AR Game Development for Beginners

By

Daniel Buckley
Unity Certified Developer

Morgan McKie
Professional Augmented Reality Developer

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Table of Contents
How to Create an Augmented Reality App in Unity
Introduction
Project Overview
What is Augmented Reality (AR)?
What is Unity?
What is AR Foundation?
Installing Unity
Setting up AR Foundation
Creating the Placement Indicator
Scripting the Placement Indicator
Building to Android
Building to iOS
Conclusion
How to Create an AR Shoot 'Em Up Gallery Game - Part 1
Intro
Tutorial Outline
Setup Unity Project
Install AR Foundation & ARKit Package
AR Game Configuration
Import 3D Model
Design Model Materials
Assign Material to 3D Bottle Model
3D Bottle Physics
Conclusion
How to Create an AR Shoot 'Em Up Gallery Game - Part 2
Intro
Tutorial Outline
Create Placement Indicator
Add Script to Placement Indicator

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 Build your Xcode project
Test the project on your iOS device
Conclusion
How to Create an AR Shoot 'Em Up Gallery Game - Part 3
Intro
Tutorial Outline
Update Placement Indicator
Add Object to Place Script
Shooting Interface
Conclusion
How to Create an AR Shoot ’Em Up Gallery Game - Part 4
Intro
Tutorial Outline
Adding Effects
Shooting Mechanics
Updating Placement Indicator Script
Conclusion
How to use ARCore in Unity
ARCore SDK
Unity Setup
Scene Setup
Building to Android
Enabling USB Debugging
Building to Android
How to use ARKit in Unity
Unity Setup
Build Settings

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How to Create an Augmented Reality App in Unity

Introduction
Welcome to the tutorial, where we're going to create an augmented reality (AR) app inside of
the Unity game engine. You'll learn about installing Unity, setting up AR and building it to your
Android or iOS device.

Project Overview
In this project, we'll be creating an augmented reality app for our Android or iOS device.
Specifically, this app will feature a reticle that snaps to real-world surfaces.

You can download the complete project here.

What is Augmented Reality (AR)?

Augmented reality (AR), is the real world with virtual elements added in. This isn't the same as
virtual reality (VR), which creates an entirely virtual experience. AR augments your existing one.

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What is Unity?
Unity, is one of the most popular game engines available today. It allows you to create 3D, 2D,
AR, VR, mobile, console - really any type of game for any platform you can think of. With Unity
being so versatile, there's a large amount of documentation and help available online, including
this tutorial.

What is AR Foundation?
Right now, there are two main AR SDK's available. ARCore for Android and ARKit for iOS. AR
Foundation is an API which allows the developer to create AR apps for both platforms
seamlessly. Developers don't need to create separate projects for Android and iOS, or have
even more convoluted code. It's all packaged into one with AR Foundation.

So what can we do with AR Foundation?

• Detect surfaces
• Identify feature points in the world
• Track virtual objects in the real world
• Adjust the lighting in Unity based on a real world estimate
• Face, image and object tracking
• Unity documentation

Due to these advanced features, there are restrictions to which devices can actually run this.
• Supported Android devices (for ARCore)
• Supported iOS devices (for ARKit)

Installing Unity
Start of by going to https://unity3d.com/get-unity/download and click Download Unity Hub. The
Unity Hub is where we can manage our projects and versions of Unity.

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Download the installer and install the Unity Hub. When you open it up, let's navigate to
the Installs tab (you may have to setup a license). Here, click on Add. The image below shows
4 versions of Unity already installed (your page will be blank).

A new window will pop-up. Select the most recent version of Unity (not including versions with a
b or a (beta and alpha), these can be unstable). Then click Next.

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Next is the modules screen. These are basically different platforms we can build to. Unity
includes the standard ones (PC, Mac, Linux, Web) but we can choose extras to add. If you want
to build for Android, select the three Android Build Supports. If you want to build for iOS, select
the iOS Build Support. Then click Next. Do also note, that if you're on a Windows computer -
you cannot build to iOS.

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This will begin to install Unity along with your extra modules.

Setting up AR Foundation
To begin, open the Unity Hub, go to the Projects tab and click on the New button.

AR Foundation requires a minimum Unity version of 2019.1, although it's recommended to use
the latest version. Make sure your project has the 3D template selected, then click Create.

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In your project, let's navigate to the Package Manager window (Window > Package Manager).
Wait a few seconds for the packages to load, then we need to install...
• AR Foundation
• ARCore XR Plugin (if you're developing for Android)
• ARKit XR Plugin (if you're developing for iOS)

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We can now close that window. Next, let's go over to the Hierarchy (a list of all the objects in our
current scene) and delete the MainCamera object. This is because we're now going to add in 2
new objects (which includes an AR camera). Right click the Hierarchy and select:
• XR > AR Session Origin
• XR > AR Session

The AR Session Origin defines the center of the AR world. It also has an AR camera as a child
which has the scripts needed to work in AR. Then we create the AR Session object. This
basically runs the AR session and detects inputs.

Select the AR Session Origin object and look over in the Inspector. Click Add Component
and add two components:
• AR Raycast Manager
• AR Plane Manager

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Before we continue, let's switch our platform over to whatever device we're building for. Open
up the Build Settings window (File > Build Settings...).

First, let's click the Add Open Scenes button to add the current scene to the build list. Then find
your platform (Android or iOS) in the list. Select it and then click Switch Platform.

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Creating the Placement Indicator
In this tutorial, we're going to be creating a reticle that will snap to detected surfaces. You can
use this to spawn in objects, aim at things, etc.

In the downloadable files, there is a PNG file called PlacementMarkerBase. Drag this into
the Project panel in Unity.

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Select the file and you should see that some import settings appear in the Inspector panel. All
we need to do here is enable Alpha is Transparency, then click Apply. You should no longer
see the black background.

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In Unity, if you want something to be visible, have a texture, color, shininess, etc - it needs a
material. Right click in the Project panel and select Create > Material. Call
this PlacementIndicator.

