CHAPTER: 02-MOBILE COMPUTING

MOBILE COMPUTING AND COMMERCE

AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING
LEARNING

1. Describe the mobile computing environment that supports m-commerce

(devices, software, services).

2. Describe the four major types of wireless telecommunications networks.

3. Define mobile commerce and understand its relationship to e-commerce.

4. Discuss the value-added attributes, benefits, and fundamental drivers of m-

commerce.

5. Discuss m-commerce applications in finance, shopping, advertising, and

provision of content.

6. Describe the application of m-commerce within organizations.

LEARNING

7. Understand B2B and supply chain management applications of m-commerce.

8. Describe consumer and personal applications of m-commerce.

9. Understand the technologies and potential application of location-based m-

commerce.

10. Describe the major inhibitors and barriers of m-commerce.

11. Discuss the key characteristics and current uses of pervasive computing.
MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND

■ New Computing Environment: Mobile Computing

■ Mobile devices
■ personal digital assistant (PDA)

A handheld computer principally used for personal information management

■ smartphone

Internet-enabled cell phone that can support mobile applications

■ Blackberry

A handheld device principally used for e-mail

MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND
MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND

■ Conversion of devices

These handheld devices blend blogging, Instant Messages, SMS, and other
forms of social networking in which Web browsing is easy, especially with a
full keyboard
MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND

■ Enabling Technologies for Mobile Computing

■ Hardware and software infrastructures that support the wireless connection

include:

■ Network access points

■ Mobile communications server switches

■ Cellular transmitters and receivers

MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND
■ Mobile Computing Software
■ Mobile operating system

■ Mobile application user interface

■ micro browser

Wireless Web browser designed to operate with small screens and limited
bandwidth and memory requirements
■ Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

A suite of network protocols designed to enable different kinds of

wireless devices to access WAP readable files on an Internet-
connected Web server
MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND
MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND SERVICES

■ Markup languages

■ Wireless Markup Language (WML)

A scripting language used to create content in the WAP environment; based

on XML, minus unnecessary content to increase speed

■ Compact Hypertext Markup Language (cHTML)

A scripting language used to create content in i-mode

MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND

■ Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (xHTML)

A general scripting language; compatible with HTML; a standard set by

W3 Consortium

■ voice XML (VXML)

An extension of XML designed to accommodate voice

MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND

■ Supporting devices

■ synchronization

The exchange of updated information with other computing devices

■ Docking stations

■ Attachable keyboards

■ Batteries

■ Media players
MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND

■ Mobile Computing Services

■ Short Message Service (SMS)

A service that supports the sending and receiving of short text messages on
mobile phones

■ Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS)

An extension of SMS that can send simple animation, tiny pictures, sounds,
and formatted text
MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND

■ Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

The emerging generation of wireless messaging; MMS is able to

deliver rich media

■ E-payments

Electronic payments for purchase amounts.

MOBILE COMPUTING:
CONTENT, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND

■ Location-based services
■ global positioning system (GPS)

A worldwide satellite-based tracking system that enables users to determine their position
anywhere on the earth

■ Voice-support services
■ interactive voice response (IVR)

A voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and
change data through a telephone to a computerized system
■ voice portal

A Web site with an audio interface that can be accessed through a telephone call
WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS

■ personal area network (PAN)

A wireless telecommunications network for device-to-device

connections within a very short range

■ Bluetooth

A set of telecommunications standards that enables wireless devices to

communicate with each other over short distances
WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS

■ Wireless Local Area Networks and Wi-fi

■ wireless local area network (WLAN)

A telecommunications network that enables users to make short-

range wireless connections to the Internet or another network

■ Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)

The common name used to describe the IEEE 802.11 standard used
on most WLANs
WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS

■ 802.11b
The most popular Wi-Fi standard; it is inexpensive and
offers sufficient speed for most devices; however,
interference can be a problem
■ 802.11a
This Wi-Fi standard is faster than 802.11b but has
a smaller range
■ 802.11g
This fast but expensive Wi-Fi standard is mostly used in
businesses
WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS

■ wireless access point

An antenna that connects a mobile device to a wired LAN

■ hotspot

An area or point where a wireless device can make a connection to a

wireless local area network (using Wi-Fi)
WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS
WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS

■ Municipal Wi-Fi Networks

■ WiMAX
A wireless standard (IEEE 802.16) for making broadband
network connections over a medium size area such as a
city
■ wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN)
A telecommunications network that enables users to make
medium-range wireless connections to the Internet or
another network
WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS
WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS

■ WIRELESS WIDE AREA NETWORKS

■ Wireless wide area network (WWAN)

A telecommunications network that offers wireless coverage

over a large geographical area, typically over a cellular phone
network

■ Physical topology of a WWAN

■ subscriber identification module (SIM) card

An extractable storage card used for identification, customer location information,

transaction processing, secure communications, etc.
MOBILE COMMERCE:
ATTRIBUTES, BENEFITS, AND

■ mobile commerce (m-commerce,

m-business)
Any business activity conducted over a wireless telecommunications network or from
mobile devices

■ Attributes of M-Commerce
■ Ubiquity

■ Convenience

■ Interactivity

■ Personalization

■ Localization
MOBILE COMMERCE:
ATTRIBUTES, BENEFITS, AND
MOBILE COMMERCE:
ATTRIBUTES, BENEFITS, AND DRIVERS

■ Drivers of M-Commerce
■ Widespread availability of more powerful devices
■ The handset culture
■ The service economy
■ Vendor’s push
■ The mobile workforce
■ Increased mobility
■ Improved price/performance
■ Improvement of bandwidth
MOBILE FINANCIAL

