Heat & Gases

Chapter 3 - Change of State

Exercise

Take
lf of ice = 3.34×105 J kg-1
lv of water = 2.26×106 J kg-1

Multiple Choice (MC)

1. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A. Internal energy of ice increases when it melts

B. Water absorbs energy when it vaporizes
C. Temperature increases during melting of ice
D. The change of state from gas to liquid is called condensation

2. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(1) Average molecular kinetic energy of a body remains unchanged
during fusion
(2) Average molecular potential energy of a body decreases during
condensation
(3) Internal energy of a body is always constant during change of state

A. (3) only B. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

3. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(1) The specific latent heat of fusion of 2 kg of water is greater than that
of 1 kg of water
(2) The average molecular potential energy of 0.01 kg of steam is
greater than that of 1 kg of water
(3) The total molecular potential energy of 1 g of water is greater than
that of 1000 kg of ice

A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only

D. (2) and (3) only
4. The below shows a cooling curve of a substance from its gaseous state
at 100℃ in a room. Which of the following statements is/are true about
this substance?

(1) Its melting point is 60℃

(2) Both liquid and solid states are present from t = 7 min to t = 9 min
(3) The specific latent heat of fusion is greater than that of vaporization

A. (3) only B. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

5. What is the energy needed to melt 200 g of ice at 0℃ completely?

A. 66800 J B. 3.34×105 J C. 6.68×105 J D. 6.68×107 J

6. What is the energy released when 50 g of steam at 100℃ condenses to

water completely?

A. 1.13×105 J B. 2.26×106 J C. 1.13×107 J D. 1.13×108 J

7. 30 kJ of energy is just enough to vaporize 20 g of liquid X completely.

What is the specific latent heat of vaporization of liquid X?

A. 3×104 J kg-1 B. 6×105 J kg-1 C. 1.5×106 J kg-1 D. 3×106 J kg-1

8. 90 kJ of energy is released when 150 g of liquid Y freezes completely.

What is the specific latent heat of fusion of solid Y?

A. 1.35×104 J kg-1 B. 6×104 J kg-1 C. 1.35×105 J kg-1 D. 6×105 J kg-1

9. What is the time needed to melt 250 g of ice at 0℃ completely using a
800 W heater?

A. 10.4 s B. 104 s C. 167 s D. 1670 s

10. What is the time needed to turn 0.12 kg of water at 20℃ to steam at
100℃ completely using a 1.1 kW heater?

A. 247 s B. 256 s C. 283 s D. 292 s

11. 160 g of water at 10℃ is heated to steam at 100℃ completely using a

heater in 5 minutes. What is the power of the heater?

A. 1210 W B. 1230 W C. 1410 W D. 1430 W

12. How much energy is released when 2 kg water at 25℃ completely melts
to ice at 0℃?

A. 3.34×105 J B. 4.39×105 J C. 6.68×105 J D. 8.78×105 J

13. How much energy is released when 0.18 kg of steam at 100℃

completely turns to ice at 0℃?

A. 5.43×105 J B. 4.82×105 J C. 4.67×105 J D. 1.36×105 J

14. How much energy is absorbed when 0.27 kg of ice at -10℃ completely
turns to steam at 100℃? (Specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 J kg-1℃-1)

A. 8.25×105 J B. 8.19×105 J C. 7.29×105 J D. 7.00×105 J

15. 300 g of water at 20℃ is added to 100 g of ice at 0℃. What is the final
temperature of the mixture? Assume there is no heat loss to
surroundings.

A. -6.5℃ B. 0℃ C. 6.5℃ D. 19.5℃

16. 500 g of water at 25℃ is added to 100 g of ice at 0℃. What is the final
temperature of the mixture? Assume there is no heat loss to
surroundings.

A. -3.41℃ B. 0℃ C. 3.41℃ D. 7.58℃

17. How much water at 20℃ can be heated to 100℃ by 80 g of steam at

100℃?

