users, on the other hand, ASSPECTS
Index is a design development invented by Architect Magda Mostafa whose name would be mentioned further as the
study progresses. It is a design development that discusses the application of Sensory Design Theory through the
manipulation of designs and spaces through a spatial sequence, acoustics, flexibility, sustainability, and functionality.

KEYWORDS

Acoustics, Autism, Autism Therapy Center, Compartmentalization, Escape Space, Safety, Sensory Zoning,
Transition Zones, Therapy Spaces

INTRODUCTION

In an essay called “Building, dwelling, thinking” Heidegger (2001) ended his essay with a saying “build-out
of dwelling, and think for the sake of dwelling.” The necessity for a space that can be resided, occupied, and dwelled
in, whether consciously or unconsciously, encompasses an architect’s work order for establishment or facility is the
true essence of architecture. The true essence of architecture is an “existential experience of space” that gives a
sense of place and a positive experience of spaces, in short, it is more than just a decoration. Montaner I Martorell
(2002) quoted, “space has an ideal, theoretical, generic, and undefined condition, whereas place has a concrete,
empirical, existential, articulated, and detailed character."
 Architects were entrusted in providing the needs that will allow all users to have a positive outlook and
enjoy a social life, regardless of disability, especially those of the unseen like those people with an Autism Spectrum
Disorder. Present design methods such as the Sensory Design Approach which takes charge of a controlled sensory
environment that makes autistic users comfortable while the Neuro Typical Approach focuses on design that is
similar to the public areas. Architectural studies have revealed that spaces have effects on users’ mood, health, and
behavior so it is important to create a sense of security and spatial sequence.

Autism Therapy Facility should be designed with a simple layout, low stimulus spaces to prevent
distractions and discomforts towards autistic children, acoustics will be installed in rooms to minimize unnecessary or
sudden background noise and also to provide an excellent sensory environment large spaces can be perplexing;
indirect lighting, no glare subdued colors, robust materials, tamper-proof elements, and hidden services; possibly
H&S [health and safety] risk assessments and also to ensure safe indoor and outdoor activities in the facility.

The paper will focus on Architectural Aspects and guidelines in designing an effective Autism Therapy
Center. It also aims to focus on Spatial Experience and ASSPECTS Index Design Development. Spatial Experience
was a practice used in the Ancient era where it considers the mood of the users, on the other hand, ASSPECTS
Index is a design development invented by Architect Magda Mostafa whose name would be mentioned further as the
study progresses. It is a design development that discusses the application of Sensory Design Theory through the
manipulation of designs and spaces through the spatial sequence, acoustics, flexibility, sustainability, and
functionality

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

STATISTICAL REPORT OF AUTISM CASES

Wong conducted a study with regards to the Autism Spectrum the result of his research was that 3.74%
(1.5 million) were diagnosed with neurodevelopmental problems like autism. At one point, Autism was thought to be a
rare disorder, based on studies conducted it has risen significantly. Based on the reports of the Centers for Disease
Control (CDC), the no. of cases with Autism Spectrum increased significantly from 4 per 10,000 to 1 in 68 in the
United States. The rate of occurrence is more than four times higher 1 in 42 boys than the girls were 1 in 189.” In the
world, it was estimated 1% of cases fall on both children and adults alike. One study conducted by Arch. Magda
Mostafa in his topic is called “An Architecture For Autism: Concepts of Design Intervention For the Autistic User.”
Based on the study conducted by (ADDM,2007) estimated 150 children were diagnosed with Autism Spectrum with a
majority of cases being males more than females by 4:1

ARCHITECTURAL GUIDELINES

According to recent research, autism is growing at an alarming rate (Hill & Frith, 2003) as well as
(Fombonne, 2005). Autism is on the rise due to its widespread prevalence. The architectural community, for the most
part, ignores omitted from building codes and guidelines even if they were created specifically for specific purposes
individuals are required concerning this exclusion. The International Code Council's Brown stated.