Let's now edit the material. Select it and in the Inspector, we can set the properties.
• Set the Shader to Unlit/Transparent
• Drag the PlacementIndicator.PNG into the texture field

Now we can add the in-game object. In the Hierarchy, right click and select Create Empty.
Rename this object to PlacementIndicator. If you select it, in the Inspector, set the
Position to 0, 0, 0.

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Right click the object in the Hierarchy and select 3D Object > Plane. This will create a white
plane object. Drag the material we just made onto it to apply. You might see that the object has
a MeshCollider component attached to it. In the Inspector, right click on the collider's name and
select Remove Component.

Right now, our placement indicator would be very large in AR. To make it more manageable
and around 1x1 inch, select the Plane and set the Scale to 0.01, 0.01, 0.01.

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Scripting the Placement Indicator
Next, let's create the script which will be the code controlling the placement indicator. In the
Project panel, right click and select Create > C# Script. Call this PlacementIndicator.

Let's attach the script to the object. Select the PlacementIndicator and drag the script into the
Inspector. You should see the script component attached.

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Double click on the script file to open it up in Visual Studio. You should have the default script
template inside.
• The public class PlacementIndicator : MonoBehaviour code is where the contents of
the script are contained
• The Start function gets called once when the object is initialized (at the start of the
game)
• The Update function gets called every frame (e.g. 60 times a second if the app is
running at 60 FPS)

Above the class, you should see three lines of code with using before it. These are external
libraries we're using. We need to add two more libraries specifically for AR Foundation.

Back down in our class, let's start by adding in some variables to keep track of.

Inside of the Start function we can set the two variables and start off by hiding the placement
indicator visual.

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Then down in the Update function, we're going to be shooting a raycast from the center of our
screen. A raycast is basically a line that can detect objects (think shooting a bullet). We give it
an origin position and direction and it will then tell us what it hits. We're looking to hit an AR
plane (automatically generated when it detects the world).

Let's start by creating a list to hold all of the AR planes we hit. Then we can cast the raycast.

Under that, let's check if we hit anything.

Inside of the if statement, let's set the position and rotation of the placement indicator to be
where the raycast hit is.

Let's also enable the visual if it's disabled.

The script is now complete. We can return back to the editor now.

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Building to Android
If you have an Android device and want to build your app to it, follow these steps. First, we need
to enable Developer Options on your device.
• Open the Settings app and select the System button
• Scroll to the bottom and select About Phone
• Tab the Build Number 7 times
• Now there should be a Developer Options tab in the settings app
• Go into that and enable USB Debugging

Back in Unity, let's open up the Build Settings window (File > Build Settings...). Click Refresh
then find your plugged in device.

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After that, click Player Settings to open the Player Settings window.
• Go to the Player screen
• The Product Name is what the app will be called on your device
• In the Other Settings tab...
• Enable Auto Graphics API
• Disable Multithread Rendering

Scroll down a bit and create a Package Name. This is a unique identifier for your app. The
format is com.CompanyName.ProductName. This can really be whatever you want, just follow
the structure.

Also set the Minimum API Level to Android 7.0 "Nougat" (API level 24).

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Now go to the XR tab and click the Create button to create a new AR Core setting asset. Save
this in the Assets folder. Then the screen should change. Set Requirement to Optional.

Let's go back to the Build Settings window and click Build and Run. You can save the .apk
where ever you want as it's automatically going to install onto our device.

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When the app launches, it should only take a second or so for the placement indicator to
appear.

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Building to iOS
Building to iOS is similar to Android, yet it includes a few extra steps. First, we need to install an
app called Xcode. You can download it from the App Store or Apple website.

Inside of Unity, we first need to change our build platform. Go to the Build Settings window
(File > Build Settings...). Select the iOS platform and click Switch Platform.

Then click on the Player Settings button to go to the Project Settings window. Here, make sure
you're on the Player tab.
• Set the Product Name to what you want the app to be called on your device
• In Other Settings, make sure Auto Graphics API is enabled

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Scroll down a bit more as we need to change a few more things.
• Set the Bundle Identifier to a unique identifier for your app. The format is
normally com.CompanyName.ProductName
• Set the Camera Usage Description to what we want to use the camera for
• Set the Architecture to ARM64

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Now click on the XR > ARKit tab to go to the ARKit screen. Here, we want to click Create and
save the file to the Assets folder.

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After that, the screen will change so set the Requirement to Optional.

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Now we can build our app. Go back to the Build Settings window (File > Build Settings...) and
click Build. Save where ever you want.

After the project has been built, let's go to that folder and double-click on the Unity-
iPhone.xcodeproj file to open it up in Xcode.

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Inside of Xcode is where we publish to our device. To open the project, click on Unity-iPhone in
the top left.

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In order to build to a device, we need an account connected. Go to the Preferences window
(Xcode > Preferences) and then click on the Accounts tab. Here, let's click on the ' + ' icon and
select Apple ID. Login and then you should see your account pop-up in the list.

Back in the main Xcode window, let's enable Automatically manage signing.

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Then, set your Team to your account. Now we're good to go, so make sure your device is
connected and click the Play button to begin the build.

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When the app launches, it should only take a second or two for the placement indicator to
appear.

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Conclusion
Congratulations on finishing the tutorial! You now know the basics of creating an augmented
reality app in Unity. From here, you can make any sort of AR app you wish. With AR
Foundation, there are many different features for you to explore.

If you wish to download the completed project, you can get it from here.

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How to Create an AR Shoot 'Em Up Gallery Game -
Part 1

Intro
In one of my other tutorials, Create an AR Business Card, I showed you how to wow the crowd
at networking events with your very own augmented reality business card. After all that work,
let’s blow off some steam at the shooting gallery by creating an augmented reality carnival-style
game for iOS!

The complete Unity project for this tutorial is available here. All images and models used in this
tutorial have been created by me.