A. 0.538 kg B. 0.458 kg C. 0.378 kg D. 0.269 kg

18. How much water at ice at 0℃ can be heated to water at 100℃ by 0.1 g
of steam at 100℃?

A. 0.300 g B. 0.538 g C. 0.600 g D. 0.677 g

19. 0.2 kg of solid A is heated by a 100 W heater. The below shows the
variation of temperature T against time t. Which of the following
statements is/are correct?

(1) The specific latent heat of fusion of solid A is 1.8×105 J kg-1

(2) The specific heat capacity of solid A is 1500 J kg-1 ℃-1
(3) The specific heat capacity of liquid A is 3000 J kg-1 ℃-1

A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only

C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
20. 0.2 kg of liquid B is heated by a 100 W heater. The below shows the
variation of temperature T against time t. Which of the following
statements is/are correct?

(1) The specific latent heat of vaporization of liquid B is 1.2×105 J kg-1

(2) The specific heat capacity of liquid B is 2000 J kg-1 ℃-1
(3) Another 11 minutes is needed to heat gas B from 120℃ to 190℃

A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only

C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

21. The graph shows the variation in temperature of equal masses of two
[SP] substances P and Q when they are separately heated by identical heaters.
Which deduction is correct?

A. The melting point of P is lower than that of Q

B. The specific heat capacity of P in solid state is larger than that of Q
C. The specific latent heat of fusion of P is larger than that of Q
D. The energy required to raise the temperature of P from room
temperature to boiling point is more than that of Q
22. Two liquids A and B are cooled in air. Their cooling curves are shown. If
[CE80] A and B have the same mass, which of the following statement is/are
true?

(1) A has a higher freezing point than B

(2) A has a greater specific latent heat of fusion than B
(3) Liquid A has a greater specific heat capacity than liquid B

A. (3) only B. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

23. A certain amount of boiling water is placed heated under a constant

power of 1 kW. What is the rate of decrease in mass of water? Assume
there is 20% of energy lost from the heater to the surroundings and
neglect the energy lost from boiling water to the surroundings.

A. 3.54×10-5 kg s-1 B. 4.42×10-5 kg s-1

C. 3.54×10-4 kg s-1 D. 4.42×10-4 kg s-1

24. A certain amount of melting ice is heated under a constant power of

500 W. If the rate of formation of water is 0.8 mL s -1, what is the
percentage of energy lost from the heater to the surroundings? Neglect
the energy gained by melting ice from the surroundings. Density of
water = 1 g/mL.

A. 26.7% B. 46.6% C. 53.4 % D. 73.3%

25. The following data shows the thermal properties of four substances P,
[CE82] Q, R and S:

When the temperature of each substance is increased from 250 K to

400 K, which one will absorb the greatest amount of energy?

A. P B. Q C. R D. S

26. The graph shows the cooling curve of liquid naphthalene. In which
[CE86] region has naphthalene completely solidified?

A. P B. Q C. R D. S

27. Substance X has melting point and boiling point of -10℃ and 120℃
respectively. At which of the following temperatures would substance X
be a liquid under atmospheric pressure?

A. -120℃ B. 109℃ C. 130℃ D. 150℃

28. Arrange the following in ascending order.

E1 = Energy required to melt 1 kg of ice at 0℃

E2 = Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of copper by 1℃
E3 = Energy required to vaporize 1 kg of water at 100℃
E4 = Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1℃

A. E2 < E4 < E1 < E3 B. E2 < E4 < E3 < E1

C. E3 < E1 < E4 < E2 D. E4 < E2 < E3 < E1

29. An immersion heater is used to heat a cup of water. It takes 8 minutes to

bring the water from 25℃ to its boiling point 100℃. Find the time
taken for the heater to vaporize the boiling water completely.

A. 49.4 minutes B. 57.4 minutes C. 65.4 minutes

D. It cannot be determined as the mass of water is unknown

30. The figure shows an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of
[CE89] fusion of ice. The result obtained is lower than the one expected. The
main reason could be that

A. there is heat gain from the surroundings

B. there is heat loss to the surroundings
C. there is some water remaining in the funnel, not falling into the
beaker
D. the temperature of ice is below 0℃
31. The apparatus shown is used to find the specific latent heat of
[CE90] vaporization of water. Which of the following is NOT correct?