“I know of no building or accessibility code that incorporates requirements specifically to address children
with autism. However, accessibility, in general, is addressed in the codes developed by the International Code
Council.” Brown, L.,(2003), CBO Codes & Standards Development, Technical Staff.

The Global Program on Disability a program made by the United Nations itself not surprisingly has failed
its responsibility in specifying building standards and guidelines for people of Autism Spectrum. Unsurprisingly, many
people were not aware and educated enough regarding people with Autism. Even though the Standard Rules on the
Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, resolution 48/96 annex of 20/12/1993, advised
governments to ensure their people equal opportunities regardless of their physical and mental challenges.

Due to the cases of autism rising, the UK Government Building 102 (BB102), Designing for Disabled
Children and Children with Special Educational Needs the Design for ASD children stated very important key points
on the symptoms of autism which is crucial for this research as it will help develop a proposed Autism Facility. The
important key factors that they point out were the basic habits/behavior that is restricted by the syndrome were
eating, walking, focusing, discerning stimuli, creating perception hierarchies, and concentrating. The proposed
Autism Facility helps aid patients with uncontrollable meltdowns and frustrations by preventing them from getting
distracted, easier navigation and transition, and greater consistency, where spaces transition dramatically due to
light, color, or sound. Autistic Children are easily distracted even by the simplest movement of light, color, or even a
sudden background noise, so it is important to consider these kinds of characteristics in designing a therapy facility.
The aim is to design a facility that has a common denominator to the architectural planning of the community.

The proposed Autism Therapy Center will be basing its plans and design accordingly on the symptoms of
the users as well as their intellectual capacity and skill that they excel. The center will not only consist of a therapy
room, there will be also amenities such as sports, music, cooking, fine arts, home economics, writing, and acting as it
will help them develop the skills that they excel in. Hosny & Hussien, (2016) proposed a layout for therapy spaces
that are placed around a central garden, regular in shape, symmetrical sequence, and a linear direction. When the
plan was viewed in sequence, it has slightly differentiated forms that appear compartmentalized and have direct
access from the central garden.

DESIGN CRITERIA BY RICHER & NICOL’S

Richer & Nicol’s (1971) first publication discusses the criteria to be considered in careful design of spaces for
playrooms and other activity areas that children of Autism Spectrum will be used to minimize their stimulation and
prevent their meltdown but also enhance their interaction, focus, stimulation, and concentration.

1. Frustration and Arousal are minimized

 ● To impede overstimulation which can cause a meltdown and massive social interaction which
might overwhelm the children, the spaces were divided into smaller areas. In addition, the retreat
box is included so that the child could relax.
● Climbing, rolling, sliding and other activities help them to become less energized which facilitates
social interactions, there was enough room for this.
● Since Children with Autism consist of repetitive behaviors, toys that will be placed in the therapy
spaces and play areas also functions repetitive movements to mirror their behavior.
2. One behavior of children of the Autism Spectrum is difficulty in socializing with others since there are
children who are non-verbal or someone who can’t speak a word or even though they can interact, but they
are struggling to express themselves because of their neurodevelopmental issues, they decided to isolate
themselves so to solve this problem;
● Ensuring that the structures and fixtures were strong and secure enough, to minimize interruption
and supervision on children while there are playing around.
● There were also two social interaction areas provided where children could interact are close tactile
contact and rough and tumble play.
● Activity House is highly recommended because it has physical boundaries that could stimulate
socialization,

It is essential to leave food for thought that these criteria were to create therapy spaces that will help
children to minimize their stimulation, meltdown, and frustration at the same time the center will help experience a
sense of belonging and positive spatial experience. Spaces with signages and symbols can help them navigate
spaces and identify them. Staff in the playroom were also given instructions on how to handle the children when
they’re at play. They have to refrain from approaching them as much as possible except if the children themselves
approach them first. The use of light and cool colors is recommended so that they will feel relaxed and minimize their
stimulation. Looking at the children will be a sign of initiating a conversation or approach although it would be a great
help as it could also develop their socialization while becoming less involved in their stereotypies.