This tutorial was implemented in:

• Xcode 10.1
• Unity 2018.3.8f1

Tutorial Outline
1. Setup Unity Project
2. Install AR Foundation & ARKit Package
3. AR Game Configuration
4. Import 3D Bottle Model
5. Design 3D Bottle Model Materials
6. Assign Material to 3D Bottle Model
7. 3D Model Physics
8. Create a Plane Object

*Building to Android with ARCore is outside the scope of this tutorial, we encourage you to
research how to do so if you would like to.

Setup Unity Project

In my last tutorial, I had you download the ARKit 2.0 Plugin from Bitbuckets because said plugin
was deprecated from the Asset Store. This means that new purchases of the package are not
allowed and that only users who already purchased or downloaded the package before it was
deprecated, are allowed to download it. But do not fear, Unity has developed the AR Foundation
package in order for it to be used to develop a more efficient AR ecosystem.

You'll be using said foundation to build your game.

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To get started, open Unity and click New to create a new project. Let's title it AR Shooting
Gallery. Select where you would like to save your project and in the Template dropdown select
3D.

With your project open, navigate to Build Settings from the main menu, File > Build Settings.
In the dialogue box that appears select iOS from the list of platforms on the left and select
Switch Platform at the bottom of the window. Switching Platforms sets the build target of our
current project to iOS. This means that when we build our project in Unity, that process will
create an Xcode project.

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Next, you’ll need to enter the bundle identifier for our game. A bundle identifier is a string that
identifies an app. It’s written in the reverse-DNS style, following the format
com.yourCompanyName.yourGameName. Allowed characters are alphanumeric characters,
periods and hyphens. You’ll need to change the bundle identifier from the default setting in
order to build to your desired platform.

It is important to note, once you have registered a bundle identifier to a Personal Team in Xcode
the same bundle identifier cannot be registered to another Apple Developer Program team in
the future. This means that while you are testing your game using a free Apple ID and a
Personal Team, you should choose a bundle identifier that is for testing only – you won’t be able
to use the same bundle identifier to release the game. The way some developer do this is to
add “Test” to the end of whatever bundle identifier they were going to use – for example,
com.yourCompanyName.yourGameNameTest.

With that said, to change the bundle identifier, open the Player Settings field in the Inspector
panel by going to Edit in the main menu, Edit > Project Settings > Player. Expand the section
at the bottom called Other Settings and enter your bundle identifier in the Bundle Identifier field.

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You’ll also need to turn on the Requires ARKit support checkbox. Note that when you do this
Unity fills in the Camera Usage Description field with the message “Required for augmented
reality support.” This can be any value you want, but it just cannot be blank. You’ll also notice
that it gives you a warning that iOS 11.0 or newer is required for ARKit support. So, you’ll need
to increase the iOS number in the Target minimum iOS Version field.

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The final change you’ll need to make is to the architecture. ARKit only works with ARM64
processors so you’ll need to select ARM64 from the Architecture drop-down menu.

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Install AR Foundation & ARKit Package
Once you have completely setup up your project for an iOS game, you will need to install the
AR Foundation and ARKit packages. To do so, you’ll need to open Unity’s Package Manager by
clicking Window > Package Manager. In the dialog box that appears the AR Foundation and
ARKit package is not readily available. To see all packages available for install click the
Advance button this will open a drop-down menu that allows you to show preview packages.
Preview packages are not verified to work with Unity and might be unstable. They are not
supported in production environments.

Select the AR Foundation package from the list of packages. The package information appears
in the details pane. In the top right-hand corner of the information pane select the version to
install, in our case, we will be installing version 1.0 preview 27. Then click the Install button.
You will do the same for the ARKit Plugin.

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AR Game Configuration
Now if you right-click in your Scene Hierarchy you will notice a new section called XR in the
menu that appears. From said menu add an AR Session, controls the lifecycle of an AR
experience, enabling or disabling AR on the target platform. The AR Session can be on any
Game Object.

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Next, you’ll add an AR Session Origin object by right-clicking Scene Hierarchy and navigating to
the XR > AR Session Origin. The AR Session Origin object transforms trackable features
(such as planar surfaces and feature points) into their final position, orientation, and scale in the
Unity scene. Because AR devices provide their data in "session space", an unscaled space
relative to the beginning of the AR session, the AR Session Origin performs the appropriate
transformation into Unity space. Notice that the AR Session Origin object has it’s own AR
Camera. So, you no longer need the Main Camera that was included when you create your
project. To remove it, right-click on it and Delete.

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Go ahead and select the AR Camera from the AR Session Origin drop-down contents and in the
Inspector pane tag it as the Main Camera.

Import 3D Model
With your game now configured with AR capabilities, you’ll need to import the bottle 3D model
that you’ll use for target practice in your game. Download model here. Drag and drop the FBX
file into the Assets folder. To add it to your game drag the bottle into the Scene Hierarchy. The
model contains a cola can and bottle. You’ll just need the bottle so drag the bottle outside of the
Game Object it is in, then delete the Game Object containing the cola can.

The model is just basic cola bottle. It doesn’t look to appealing let's jazz it up a bit by adding
some materials to it. Included in the file that you download is a folder titled maps. This folder
contains the necessary images to create your label materials. Drag and drop said folder into
your Assets folder.

Design Model Materials

Next, you’ll need to create a folder titled Materials in your Assets folder. To do so, right-click in
Assets folder rollover Create in the menu that appears and select Folder. Name it Materials.

First, you’ll want to create the cap material. Navigate into your new Materials folder by double-
clicking it. Inside said folder, you once again right click and rollover Create from the menu that
appears and select Material. Name the new material Cap. With it selected move over to the
Inspector pane from the Shader drop-down select Legacy > Diffuse, click Select inside of the
Texture box below and choose the circular cap image in the dialogue box that appears. Do the
same for the bottle tag.

For the glass and liquid inside of the bottle, the steps slightly differ. Simply create two materials
and name them cola and glass respectively. With the glass material selected, in the Inspector
pane select Transparent from the Render Mode drop-down. Under Main Maps section click
the white color block, the Color dialog box should appear. Change the Alpa number to 70, color
to black and close the dialog box.