■ Mobile Banking and Financial Services

■ Customers can use their mobile handsets to access account balances,
pay bills, and transfer funds using SMS

■ Wireless Electronic Payment Systems

■ Wireless payment systems transform mobile phones into secure, self-
contained purchasing support tools capable of instantly authorizing
payments over the cellular network
■ m-wallet (mobile wallet)

Technologies that enable cardholders to make purchases with a

single click from their wireless device
MOBILE FINANCIAL
MOBILE FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS

■ Wireless Bill Payments

■ A number of companies are now providing their customers with the

option of paying their bills directly from a cell phone

■ Closing the digital divide

■ Using WWANs, mobile devices, and even regular cell phones, are closing the
digital divide in developing countries such as China, India, and the Philippines
MOBILE SHOPPING,
ADVERTISING, AND

■ Wireless Shopping

■ An increasing number of online vendors allow customers to shop

from wireless devices, especially cell phones and PDAs

■ Mobile and Targeted Advertising

■ Knowing the real-time location of mobile users and their preferences

or surfing habits, marketers can send user-specific advertising
messages to wireless devices
MOBILE SHOPPING,
ADVERTISING, AND

■ mobile portal

A customer interaction channel that aggregates content and services for

mobile users
MOBILE ENTERPRISE AND SUPPLY

■ Support of Mobile Employees

■ Mobile office

■ sales force mobilization

The process of equipping sales force employees with wireless Internet-

enabled computing devices

■ Worker support in retailing

■ Support in hospitals

■ Support in operations
MOBILE ENTERPRISE AND SUPPLY

■ Tracking employees

■ Job dispatch

■ Maintenance and repair at remote sites

■ wearable devices

Mobile wireless computing devices, attached to various parts of employees,

for employees who work on buildings and other climbable workplaces
MOBILE ENTERPRISE AND SUPPLY

■ Supporting Other Types of Work

■ Customer and Partner Support

■ Non–Internet Enterprise Applications

■ B2B M-Commerce and Supply Chain Management

MOBILE PERSONAL
AND CONSUMER SERVICE APPLICATIONS

■ Mobile Entertainment

■ Mobile games and gambling

■ Hands-free driving

■ Wireless Telemedicine

■ Other Mobile Computing Services for Consumers

■ Non–Internet Mobile Applications for Consumers

LOCATION-BASED MOBILE COMMERCE
■ location-based m-commerce (l-commerce)

Delivery of m-commerce transactions to individuals in a specific

location, at a specific time

■ The services provided through location-based m-commerce focus on

five key factors:
1. Location

2. Navigation

3. Tracking

4. Mapping

5. Timing
LOCATION-BASED MOBILE

■ The Technology For L-Commerce

■ Global positioning system

■ geographical information system (GIS)

A computer system capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing,

and displaying geographically-referenced (spatial) information

■ GPS/GIS applications
LOCATION-BASED MOBILE

■ Location-Based Advertising

■ Emergency Response Cell Phone Calls

■ wireless 911

In the United States, emergency response system that processes calls from cellular
phones

■ automatic crash notification (ACN)

Device that automatically sends the police the location of a vehicle that has been
involved in a crash
LOCATION-BASED MOBILE

■ Telematics

The integration of computers and wireless communications to improve

information flow using the principles of telemetry

■ Other Applications of Location-Based Systems

LOCATION-BASED MOBILE

■ Barriers to Location-Based

M-Commerce

■ Accuracy of devices

■ The cost-benefit justification

■ Limited network bandwidth

■ Invasion of privacy
SECURITY AND OTHER
IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES IN M-

■ M-Commerce Security Issues

■ Malicious codes

■ Transaction security

■ Wireless communication

■ Physical security of mobile devices

■ Ease of use and poor security

■ Security measures
SECURITY AND OTHER
IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES IN M-

■ Technological Barriers to M-Commerce

■ Many Web sites are not designed for viewing by mobile devices

■ Current devices have limited usability, particularly with respect to pocketsize

screens or data input devices

■ Quick and easy navigation of sites is necessary but not always available in the
mobile environment
PERVASIVE

■ pervasive computing

Invisible, everywhere computing that is embedded in the objects around us

■ Invisible computing

■ Principles of pervasive computing

■ Decentralization

■ Diversification

■ Connectivity

■ Simplicity
PERVASIVE

■ contextual computing

The enhancement of a user’s interactions by understanding the user, the context,

and the applications and information required

■ radio frequency identification (RFID)

Technology that uses radio waves to identify items

PERVASIVE
PERVASIVE

■ RFID Applications

■ Track moving vehicles

■ Track people

■ Track individual items

■ Protect secure areas

■ Record transactions

■ Electronic Product Code (EPC)

An RFID code that identifies the manufacturer, producer, version, and serial
number of individual consumer products
PERVASIVE

■ Smart Applications: Homes, Cars, and More

■ Smart homes
■ Lighting

■ Energy management

■ Water control

■ Home security and communications

■ Home entertainment

■ Smart cars
■ sensor network
A series of interconnected sensors that monitor the environment in which
they are placed
PERVASIVE

■ Barriers to Pervasive Computing

■ A number of technological, legal, and ethical issues still need to be fully

explored and resolved if the promises of pervasive computing are to be
realized
 END OF CHAPTER 2

■ End of Chapter 02