Richer and Nicoll (1971) highlighted the design criteria needed.

● Subdivision of spaces helps convert areas to make them multifunctional and provide spatial sequence
compartmentalization.
● The elements, furniture, or fixtures should be safe, strong, and sturdy at times.
● In the play area of the center staff should not interfere with the children while playing, let them do their thing,
interact only with them when they approach first or when they caused a ruckus.
● A retreat box is also included.
● Light Dimmers should be installed to create a different atmosphere

DESIGN CRITERIA OF HUMPHREY’S

 Humphreys (2008) proposed some criteria to consider when designing buildings for people with ASD. He
refers to some obvious architectural concepts that the designer should incorporate into his designs.

● Calm Order and Simplicity is the proper circulation of spaces and the limit of color palettes, materials, and
textures to achieve calming atmosphere in spaces.
● Minimal Details are about minimizing visual distraction caused by excessive unnecessary details.
● Proportion is an old concept that originated from Greek architecture, this gives harmonization to spaces by
describing its proper alignment and sequence.
● Natural Light proper lighting and projection of the heat of the sun.
● Proxemics is about the utilization of spaces that enhances more healthy interaction and conversation.
● Containment is the concept of creating a safe space for children where they can do basic things such as
walking, running, playing and other activities but under supervision and monitoring. Humphreys recommend
● Observation is similar to the functions of containment except that it was an outdoor activity with supervision
but not to the extent of interfering with the children’s activities.

ASPECTSS INDEX AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

The ASPECTSS Index was a design development tool created by Arch. Magda Mostafa. In his article
“Architecture and Students with Autism: Exploring Strategies for Their Inclusion in Society Mainstream,” he explained
the effect of the sensory environment on the perception and behavior of people with Autism. A huge percentage of
architectural design interventions aim to correct sensory issues associated with autism. The ASPECTSS Index is a
crucial consideration in designing the Autism Therapy facility by applying the Sensory theory which focuses on the
manipulation of spaces and shapes, acoustics, and a sense of organization. The Sensory Environment includes
stimulatory input resulting from the physical surrounding of color, texture, ventilation, sense of closure, orientation,
acoustics, and so (Mostafa, 2014).

● The acoustics were outlined as the most influential sensory environment feature influencing autistic behavior
through the reduced noise levels and echo in therapy facilities which will help improve attention spans,
response, times, and behavioral aspects by 60%.
● “Spatial Sequencing” is about the organization of an area in a logical order. In short, every space needs to
be in sequence and connected. Every space has its functionality and spaces should flow accordingly based
on one activity without distraction.
● Escape space also known as crawl space is a quiet area that has a sensory neutral and minimal stimulus, it
is helpful for autistic children who are experiencing meltdowns and frustration because they are having
difficulty expressing themselves which evokes their negative emotions. A compartment is a system of
organizing rooms into divided areas to establish and minimize the sensory environment of activity.
● Transition zones help users in recalibrating their senses as one progresses his/her stimulus to a higher
level. These could be as simple as a single node or as complex as an entire room.
 ● Sensory Zoning is the arrangement of spaces based on sensory quality than doing the traditional
architectural approach of functional zoning.
● Safety is the no.1 priority in designing any kind of establishment, especially an Autistic facility where the
users had mentally developed issues.
● The foliage garden is essential for relaxation for children who undergoing immense stress due to therapy
sessions that they’re undergoing. The central garden is not only designed for relaxation but also creates an
excellent spatial experience and boosts their mood for exploring the area and sharpens their memory by
identifying the plants and trees that are planted there. There are also challenging but exciting activities in the
area such as climbing in the heal, crossing a pond, and playing in the treehouse. At the same time, there
are nearby outdoor areas designated for sports activities such as badminton, basketball, bowling, baseball,
tennis, and swimming. In the middle of the garden, there are clusters of trees, flowers, and butterflies that
they can enjoy at the same time and explore nature.
● Autism Therapy center needs to apply the segmental focus and mood architecture in the design since
children of the Autism Spectrum easily lose focus and concentration which will make the therapy session
difficult for them to relax a garden outside the facility will do, the interior plans will be in sequence based on
functionality to make it organized, acoustics will be installed to minimize the noise. (Wing, 2006, p.15).