With the cola material selected, in the Inspector pane. Under Main Maps section click the white
color block, the Color dialog box should appear. Change the color to brown and close the color
dialog box.

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Assign Material to 3D Bottle Model
To assign your newly created materials to the bottle, click on the bottle in the Scene Hierarchy,
in the Inspector pane drop-down the Materials tab, drag the cap material on to Element 0, the
cola material on Element 1, the glass material on Element 2, and the tag material on to Element
3.

3D Bottle Physics
Your bottle now looks a little more refined, but its a little small. Let’s resize it by changing the
Scale x, y and z properties to 1.3 respectively.

Now let's create a plane so that we can keep the bottle on something. Right-click in the Scene
Hierarchy and select 3D Object > Plane. Reset your new plane object’s origin in the Transform
properties found in the Inspector pane, by right-clicking on the Transform panel and selecting
Reset. Resize it by changing the Scale x, y and z properties to 0.1 respectively.

To make your bottle act as it would in the real world, you’ll have to add two physics component
to the bottle: Box Collider and Rigidbody. The Box Collider is a basic box-shaped primitive
collider. This component is applied to the bottle so that it does not fall through the plane and
continuously fall into nothing and to detect the bullets when we shot them. Rigidbody enables

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your bottle to act under the control of physics. The bottle must contain a Rigidbody to be
influenced by gravity, act under added forces via scripting, or interact with other objects through
the NVIDIA PhysX physics engine.

To apply said components, make sure your bottle is selected, at the bottom of the Inspector
pane click the Add Component button, type in the Box Collider in the search field and select it
for the populated list. Do the same to add the Rigidbody component.

You’re going to need a few more bottles to targets. Go ahead and duplicate your bottle by
pressing Cmd+D (Control+D) on your keyboard or right-clicking and selecting Duplicate. Use
the handles to move the duplicated bottle into position. Continue to do so till you have stacked
five bottles into a triangular shape.

If you were to view the game and deactivate one of the lower tier bottles the top tier bottle would
fall over as it would in real life.

Make sure to make the name of all the bottle objects the same. You will see why this is
necessary as you go through the tutorial.

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Combined the Plane and bottles into one game object by; right-clicking in the
Scene Hierarchy and select Create Empty. Name your new empty game object Setup. Then
select the plane and bottles by, selecting the topmost object, in your case should be the plane,
and while holding Shift, click the down arrow till the Plane and all bottles are selected. Then
drag your selection onto the Setup game object.

The last thing you’ll need to do is change the origin of the Setup game object. To do so, right-
click in the Scene Hierarchy and select 3D Object > 3D Cube. Rename it Parent and reset its
origin in the Transform properties found in the Inspector pane, by right-clicking on the
Transform panel and selecting Reset. Resize it by changing the Scale x, y and z properties to
10 respectively. Now uncheck its Mesh Renderer and Box Collider. Then drag your Setup
game object on to your Parent game object.

You are now done with the initial setup for your carnival-style shooting gallery game.

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Conclusion
In this tutorial, you learned how to manipulate the iOS ARKit Plugin to:
• Setup Unity Project to create iOS AR games
• Import 3D Bottle Model
• Design 3D Bottle Model Materials
• Assign Material to 3D Bottle Model
• 3D Bottle Physics

In the next part, you will learn how to develop the mechanics of your carnival-style shooting
gallery game.

Go forth into the AR universe and create more!

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comprehensive and in-demand augment reality development skills!
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How to Create an AR Shoot 'Em Up Gallery Game -
Part 2

Intro
In Part 1, I showed you how to:
• setup a Unity Project to create iOS AR games
• import a 3D Bottle Model
• create/design materials for it and then assign them
• add physics to said bottle.

With the initial setup done, let's now develop the game mechanics.

The complete Unity project for this tutorial is available here.

All images and models used in this tutorial have been created by yours truly.

This tutorial was implemented in:

• Xcode 10.1
• Unity 2018.3.8f1

Tutorial Outline
1. Create Placement Indicator
2. Add Script to Placement Indicator

*Building to Android with ARCore is outside the scope of this tutorial, we encourage you to
research how to do so if you would like to.

Create Placement Indicator

When a user first opens your game, they’ll need indications on where to place their targets.
You’ll need to create a Placement Indicator to implement this functionality. You’ll start by
creating an empty game object, right-clicking in the Scene Hierarchy and selecting Create
Empty. Name it Placement Indicator. Within it, create a Quad, then right-click Placement
Indicator 3D Object > Quad. The quad primitive resembles the plane, but its edges are only
one unit long and the surface is oriented in the XY plane of the local coordinate space. Also, a
quad is divided into just two triangles, whereas the plane contains two hundred. A quad is useful
in cases where a scene object must be used simply as a display screen for an image or movie.

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Rotate the quad on its x-axis 90 degrees, and resize it on all axes to the size of the plane you
created originally 0.1.

Now you’ll need to create a material for it. Navigate into your new Materials folder by double-
clicking it. Inside said folder, you once again right click and rollover to Create from the menu
that appears and select Material. Name the new material Indicator. With it selected, move over
to the Inspector pane from the Shader drop-down select Unlit > Transparent, click Select
inside of the Texture box below, and choose the image titled AR Placement Indicator in the
dialogue box that appears. With that done, drag the material on to the quad then your
Placement Indicator is complete.

Add Script to Placement Indicator

Now you’ll need to create a script to control the logic in your scene. In your Assets folder, create
a new folder and label it Scripts. You’ll house all the scripts need for your game here. Once
you’ve done so, right-click > Create > C# Script and name it ARTapToPlaceObject.

Double click on your new C# Script to open it. The first thing you’ll need to do is to import some
libraries you’ll need to pull from to implement your AR functions.

