BEJ 30403
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Chapter 4 Oscillator
Part I
Dr. Rahmat Sanudin
Department of Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Outline
• Overview
• Phase Shift Oscillator
• Wein Bridge Oscillaotor
• Colpitts Oscillator
• Hartley Oscillator
• Crystal Oscillator
Overview
• Oscillator widely used in electronic system e.g.:
modem, intercom, TV, radio
• Feedback oscillators – generate sinusoidal
waveforms using +ve feedback. Divided into two
categories: RC and LC feecback
• Relaxation oscillators – use RC timing & periodic
waveform generator to generate non-sinusoidal
waveforms.
Overview
• Four conditions for oscillator operation
• power source, frequency oscillator
• amplification and +ve feedback.
• Example of RC oscillators: Phase-Shift, Wien-
Bridge, T-twin
• Example of LC oscillators: Colpitts, Hartley, Clapps,
Armstrong, Crystal
• Example of Relaxation oscillators: square-wave,
triangular-wave & saw-tooth-wave
Phase Shift Oscillator
• Contains inverting amplifier & feedback network
which 'shifts' the phase by 180 of oscillation
frequency.
• Feedback network consists of 3 RC pairs
• Initial voltage from noise contains all sinusoidal freq.
– amplified & appears at output
• Amplified noise drives feedback network, =>
feedback voltage freq. = oscillation freq.
Phase Shift Oscillator
Figure 1: PSO circuit
Phase Shift Oscillator
• Amplifier gain:
𝐴
𝐴𝑓 =
1 − 𝐴𝛽
• If 𝐴𝛽 = 1, 𝐴𝑓 = ∞ (amplifier => oscillator) –
Barkhausen criterion of oscillation.
• Output has single sinusoidal frequency
• To satisfy oscillation conditions => single RC, f = 60°.
• Thus, total f ΣRC = 180°.
• total f : transistor base -> around the circuit -> base =
360° (satisfy Barkhausen criterion).
Phase Shift Oscillator
• If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅 & 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 = 𝐶
• Operating frequency:
1
𝑓𝑜 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶 6
• Feedback factor:
𝑅𝐴 1
𝛽= =
𝑅𝐹 29
• Oscillation operation:
𝐴𝛽 > 1; ∴ 𝐴 > 29
Wein Bridge Oscillator
• Wien Bridge used low-frequency RC oscillators.
• It uses RC LPF & RC HPF to set the oscillations freq.
• Oscillator circuit achieves regenerative feedback by
producing no phase shift at resonant frequency, fr
Wein Bridge Oscillator
• Wien bridge has 2 feedback paths:
• Positive feedback (+ input) – produce oscillations
• Negative feedback (– input) – control the ACL
• Positive feedback has 2 RC circuit:
• R1C1 forms LPF
• R2C2 forms HPF
• Resonant freq. BF determines oscillating frequency of
circuit.
• The freq. of oscillations
1
𝑓𝑜 =
2𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶2
Wein Bridge Oscillator
• If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅 & 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 = 𝐶
1
𝑓𝑜 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
• Amplifier must non-inverting type to enable a 0 phase shift,
𝑅𝐹
𝐴 =1+
𝑅𝐴
• Attenuation factor:
1
𝛽=
3
• To fulfill Barkhausen criterion, bA ≥ 1;
𝑅𝐹
≥2
𝑅𝐴
PSO vs. WBO
PSO WBO
180 phase shift 0 phase shift
Inverting type; opposite Non-inverting type;
phase i/p & o/p similar phase i/p & o/p
𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
𝐴= 𝐴 =1+
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐴
LC Feedback Oscillator
• RC oscillators suitable freq. ≈ 1MHz, LC feedback
require higher freq. of oscillation.
• Because of freq. limitation in op-amps, transistors
(BJT/FET) used in LC oscillator.
• Therefore, tuned oscillators using parallel LC
resonant circuit to provide the oscillations.
• E.g.: Hartley osc., Colpitts osc., Crystal osc.
Colpitts Oscillator
• Colpitts osc. – discrete LC amplifier uses a pair of
tapped capacitors & single inductor.
Colpitts Oscillator
• Oscillator frequency:
1 𝐶1 𝐶2
𝑓𝑜 = ; 𝐶𝑒𝑞 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 +𝐶2
• Gain:
𝑉𝑜 𝑋𝐶2 𝐶1
𝐴= = ≅
𝑉𝑓 𝑋𝐶1 𝐶2
• Feedback factor / Attenuation:
𝑉𝑓 𝑋𝐶1 𝐶2
𝛽= = ≅
𝑉𝑜 𝑋𝐶2 𝐶1
Hartley Oscillator
• Hartley oscillator almost
identical to Colpitts
oscillator.
• Primary difference is Hartley
oscillator uses tapped
inductors & single capacitor.
Hartley Oscillator
• Oscillator frequency:
1
𝑓𝑜 = ; 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2
2𝜋 𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝐶
• Gain:
𝑉𝑜 𝑋𝐿2 𝐿2
𝐴= = ≅
𝑉𝑓 𝑋𝐿1 𝐿1
• Feedback factor / Attenuation:
𝑉𝑓 𝑋𝐿1 𝐿1
𝛽= = ≅
𝑉𝑜 𝑋𝐿2 𝐿2
Crystal Oscillator
• Definition: Tuned-circuit oscillator using a
piezoelectric crystal to produce output freq.
• Most stable oscillator, f ≈ 1kHz – 200MHz;
used in communication transceivers
• Crystal replaces tank circuit LC oscillators.
• Since crystal ≈ series-parallel RLC, it can
operate in series / parallel resonance.
Crystal Oscillator
• Series resonance:
1
𝑓𝑠 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶𝑒𝑞
𝐶𝐶𝑀
𝐶𝑒𝑞 =
𝐶 + 𝐶𝑀
• Parallel resonance
1
𝑓𝑝 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶𝑒𝑞
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶 + 𝐶𝑀
End of Chapter 4
Part I
