3.

1 [43 marks]

1. Energy is transferred to water in a flask at a rate P. The water reaches [1 mark]

boiling point and then P is increased. What are the changes to the
temperature of the water and to the rate of vaporization of the water after the
change?

Markscheme
D
2. An insulated tube is filled with a large number n of lead spheres, each of [1 mark]
mass m . The tube is inverted s times so that the spheres completely fall
through an average distance L each time. The temperature of the spheres is
measured before and after the inversions and the resultant change in
temperature is ΔT.
What is the specific heat capacity of lead?

sgL
A.
nmΔ T
sgL
B. ΔT
sgL
C.
nΔT
gL
D.
mΔT

Markscheme
B

3. Boiling water is heated in a 2 kW electric kettle. The initial mass of water [1 mark]
is 0.4 kg. Assume the specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2 MJ
kg–1.
What is the time taken for all the water to vaporize?
A. 250 s
B. 400 s
C. 2500 s
D. 4000 s
 Markscheme
B

4. A substance changes from the solid phase to the gas phase without [1 mark]
becoming a liquid and without a change in temperature.
What is true about the internal energy of the substance and the total
intermolecular potential energy of the substance when this phase change occurs?

Markscheme
C

5. A liquid of mass m and specific heat capacity c cools. The rate of change [1 mark]
of the temperature of the liquid is k. What is the rate at which thermal
energy is transferred from the liquid?
A. mc
k
k
B. mc

C. 1
kmc
D. kmc

Markscheme
D
6. A 700 W electric heater is used to heat 1 kg of water without energy [1 mark]
losses. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 kJ kg–1 K–1. What is the
time taken to heat the water from 25 °C to 95 °C?

A. 7 s
B. 30 s
C. 7 minutes
D. 420 minutes

Markscheme
C

7. A solid substance has just reached its melting point. Thermal energy is [1 mark]
supplied to the substance at a constant rate. Which graph shows the
variation of the temperature T of the substance with energy E supplied?

Markscheme
C

specific heat capacity of copper

8. What are the units of the ratio specific heat capacity of copper [1 mark]
?
specific latent heat of vaporization of copper
A. no units
B. k
C. k–1
D. k–2

Markscheme
C

9. A sealed container contains water at 5 °C and ice at 0 °C. This system is [1 mark]
thermally isolated from its surroundings. What happens to the total
internal energy of the system?
A. It remains the same.
B. It decreases.
C. It increases until the ice melts and then remains the same.
D. It increases.

Markscheme
A

10. A 1.0 kW heater supplies energy to a liquid of mass 0.50 kg. The [1 mark]
temperature of the liquid changes by 80 K in a time of 200 s. The specific
heat capacity of the liquid is 4.0 kJ kg–1 K–1. What is the average power lost by the
liquid?
A. 0
B. 200 W
C. 800 W
D. 1600 W

Markscheme
B
11. The fraction of the internal energy that is due to molecular vibration [1 mark]
varies in the different states of matter. What gives the order from highest
fraction to lowest fraction of internal energy due to molecular vibration?
A. liquid > gas > solid
B. solid > liquid > gas
C. solid > gas > liquid
D. gas > liquid > solid

Markscheme
B

12. A liquid is initially at its freezing point. Energy is removed at a uniform [1 mark]
rate from the liquid until it freezes completely.
Which graph shows how the temperature T of the liquid varies with the energy Q
removed from the liquid?

Markscheme
A
13. The graph shows the variation with time t of the temperature T of two [1 mark]
samples, X and Y. X and Y have the same mass and are initially in the
solid phase. Thermal energy is being provided to X and Y at the same constant
rate.

What is the correct comparison of the specific latent heats LX and LY and specific
heat capacities in the liquid phase cX and cY of X and Y?

Markscheme
D

14. A mass m of ice at a temperature of –5 °C is changed into water at a [1 mark]

temperature of 50 °C.
Specific heat capacity of ice = ci
Specific heat capacity of water = cw
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = L
Which expression gives the energy needed for this change to occur?
A. 55 m c w + m L
B. 55 m c i + 5 m L
C. 5 m c i + 50 m c w + m L
D. 5 m c i + 50 m c w + 5 m L

Markscheme
C
15. A substance is heated at constant power. The graph shows how the [1 mark]
temperature T of the substance varies with time t as the state of the
substance changes from liquid to gas.

What can be determined from the graph?

A. The specific heat capacity of the gas is smaller than the specific heat capacity
of the liquid.
B. The specific heat capacity of the gas is larger than the specific heat capacity of
the liquid.
C. The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance is less than its specific latent
heat of vaporization.
D. The specific latent heat of fusion of the substance is larger than its specific
latent heat of vaporization.

Markscheme
B
16. A container with 0.60kg of a liquid substance is placed on a heater at [1 mark]
time t=0 . The specific latent heat of vaporization of the substance is
200kJkg–1. The graph shows the variation of the temperature T of the substance
with time t.

What is the power of the heater?

A. 1200 W
B. 3000 W
C. 4800 W
D. 13 300 W

Markscheme
B

In an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice, an ice cube
is dropped into water that is contained in a well-insulated calorimeter of negligible
specific heat capacity. The following data are available.
Mass of ice cube = 25g
Mass of water = 350g
Initial temperature of ice cube = 0˚C
Initial temperature of water = 18˚C
Final temperature of water = 12˚C
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200Jkg−1K−1

17a. Using the data, estimate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. [4 marks]
 Markscheme
use of m ×c×θ with correct substitution for either original water or water from
melted ice
energy available to melt ice = «8820 – 1260 =» 7560 J
equates 7560 to mL
3.02×105Jkg–1
FOR EXAMPLE
0.35 × 4200 × (18 – 12) OR 0.025 × 4200 × 12
7560 J
7560
L= 0.025
3.02×105Jkg–1
Award [3 max] if energy to warm melted ice as water is ignored (350kJkg–1).
Allow ECF in MP3.