You’ll need to interact with the AR Session you created in your scene to be able to connect with
your real-world environment. But before you can do so, you’ll need to create a public variable to
store your AR Session attribute. Then with your AR Session variable, you can save a reference
to it right as the game starts.

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The game logic is that on every frame update you’ll want to check the world around you to find
out where the camera is pointing and identify if there is a position where you can place a virtual
object. In order to represent that position in space, you’ll need to use a Pose object. Let’s call
said pose object placementPose. The Pose object is a simple data structure that describes the
position and rotation of a 3D point so its perfect for what we’ll need.

In the Update method, you’ll call a new method that will update the placement pose called
UpdatePlacementPose().

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Before we go any further we’ll need to get familiar with AR Foundation Physics attribute
Raycast. Raycast will cast a ray into the real world and it will tell if it has hit a real-world surface.
Raycast needed parameters are Raycast(Vector3, List<ARRaycastHit>, TrackableType).
The Vector3, is the point, in the device screen pixels, from which to cast the ray.

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List<ARRaycastHit> is the hitResults contents of the list are replaced with the raycast, if
successful. TrackableType is the types of objects to cast against.

Knowing this let's use the screen center as your first parameter the ray. To so create a variable
called screenCenter and set it to the camera you are currently rendering with and define that
position in pixels. For your second parameter create a variable called hits and assign new
empty List<ARRaycastHit>(). Using your AR Session attribute, arOrigin, cast your ray. Then
for the last parameter, you’ll want to use a plane as your TrackableType.

After arOrigin.Raycast is called you’ll either end up with empty hit list, meaning there are no flat
planes in front of the camera currently, or you’ll have a list with one or more items representing
the planes that are in front of the camera. To keep track of this outcome you need to create a
class boolean variable called Placement Pose Is Valid and have it initially set false.

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In your Update Placement Pose method, you’ll only consider the placement pose valid when if
you actually hit something. So, in other words, if your hits array has at least one item in it. In
your, if statement you will set your placement pose looking up the first hit result in your hits array
and accessing its pose property. Now your placement pose will be constantly be running as
your game updates.

The complete code is But the placement post is just the descriptor of position and rotation. You
haven’t actually updated any of the visuals yet. Back in your update method let’s call a new
method called UpdatePlacementIndicator().

If you are going to update that placement indicator object in your scene you’ll need to make a
reference to it in your code. To do that create a public variable of type GameObject and call it
placementIndicator. Create your UpdatePlacementIndicator method. Inside of it, you’ll again
check to make sure that the placement pose is valid with an if statement. If it is you’ll want to
make that placement indicator active, in other words, visible. If the pose isn’t valid you’ll want to
hide the indicator by setting its active state to false.

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Now your indicator visibility is controlled but you’ll need to control its position and rotation if
placement pose is valid. You’ll do that by modifying its transform property calling the Set
Position and Rotation method, which sets the world space position and rotation of the Transform
component. For the parameters for this method, you’ll need a Vector3 position, which is your
placement pose position, and Quaternion rotation, which is your placement pose rotation.

Go ahead and save your code and switch back over to Unity. Currently, the code you created
does not exist in your scene. To add it you’ll need to create an empty game object within your
scene hierarchy and name it Interaction. Its a game object with no physical presence but it gives
you a place to hang your code. Drag and drop your AR Tap To Place Object script on the
Interaction game object. Once you have done so you’ll notice in the Inspector panel the public
parameter called PlacementIndicator appears. In that field drag and drop your Placement
Indicator game object.

Build your Xcode project

With what you have done so far go ahead and build the Xcode project. Open the Build Settings
from the main menu, File > Build Settings. Click Add Open Scenes to add the Main scene to
the list of scenes that will be built. Click Build to build.

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You will be prompted to choose where to build your Xcode project. Best practice mandate that
you have a dedicated builds folder within your project folder. To make said new folder, click the
down arrow in the top right of the prompt to expand it, and then click New Folder. When
prompted to choose a name, enter Builds and click Create. This will create a new folder called
Builds in the root directory for your project. In the Sava As filed, enter AR_Shooting_Gallery and
click Save.

Unity will now create an Xcode project called AR_Shooting_Gallery in the Builds folder.

Test the project on your iOS device

With your Xcode project now ready, let’s build it to your iOS device. Navigate back to the Project
Settings by selecting your project in the Navigator panel. In the top left, select Unity-iPhone to
view the project settings. It will open with the General tab selected. Under the topmost section
called Identity, you may see a warning and a button.

This warning doesn’t mean that anything is wrong with your project: it just means that Unity-
iPhone applications need a development team. In the General page under Signing, select your
personal development team from the Team dropdown menu.

When I test this, I am intentionally holding the phone very still so that the camera does not
detect any flat planes. But once I start moving the phone camera a little bit it picks up enough
information about the world around me to identify those flat planes. You’ll see that the
placement indicator moves just as desired. You can even switch to the floor and it sees it as a
separate plan.

One thing you’ll notice is that as you turn your phone, the placement indicator doesn’t turn.
That’s because the rotation of the pose returned by our ray cast is always going to be oriented
to whatever direction the phone was facing when AR Kit started up. It would be better if that
placement indicator turned as the phone turned.

Conclusion
In this tutorial, you learned how to build:
• a placement indicator from scratch that will instruct players on the best place to place
their bottles for target practice
• the script to develop your placement indicator logic for gameplay

In the next part, you will learn how to make the placement indicator turn as your phone turns,
place your bottles in the game world, and add a shooting interface to your game.

Go forth into the AR universe and create more!

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comprehensive and in-demand augment reality development skills!
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How to Create an AR Shoot 'Em Up Gallery Game -
Part 3

Intro
In the previous tutorials within this series, we learned how to:
• setup Unity Project to create an iOS AR game
• import a 3D bottle model
• design and assign materials for the above
• implement physics for the 3D bottle
• create a placement indicator
• add a script to the above

After all that, we still have a few more things to do to our AR carnival shooting gallery. But do
not fear our dive into the ARverse, as it is all about the journey. This is just one small step for
your education... and one giant leap into your indie game development career.