A. Cover the beaker with a lid

B. Use a suitable heater to prevent boiling the water too vigorously
C. Surround the beaker with some cotton
D. Repeat the experiment several times and take the mean of the results

32. The apparatus below is used to find the specific latent heat of fusion of
[CE94] ice. Which of the following is an essential precaution to ensure an
accurate result?

A. Crushed ice should be used

B. The ice used should be just taken from the refrigerator so that its
temperature is well below 0℃
C. The amount of ice used in funnel X should be larger than that in Y
D. The two funnels should be wrapped in insulating material
33. An experiment is conducted to determine the specific latent heat of
vaporization of an unknown liquid. The following data are obtained.

Initial mass of liquid = 242.3 g

Final mass of liquid = 168.5 g
Calibration of kWh meter = 600 Revs / kWh
Number of revolutions made = 20 Revs

What is the specific latent heat of vaporization of the liquid?

A. 1.2×105 J kg-1 B. 4.95×105 J kg-1

C. 7.19×105 J kg-1 D. 1.63×105 J kg-1

34. A substance X is heated at a constant rate and its changing temperature

[CE06] over a time period is recorded. The data are plotted below.

Which of the following statements about the substance X is incorrect?

A. X is in liquid state at 0℃
B. The boiling point of X is 80℃
C. The specific heat capacity of X in the solid state is smaller than that
of X in the gas state
D. The specific latent heat of fusion of X is larger than the specific latent
heat of vaporization of X
35. In an experiment, a kilowatt-hour meter is used to measure the enrgy
[CE09] supplied to an immersion heater. An electronic balance is used to
measure the change of the mass. The data obtained is used to estimate
the specific latent heat of vaporization of water (l).

If the following experimental error arise:

(I) Water splashes out of the polystyrene cup as the boiling is too
vigorous
(II) Water vapour condenses on the upper part of the heater and
drips back into the polystyrene cup
How would the calculated value of l be affected?

(I) (II)
A. increases decreases
B. increases increases
C. decreases decreases
D. decreases increases
36. A paper tray cotains some water. The tray is heated by a gentle flame
[CE10] from below as shown. The water in the tray starts to boil while the paper
does not catch fire. Which of the following statements are correct in this
situation?

(1) Water can transfer heat away from the paper tray very quickly
(2) Water remains at 100℃ when it is boiling
(3) There is no heat transfer between the paper tray and the flame

A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only

C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

37. An athlete sweats 150 g of water in 10 minutes during exercise. What is

the energy carried away from the athlete by the sweat?

A. 565 J B. 3.39×105 J
C. 3.39×106 J D. 2.03×108 J

38. Cups of water of 50 g at 78℃ are added to 350 g of ice at -5℃ until the
final temperature of the mixture is above 30℃. Neglect the energy
transfer with the surroundings, what is the minimum number of cups of
hot water needed? (Specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 J kg-1 ℃-1)

A. 14 B. 15 C. 16 D. 17
39. X and Y have the same melting point at 50℃. The specific heat
capacities of solid X to that of solid Y is 1 : 2. The time needed to
completely melt a certain mass of solid X at 20℃ is t, while that to
completely melt same mass of solid Y at 30℃ is 2t. What is the ratio of
specific latent heat of fusion of solid X to that of solid Y?

A. 2 : 3 B. 3: 2 C. 2 : 1
D. It cannot be determined due to insufficient information

40. P and Q have melting points at 40℃ and 50℃ respectively. Equal
masses of solid P at 5℃ is mixed with liquid Q at 95℃. The specific
heat capacities of solid P, liquid P, solid Q and liquid Q are 2c, 3c, 4c
and 5c respectively. If the final temperature of the mixture is 44℃, what
is the ratio of specific latent heat of fusion of solid X to that of solid Y?
Neglect heat loss to the surroundings.