The researcher had jotted down the elements needed to have an effective Autism Therapy Center
through minimizing the noise by installing acoustics, implementing and putting instructions through pictures and
signages for easier navigation and better transitions due to dynamic changes of spaces caused by light, color, or
sound. Religion, education, and access to public services are all important considerations. Architects are
preoccupied with the issue of accessibility. Individuals are not specifically mentioned in the mandate. If only this
spectrum was given more opportunity and study here in this country, many people would have understood and have
more consideration for the people with the spectrum. Even the architectural community ignored this fact and was not
even considered in facilities and other establishments.

Khaled Asfour’s article Healing Children through the Spatial Experience Architecture discusses producing
the Spatial Experience in which children can communicate and positively express their thoughts and insights. It is
considerably few but effective as it can develop sustainable architecture and childhood. The spatial experience was
used back in ancient times, it is a design of spaces with consideration of what mood should be considered to suit the
functions of the area.

Sadly this concept was disregarded by many architects in favor of new-age technology, many concepts
have arrived but they did not conform to the psychology of the users and the building’s existence is merely for
functionality but no sense of purpose, individuality, and belonging. In short, there is no spirit of mood architecture in it.

Nowadays this kind of practice is set aside to give more way for modern technology and standard
production. It is replaced by forms that do not connect to the user’s psychology and the building program is reduced
to mere functions that are technically performed without considering the mood of the space.
 Luckily, it is becoming a common trend again among architects in the modern era, who hold onto the
same concept and were willing to revive it in designing buildings while maintaining a sustainable vibe. Lisa Marchi
once said, “Since ASD creates a range of challenges, the design must focus on common fundamental issues, found
in individuals along the entire spectrum. By addressing these issues, we can begin to design that are both
therapeutic reducing behavioral outbursts, improving quality of life, and enabling and that would improve their skills
and increase community integration.”

(Zeisei 148) once shared that another challenging moment among children even adults with the Autism
Spectrum is cognitive mapping. Cognitive mapping is a kind of skill that links the brain in the physical environment
through navigation, this skill helps users memorize the sequences and functionality of spaces through pictures and
signages. The design of the Autism Therapy Facility should be developed in a simple but easily navigated through
those things mentioned beforehand.

METHODOLOGY

The study will be using qualitative and quantitative research where it provides information about the
current issue regarding autism at the same time it also discusses its correlation in architecture through planning and
designing of spaces in sequence based on functionality. At the same time, there will be landscapes involved in the
autism therapy center as vegetation have a positive influence on the users. Descriptive survey research also has
statistical surveys coming from different journals and researches evaluating the no. of cases of people with Autism
Spectrum, to the effectivity percentage of acoustics and other architectural concepts. The qualitative research covers
the architectural guidelines, concepts, theories, and development tools in designing an autism therapy center. Both
types of research intend to spread awareness to architects, policymakers, and child neurologists. The quantitative
research will focus on the statistical interpretation of important elements such as acoustics, spatial sequence, cases
of autistic children, and other important elements that made the Autism Therapy Center.

The qualitative research will also provide research about the design criteria provided by several authors in
research that tackles the design criteria that can also be correlated to Autism Therapy Center since the main point
here was to apply design consideration that will give a positive influence on the people with autism. As a researcher
and future architect, it is the main responsibility to connect people through design and spaces, so qualitative research
also choose to discuss the important information mentioned above.