The complete Unity project for this tutorial is available here. All images and models used in this
tutorial have been created by yours truly.

This tutorial was implemented in:

• Xcode 10.1
• Unity 2018.3.8f1

Tutorial Outline
• Update Placement Indicator
• Add Object to Place Script
• Shooting Interface

Update Placement Indicator

In part 2, I advised readers to test out their game so far on their iOS device. If you did so you
should have noticed that as you turn your phone the placement indicator doesn’t turn. That’s
because the rotation of the pose returned by our ray cast is always going to be oriented to
whatever direction the phone was facing when AR Kit started up. It would be better if that
placement indicator turned as the phone turned.

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To do so, navigate back to your Unity project and double click on your ARTapToPlaceObject.cs
script to open it in the code editor. In the UpdatePlacementPose() method’s if statement, instead
of using the default rotation that comes with the pose you’ll need to calculate a new rotation
based on the camera direction.

Create a variable called cameraForward. This will be the vector that acts sort of like an arrow
that describes the direction the camera is facing along the x, y and z-axes. We only need to take
into consideration the bearing of the user’s camera and not if it is pointed towards the sky or
towards the ground. So you’ll need to create a new variable cameraBearing and assign a new
Vector3 using the x component of your camera forward object, 0 for the y component and the x
component of your camera forward object. When using vectors to represent the direction you
should always use the normalized version of the vector. This gives you the direction as if y was
perfectly vertical.

Now if you were to run the project again you would see that the placement indicator turns just
the way you want it.

Add Object to Place Script

Now let’s add some user interaction. Game logic is that we wan the user to be able to tap on the
screen to place an object. To let your script know which object should be placed you’ll need to
create another public variable of type GameObject and call it ObjectToPlace.

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Every time the frame updates you’ll want to check and see if the placement pose is currently
valid and whether the user has just touched the screen. In your Update method create an if
statement that checks if there is a flat plane to place an object on, if the user has any fingers
currently on the screen and if that touch has just begun.

If all these conditions are met the user can actually place the object. To do so, you’ll need to call
another new method called PlaceObject().

To place your object you only need one line of code. In your new method clone your object to
place game object and give it a position and rotation based on the placement pose.

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With that done save your code and navigate back to Unity. Before we can assign the bottle
pyramid to the object to place parameter let’s clean it up first. The plane that the bottle pyramid
sits on is not very attractive and not need for gameplay. So, let’s make it invisible. To do so,
make sure said plane is selected then in your Inspector panel deselect the Mesh Render and in
the Layer dropdown menu select TransparentFX. Now create prefab of your Parent game object
by dragging it into your Assets folder. In your Scene Hierarchy delete the Parent game object.

Now you can assign your Parent prefab to the object to place parameter by selecting the
Interaction game object and dragging and dropping the Parent prefab in the object to place
parameter.

If you were to run the game again you would see the placement indicator and when you tap the
screen the bottles pyramid appears. But the indicator does not go away and if you were to tap
the screen repeatedly other bottle pyramids would spawn. To fix this let's go back into the
ARTapToPlaceObject.cs script. You’ll need to create a class boolean variable called
objectPlaced and initialize it to false.

We only want to place the object if it does not exist in the game world then we can update the
placement pose, the placement indicator, and place the object. To indicate the object has been
placed, after the PlaceObject() method set the object placed variable to true. You’ll also need to
destroy the placement indicator. Just call the Destroy() function after you have set the object
placed variable to true.

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The full ARTapToPlaceObject.cs script is below.

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This book is brought to you by Zenva - Enroll in our Augmented Reality Mini-Degree to learn
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Shooting Interface
Moving on to the shooting mechanics let develop the visuals. You’ll need a crosshair and
shooting button, which will be included with the complete project files. Make sure the Aniso
Level is at the max. We do this because we want the best quality image we can get.

Now you’ll need to create the materials for both the crosshair and the shooting button. In your
Materials folder, right-click Create > Material rename the new material crosshair. In the
Inspector panel from the Shader dropdown menu select Legacy Shader > Diffuse and click the
Select button in the Texture field then select the crosshair png from the dialogue box the
appears. Once you have selected the texture, go back to the Shader dropdown menu select UI
> Default Do the same for the shooting button.

With your buttons ready to go let’s build out the canvas. In the Scene Hierarchy right-click select
UI > Canvas. With the Canvas selected navigate to the Inspector Panel from the UI Scale Mode
dropdown menu select Scale with Screen Size.

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In your Canvas create a button by right-clicking on Canvas and selecting UI > Button. Rename it
shoot button. To see your button double click it. It’s not very flashy and it’s in the center of the
canvas. Let’s jazz it up with the material we created for it.

You will not need the Text field so go ahead and delete that. With your button selected navigate
to the Inspector Panel and in the Source Image field select None. In the Material field select the
shot material you created previously.

Your button is way distorted to correct this change the width and the height to 80x80. Now move
it to the button right of the screen. Make sure its anchor point is set to the bottom right as well.
To do so, click the Anchor Preset icon located in the Inspector Panel and select the icon for the
bottom right.

It time to add the crosshair. Right-click on the Canvas select UI > Image and rename the new
image crosshair. With the crosshair image selected navigate to the Inspector panel, change the
width and the height to 60x60 and in the Material field select the crosshair material you created
previously.

There you have it. You just create the graphical interface for your carnival shooting gallery
game. You'll just need to add an explosion asset, which will cause an explosion effect when you
shoot the bottle, the glass breaking sound, and the shooting script.

Conclusion
In this tutorial we:
• updated the placement indicator to face the direction the camera is pointing
• placed the bottle pyramid in our game space when the user taps the screen
• stopped the spawning of other bottle pyramids if the user taps the screen repeatedly
• destroyed the placement indicator once the bottle pyramid has been placed in the game
space
• laid out the graphical interface by adding a shooting button and crosshair for aiming

Next time in Part 4, you will learn how to add an explosion asset - which will cause an exploding
effect when you shoot the bottle, a breaking glass sound, and the shooting script.