A. 41 : 105 B. 51 : 39 C. 105 : 49
D. It cannot be determined due to insufficient information

(For Questions 41 and 42) M and N have boiling points at 140℃ and 220℃
respectively, and they have the same specific latent heat of vaporization. The
specific heat capacities of liquid M, gas M, liquid N, and gas N are 2c, c, 2c and
3c respectively. Equal masses of liquid M and N are heated separately by two
identical heaters from the same initial temperature. Neglect heat loss to the
surroundings.

41. If their initial temperature is 100℃, what is the final temperature of N

when M is heated to 350℃?

A. 237℃ B. 270℃ C. 350℃

D. It cannot be determined due to insufficient information
42. How will the difference in final temperatures of gas M and N change if
(1) The common initial temperatures of liquids M and N decreases
(2) The final temperature of gas M increases

(1) (2)
A. unchanged decreases
B. increases decreases
C. unchanged increases
D. decreases increases

43. Which of the following statements is NOT true about evaporation?

A. Evaporation is the process of vaporization of water

B. Water absorbs latent heat of vaporization during evaporation
C. Evaporation occus at specific temperature only
D. Evaporation cools down the liquid itself or the surroundings

44. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(1) All molecules of an object have the same speed
(2) Molecules which move faster are more likely to escape from the
surface of a liquid
(3) Rate of evaporation is not affected by temperature

A. (2) only B. (1) and (2) only C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

45. Water has a very high value of specific latent heat of vaporization.
[CE07] Which of the following statements can be illustrated by this fact?
(1) Water is used as the coolant in car engines
(2) Coastal region has milder climate as comparing with inland region
(3) Steam at 100℃ causes more serious injury to skin than boiling water

A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (3) only

D. (1), (2) and (3)
46. People feel cooler when they get out of water after swimming. Which of
[CE10] the following is/are the reason(s)?
(1) The water on the skin evaporates
(2) The water on the skin absorbs latent heat of fusion
(3) The water on the skin releases latent heat of vaporization to the
surrounding air

A. (1) only B. (3) only C. (1) and (2) only

D. (2) and (3) only

47. Which of the following statements is/are true when a liquid evaporates?
(1) Average molecular kinetic energy of the remaining liquid increases
(2) Average molecular potential energy of the remaining liquid increases
(3) It only occurs at the surface of the liquid

A. (1) only B. (2) only C. (3) only

D. (1), (2) and (3)

48. Which of the following statements about the evaporation of water is

INCORRECT?

A. Evaporation occurs only on the water surface

B. The rate of evaporation can be increased by turning on a dehumidifier
C. Evaporation requires less latent heat of vaporization than boiling for
equal mass of liquid
D. Evaporation of water will not be stopped as air pressure is changed

49. Which of the following comparisons between evaporation and boiling

is/are correct?
(1) Boiling only occurs at the boiling point of the substance while
evaporation can occur at any temperature
(2) Boiling requires latent heat of vaporization while evaporation does
not
(3) Both boiling and evaporation only occur at the surface of the liquid

A. (1) only B. (3) only C. (1) and (2) only

D. (2) and (3) only
50. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. The mist that appears above a cup of hot water is water vapour
B. Condensation of water only occurs at 100℃
C. Water vapour absorbs latent heat of vaporization during condensation
D. Mist is formed when water vapour is cooled and condenses to water
droplets
Short Questions (SQ)

1. A cup of water of 200 g at 20℃ is heated by a 500 W heater.

(a) Calculate the amount of energy needed to heat the water to 100℃.
(2 marks)

(b) Calculate the time needed to completely turn the water from 20℃
into steam at 100℃. (3 marks)

2. 1 kg ice at -20℃ is heated by a 1 kW heater for 10 minutes in a

well-insulated container. Sketch a graph to show the variation of
temperature T against time t of the ice. (Specific heat capacity of ice =
2100 J kg-1 ℃-1) (3 marks)
3. 0.5 kg of solid A is heated with a 200 W heater in a well-insulated
container. The temperature-time (T-t) graph is shown below.