17b. The experiment is repeated using the same mass of crushed ice. [2 marks]
Suggest the effect, if any, of crushing the ice on
(i) the final temperature of the water.
(ii) the time it takes the water to reach its final temperature.

Markscheme
(i)
no change in temperature/no effect, the energies exchanged are the same
(ii)
the time will be less/ice melts faster, because surface area is greater or
crushed ice has more contact with water
18. When 1800 J of energy is supplied to a mass m of liquid in a container, [1 mark]
the temperature of the liquid and the container changes by 10 K. When
the mass of the liquid is doubled to 2m , 3000 J of energy is required to change the
temperature of the liquid and container by 10 K. What is the specific heat capacity
of the liquid in J kg−1 K −1 ?
60
A. m
120
B. m
180
C. m
240
D. m

Markscheme
B

19. Two objects are in thermal contact and are at different temperatures. [1 mark]
What is/are determined by the temperatures of the two objects?
I. The direction of thermal energy transfer between the objects
II. The quantity of internal energy stored by each object
III. The process by which energy is transferred between the objects
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I, II and III

Markscheme
C
20. Molecules leave a boiling liquid to form a vapour. The vapour and the [1 mark]
liquid have the same temperature.
What is the change of the average potential energy and the change of the
average random kinetic energy of these molecules when they move from the
liquid to the vapour?

Markscheme
B

21. Equal masses of water at 80°C and paraffin at 20°C are mixed in a [1 mark]
container of negligible thermal capacity. The specific heat capacity of
water is twice that of paraffin. What is the final temperature of the mixture?
A. 30°C
B. 40°C
C. 50°C
D. 60°C

Markscheme
D
22. Which of the following is equivalent to a temperature of –100°C? [1 mark]
A. –373 K
B. –173 K
C. 173 K
D. 373 K

Markscheme
C

23. A sample of solid copper is heated beyond its melting point. The graph [1 mark]
shows the variation of temperature with time.

During which stage(s) is/are there an increase in the internal energy of the
copper?
A. P, Q and R
B. Q only
C. P and R only
D. Q and R only

Markscheme
A
24. Which of the following is numerically equal to the specific heat capacity of [1 mark]
the substance of a solid body?
A. The thermal energy required to melt the body
B. The thermal energy required to increase the temperature of unit mass of the
body by 1K
C. The thermal energy required to increase the temperature of the body by 1K
D. The total kinetic and potential energy of all the molecules in the body

Markscheme
B

This question is about thermal properties of matter.

25a. Explain, in terms of the energy of its molecules, why the temperature of [3 marks]
a pure substance does not change during melting.

Markscheme
energy supplied/bonds broken/heat absorbed;
increases potential energy;
no change in kinetic energy (so no change in temperature);

25b. Three ice cubes at a temperature of 0°C are dropped into a container of [4 marks]
water at a temperature of 22°C. The mass of each ice cube is 25 g and
the mass of the water is 330 g. The ice melts, so that the temperature of the
water decreases. The thermal capacity of the container is negligible.
The following data are available.
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.3 × 105J kg–1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 × 103 J kg–1 K–1
Calculate the final temperature of the water when all of the ice has melted.
Assume that no thermal energy is exchanged between the water and the
surroundings.
 Markscheme
use of M× 4.2 × 103 × ∆θ
ml = 75 × 10–3 × 3.3 × 105 / 24750 J;
recognition that melted ice warms and water cools to common final
temperature;
3.4ºC;

26. This question is about internal energy. [4 marks]

(i) Mathilde raises the temperature of water in an electric kettle to boiling point.
Once the water is boiling steadily, she measures the change in the mass of the
kettle and its contents over a period of time.
The following data are available.
Initial mass of kettle and water = 1.880 kg
Final mass of kettle and water = 1.580 kg
Time between mass measurements = 300 s
Power dissipation in the kettle = 2.5 kW
Determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.
(ii) Outline why your answer to (b)(i) is an overestimate of the specific latent heat
of vaporization of water.

Markscheme
(i) mass lost in 300 s=(1.880-1.580)=0.3 (kg);
(energy supplied=750 kJ) (do not award credit for this line)
L=2.5 MJ kg–1; (unit must appear correctly here)
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
(ii) energy will be transferred to surroundings; } (accept energy is lost by/from
kettle to surroundings)
so calculated energy to water is too large / change in mass too large;
(hence overestimate)
Award [0] for a bald correct answer.
Treat references to energy gained by kettle as neutral; the kettle is at a
constant temperature.
27. The following can be determined for a solid substance. [1 mark]
I. The average kinetic energy EKave of the molecules
II. The total kinetic energy EKtot of the molecules
III. The total potential energy EP tot of the molecules
Which is/are equal to the internal energy of this solid substance?
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. II only
D. II and III only

Markscheme
D

28. Two objects are in thermal contact, initially at different temperatures. [1 mark]
Which of the following determines the transfer of thermal energy between
the objects?
I. The mass of each object
II. The thermal capacity of the objects
III. The temperature of the objects
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. III only

Markscheme
D

29. Two objects are in thermal contact, initially at different temperatures. [1 mark]
Which of the following determines the transfer of thermal energy between
the objects?
I. The mass of each object
II. The thermal capacity of the objects
III. The temperature of the objects
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. III only
 Markscheme
D

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