Go forth into the ARverse like the courageous pioneers Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, and
create more!

“There is only one corner of the ARverse you can be certain of improving, and that’s your own
code.” - Morgan H. McKie

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How to Create an AR Shoot ’Em Up Gallery Game -
Part 4

Intro
In the previous tutorials, we learned how to:
• Set up Unity Project to create an iOS AR game
• Import a 3D bottle model
• Design and assign materials for the above
• Implement physics for the 3D bottle
• Create a placement indicator
• Add a script to the above
• Update said placement indicator
• Lay out the shooting interface

After all that, we still have a few final things to do to our AR carnival shooting gallery. But as I
said before, there is no need to fear our dive into the ARverse, as it is all about the journey.
Again, this is just one small step for your education... and one giant leap into your indie game
development career.

The complete Unity project for this tutorial is available here. All images and models used in this
tutorial have been created by yours truly.

This tutorial was implemented in:

• Xcode 10.1
• Unity 2018.3.8f1

Tutorial Outline
• Adding Effects
• Shooting Script
• Updating Placement Indicator Script

Adding Effects
If we were to just make the bottles disappear when the player shot one of them, that wouldn’t be
very exciting. Let’s add a bit of excitement by incorporating a small explosion and glass
breaking sound for the player.

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You can use a particle system to create a convincing explosion, but the dynamics are perhaps a
little more complicated than they seem at first. At its core, an explosion is just an outward burst
of particles, but there are a few simple modifications you can apply to make it look much more
realistic.

So what exactly is an explosion? An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is

released into a small volume of area in a very short time. Meaning the start of it is has a lot of
energy and is there for very bright, then it moves very rapidly which causes it to expand,
dissipating as it goes. In our design, the explosion particle will start off moving very fast but then
its speed will reduce greatly as it moves away from the center of the explosion. At the end of the
particle cycle, we’ll reduce the particle’s size to give the effect of the flames dispersing as the
accelerant is used up.

With that being said for our explosion we will use Jean Moreno’s free War FX asset package to
simulate it. To import said asset package enter the Asset Store tab and search “War FX.” Select
the desired package and click Import. A dialogue box itemizing all asset contents will appear.
On the bottom right of said box, click import.

After a few minutes, a folder titled JMO Assets will be placed in the projects Assets folder. The
explosion that we will be using is located in the JMO Assets > WFX > _Effects > Explosions.
Drag the WFX_Explosion Small prefab into the Scene Hierarchy. Rename it Explosion. If you
were to play the effect as you we see that is a bit large for simple gunfire. Let’s go ahead and
resize it by going into the Inspector Panel and in the Scale properties change the x y z-axis to
0.1.

Every time an explosion take place the glass is breaking. That means we can apply a glass
breaking sound effect to the explosion. To do so, make sure your new Explosion prefab is
selected and in the Inspector Panel click New Component. In the search field type Audio
Source and select it.

Download the glass breaking sound effect found here. From your download folder drag sound
effect file into your project’s Assets folder. From the Asset folder drag sound effect into the
Audio Clip field under the Audio Source component in the Inspector Panel.

Your Explosion prefab is complete. Drag it into your Assets folder to save it then delete it from
the Scene Hierarchy.

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Shooting Mechanics
Now that we have the effects taken care of let’s create the script needed to make them come to
life. Navigate to your script folder, right click within it, select Create > C# Script and name your
new script file Shooting. Open it up by double-clicking on it. First, we’ll need to import the Event
Systems that handles input, raycasting, and sending events. It is responsible for processing and
handling events in a Unity Scene. A Scene should only contain one Event System. The Event
System works in conjunction with a number of modules and mostly just holds state and
delegates functionality to specific, overrideable components.

There is no need to manipulate the Update and Start method because we only need to create a
public method that will be applied to the shoot button. We’ll name said method Shoot.

The Shoot method will be implementing the same Raycast methodology we used when
developing the placement indicator script but it is slightly different from the AR Foundation
Physics. The RaycastHit is a boolean that returns true if the ray intersects with a collider,
otherwise false.

So in the Shoot method let’s create a RaycastHit variable named hit. After will need to create an
if statement that checks if the ray cast originates from the center of the camera, in the forward
direction of it and hits a collider. Within said if statement we’ll need another if statement to check
if the ray hit a bottle collider.

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If this is true we’ll destroy the bottle game object hit by implementing the Destroy method. In this
method, you’ll throw the transform game object property of your hit variable to vaporize the
object. The instant you destroy the bottle you will also want to activate the explosion effect at
the point that the ray intersected the bottle collider.

Your Shoot method is complete. Save your Shoot script and navigate back to Unity. Right now
the Shoot script that you just created is just an abstract piece of code floating in the ARverse
with no defined purpose. Let’s go ahead give it one. In your, Scene Hierarchy select the shoot
button in your Canvas. In the Inspector Panel navigate to the On Click () field and select the
shooting > Shoot () function from the dropdown.

Updating Placement Indicator Script

Right now if we were to test our game we would find that when we touch the shoot button the
bottles are placed within the gamespace and if we were to touch it again while aiming at our
bottle it does not explode. This occurs because the ray cast system is passing through the shoot
button on the canvas. We must make the distinction of whether the user is touching the button
or not.

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To do so will need to create a new method in the ARTapToPlaceObject.js script that makes that
distinction for us. Open said script by navigating to your script folder and double-clicking on it.
Once, you have the script open in your editor we’ll need to first import the Event Systems
library. When the EventSystem is started it searches for any BaseInputModules attached to the
same GameObject and adds them to an internal list. On update, each attached module receives
an UpdateModules call, where the module can modify internal state. After each module has
been Updated the active module has the Process call executed. This is where custom module
processing can take place.

Let’s go ahead create a private boolean method with the name IsPointerOverUIObject. The said
method will return true if the ray that cast originates from the user touches a UI object i.e the
shoot button.