(a) What is the state of A during the period

(i) t = 0 to t = 1 min,
(ii) t = 1 min to t = 6 min,
(iii) t = 6 min to t = 10 min? (3 marks)

(b) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of solid A. (2 marks)

(c) Calculate the specific heat capacity of liquid A. (2 marks)

4. 50 g of water evaporates completely in 2 minutes.
(a) Calculate the rate of energy absorbed by the water. (2 marks)

(b) Apart from temperature, state two other factors that affect the rate
of evaporation of water. (2 marks)

(c) State two differences between evaporation and boiling of water.

(2 marks)

5. Explain the following in terms of molecular motion:

(a) The rate of evaporation is higher at higher temperature. (2 marks)

(b) The temperature of a boiling liquid is always constant. (2 marks)

Long Questions (LQ)

1. The below figure shows an experimental set-up to determine the specific

[CE85] latent heat of fusion of ice. The ice used is crushed and melting. In the
left hand side, A, the electrical energy consumed by the heater is
measured by a joulemeter. The water from the melted ice was collected in
a beaker. In the right hand side, B, shows a control experiment of A set-up
without power supply to the heater.

(a) What is the purpose of the control experiment in B? (2 marks)

(b) Why should the ice used in the experiments be (4 marks)

(i) crushed, and

(ii) melting?
(c) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice from the
following experimental data:

Initial joulemeter reading = 39428 J

Final joulemeter reading = 50328 J
Mass of water collected in A = 0.04 kg
Mass of water collected in B = 0.01 kg (5 marks)

(d) Would you expect the latent heat of fusion of ice obtained to be
higher than, equal to or lower than the result you have been
obtained in (c), if the experiment were repeated
(i) neglecting the control experiment?
(ii) using ice at -5℃?

Explain briefly in each case. (4 marks)

2. A student performs an experiment to find the specific latent heat of
[CE93] vaporization of water. A beaker containing water is placed on an
electronic balance. The water is heated by a 100 W immersion heater,
which is immersed in the water such that it does not touch the beaker, as
shown in the figure below.

(a) It is found that there is a slight decrease in the mass of water in

the beaker before the water boils. Explain briefly in terms of
molecular motion. (3 marks)

(b) When the water boils, the reading of the balance is taken. After
240 s, the reading of the balance is taken again. The following
results are obtained:
Initial reading of the balance = 525.4 g
Final reading of the balance = 515.2 g

Calculate, (4 marks)
(i) the energy supplied by the heater in 240 s,
 (ii) the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.

(c) The value obtained in (b)(i) is found to be higher than the actual
specific latent heat of vaporization of water. Suggest a reason for
this and explain briefly. (3 marks)

(d) If the student covers the beaker with a lid, how would the result of
the experiment be affected? Explain briefly. (3 marks)

(e) Suggest TWO improvements on the set-up to increase the

accuracy of the experiment. (2 marks)
3. At time t = 0, Mary adds several ice cubes at 0℃ into a glass of warm
[CE09] water. The temperature-time graph of the water is shown in the Figure
below.

(a) State the instant at which all ice cubes melt. (1 mark)

(b) Explain why there is no change in temperature

(i) from Q to R, (2 marks)

(ii) from S to T. (1 mark)

4. 0.5 kg of water at 40℃ is mixed with m kg of ice at -20℃ in a
well-insulated container. Only water is left in the final mixture when
thermal equilibrium is reached. (Specific heat capacity of ice =
2100 J kg-1 ℃-1)
(a) Express the equilibrium temperature of the water in terms of m.
(3 marks)

(b) Later, m kg of steam at 100℃ is added to the mixture.

(i) If the final mixture only contains water at 100℃, find the
value of m. (4 marks)
(ii) If the final mixture only contains water at 80℃, find the
value of m. (5 marks)