In our new method lets create a new PointerEventData object with the name
eventDataCurrentPosition and throw the current EventSystem. The PointerEventData is the
event payload associated with the pointer (mouse/touch) events. Now we’ll need to assign the
position of our new object to that of the 2D position of the user’s touch. Will do this by using the
Vector2 constructor with properties Input.mousePosition.x for the x component and
Input.mousePosition.y for the y component. After we do this will need to list of ray cast hits with
the name results. Using our new hit list will cast a ray from our Event system from
eventDataCurrentPosition and store its hits in results. Return true if the number of hits is greater
than zero.

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Now let’s use this nifty new method. If you remember from in our Update method we check if
our bottles have been placed in the gamespace, if they have not been we update the placement
pose position while simultaneously updating the graphical interface of the placement indicator.
We also checked if the placement pose is intersecting with a plane and the screen has been
touched all to see if we can place the bottles. Here will need to add a new condition to our if
statement which is if the user has not touched a UI object i.e our shoot button will go ahead and
place the object. To do so just add !IsPointerOverUIObject(). This will run our new method and
return turn if the user touches the shoot button.

The ! operator computes logical negation of its operand. That is, it produces true, if our Is
Pointer Over UI Object method evaluates to false, and false, if our Is Pointer Over UI Object
method evaluates to true.

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Boom Bam Thank you, Ma'am! It's done. Now if you run your game on your iOS, device you will
find that when you touch the shoot button before placing the bottles in gamespace they do not
get placed. But if you touch anywhere else on the screen the bottles are placed where your
indicator is. Then once you take aim at the bottles and fire - your bottles explode.

Conclusion
And there you have it: a simple shooting gallery AR game that you can show friends and blow
their minds with your splendor. You could take this a step further by throwing in an instruction
screen, scorekeeping, and a timer to give your game a little bit more of a challenge.

In this tutorial series, we:

• Updated the placement indicator to face the direction the camera is pointing
• Placed the bottle pyramid in our game space when the user taps the screen
• Stopped the spawning of other bottle pyramids if the user taps the screen repeatedly
• Destroyed the placement indicator once the bottle pyramid has been placed in the game
space
• Laid out the graphical interface by adding a shooting button and crosshair for aiming
• Added explosion and sound effect prefabs
• Created a shooting script
• Updated the placement indicator to only be responsive when the player doesn’t touch
the shoot button

For now, go forth into the ARverse! Like the courageous pioneers Neil Armstrong and Buzz
Aldrin, and create more!

“Just remember: there is only one corner of the ARverse you can be certain of improving, and
that’s your own code.” - Morgan H. McKie

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How to use ARCore in Unity

ARCore SDK
What we want to do, first of all, is download the ARCore SDK. It can be found on GitHub here.
Click Clone or download, then Download ZIP.

Inside of the .zip file, open up the master folder, then Assets. In here, we want to extract
the GoogleARCore and PlayServiceResolver folders to a new Unity project.

Unity Setup
Now that we've got these folders imported, you might see that there are some errors. To fix this,
let's open up the Package Manager window (Window > Package Manager). Find the XR
Legacy Input Helpers package and install it. Also, install Multiplayer HLAPI.

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Scene Setup
Now let's set up the scene so we can run AR. First, create a new empty GameObject and call it
ARCore Device. Attach an AR Core Session component.
• Set the Session Config to Assets/GoogleARCore/Configurations/DefaultSessionConfig
• Set the Camera Config Filter
to Assets/GoogleARCore/Configurations/DefaultCameraConfigFilter

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Select the MainCamera and drag it in as a child of the AR Core Device.
• Set the Clear Flags to Solid Color

Attach two new components: Tracked Pose Driver and AR Core Background Renderer.
• Set the Pose Source to Color Camera
• Set the Update Type to Update
• Enable Use Relative Transform

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Building to Android
In this lesson, we're going to be building the project to our Android device. Let's start by
converting the project to Android. Open the Build Settings window (File > Build Settings...).
Select Android and click Switch Platform. Make sure that you have the Android module
installed. Let's also click Add Open Scenes to add the current scene to the build list.

Now that's complete, let's open the Player Settings window (Edit > Project Settings). Click on
the Player tab to open the player settings tab.
• Set the Product Name to what you want the app icon's text to display

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Next, open Other Settings.
• Enable Auto Graphics API
• Disable Multithread Rendering

Scroll down a bit to Identification.

• Set the Package Name to a unique identifier for your app.
Format: com.CompanyName.ProductName
• Set the Minimum API Level to Android 7.0 'Nougat' (API level 24)

Finally, open the XR Settings tab and enable ARCore Supported.

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Enabling USB Debugging
In order to build apps to our device, we need to enable USB debugging. On your device:
• Open the Settings app
• Click About Phone
• Click Software Information
• Tap the Build Number seven times

This will add a new screen to the Settings app called Developer Options. In there, enable USB
Debugging.

Building to Android
Back in Unity, let's go back to the Build Settings window and click Build and Run. Save the
APK file anywhere on your computer. It's not important where, as it will also be installed on your
device (make sure it's plugged in).

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How to use ARKit in Unity

Unity Setup
Create a new Unity project. Then in the editor, let's open the Package Manager window
(Window > Package Manager). Let's begin by showing preview packages.

Now find AR Foundation, click on the drop down arrow and select the 3.0.0 preview. Install
that. Also install ARKit XR Plugin (preview version 3.0.0).

Let's start by deleting the camera in the scene. Now let's create the AR Session Origin (right
click Hierarchy > XR > AR Session Origin). This determines the center of the world and also has
a camera as a child of it.

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Next, we can create the AR Session (right click Hierarchy > XR > AR Session). This runs the
AR app.

Build Settings
Next, we can open the Build Settings window (File > Build Settings). Here, we can first click
the Add Open Scenes button to add the current scene to the build list. Then select the iOS
platform and click Switch Platform to convert the editor to iOS.

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