Schools Division Office of Manila
VALERIANO E. FUGOSO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Boys Town Complex, Parang, Marikina City
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
RESEARCH DESIGN
The study used the descriptive method and qualitative method in gathering the
necessary data in studying the effect of financial problem on the academic performance
of senior high students in Valeriano E. Fugoso Memorial High School, School Year
2022-2023.
Nassaji (2015) stated that the goal of descriptive research is drawing and classifying the
phenomenon. In addition, Coghlan & Brydon-Miller (2014) describe Quantitative method
as a set of strategies, techniques and assumptions used to study psychological, social
and economic processes through the exploration of numeric patterns. Further, they also
explained that Quantitative research gathers a range of numeric data. Some of the
numeric data is intrinsically quantitative (e.g. personal income), while in other cases the
numeric structure is imposed. The collection of quantitative information allows
researchers to conduct simple to extremely sophisticated statistical analyses that
aggregate the data (e.g. averages, percentages), show relationships among the data
(e.g. ‘Students with lower grade point averages tend to score lower on a depression
scale’) or compare across aggregated data. Quantitative research includes
methodologies such as questionnaires, structured observations or experiments and
stands in contrast to qualitative research. Qualitative research involves the collection
Schools Division Office of Manila
VALERIANO E. FUGOSO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Boys Town Complex, Parang, Marikina City
and analysis of narratives and/or open-ended observations through methodologies such
as interviews, focus groups or ethnographies.
According to SIS International Research (2018) quantitative research is a
structured way of collecting and analyzing data obtained from different sources.
Quantitative research involves the use of computational, statistical, and mathematical tools to
derive results. It is conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the problem and understand
how prevalent it is by looking for projectable results to a larger population.
Population and Sampling
The study used random sampling technique to obtain the number of respondents needed
for the study.
Lauren Thomas (2020) stated that random sampling is a randomly selected subset of
a population. In this sampling method, each member of the population has an exactly equal
chance of being selected. Further, she added that it only involves a single random selection and
requires little advance knowledge about the population. Because it uses randomization, any
research performed on this sample should have high internal and external validity.
Population and Sampling
Table 1
Distribution of Grade 12 Respondents in Valeriano E. Fugoso Memorial School
Schools Division Office of Manila
VALERIANO E. FUGOSO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Boys Town Complex, Parang, Marikina City
Respondents Number of Respondents PERCENTAGE
GAS 34 34.34
STEM 30 30.30
TVL (ICT) 20 20.20
TVL (H.E) 15 15.15
TOTAL 99 100
It can be gleaned from this table that there were “34” or “34.34%” from
General Academic Strand (GAS), “30” or “30.30%” from Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), “20” or “20.20%” from Information, and
Schools Division Office of Manila
VALERIANO E. FUGOSO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Boys Town Complex, Parang, Marikina City
Communication Technology (TVL ICT), and “15” or “15.15%” from Home Economics (TVL
HE) with the total of “99” or “100%” respondents.
Respondents of the Study
The subject respondents of the study were the “34” Grade 12 General Academic Strand
(GAS) students, “30” Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students,
“20” Information, and Communication Technology (TVL ICT) students, “15” Home Economics
(TVL HE) students. With the total of “99” subject respondents in Valeriano E. Fugoso Memorial
School.
Research Instrument Used
The analysis of survey questionnaires were the main instrument that were used in
gathering pertinent data for the study. The questionnaire was administered to the Grade
12 students of Valeriano E. Fugoso Memorial High School for the school year 2022-
2023 in Boys town.
The survey questionnaires were distributed to the Grade 12 students. The
questionnaires were personally distributed and administered to the Grade 12 students
of the 4 strands and retrieved by the researchers.
Data Gathering Procedures
The following procedures were adapted by the researcher to gather the needed
data for the study.
Schools Division Office of Manila
VALERIANO E. FUGOSO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Boys Town Complex, Parang, Marikina City
1. A letter of permission from the Grade 12 Curriculum Chairperson to conduct
the study.
2. After the approval of the request from the Grade 12 Curriculum Chairperson,
the letter was sent back to the Research Adviser.
3. The survey questionnaires were constructed and the questionnaires checklists
were formulated.
4. Upon the completion of the hard copy and the soft copy (Survey
questionnaires), the researcher started to go to the 4 strands handed the survey
questionnaires to the Grade 12 students
5. Suggestions from the evaluators were considered for the improvement of the
study
6. Questionnaires were retrieved and the data consisting the assessment of the
students respondents were tabulated and analyzed.
7. At last, the results of the survey questionnaires were treated statistically to find
out if there are significant Effects of Financial Problem to the Academic Performance.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The statistical treatment tools to analyze and interpret the gathered data and
results were used:
Schools Division Office of Manila
VALERIANO E. FUGOSO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Boys Town Complex, Parang, Marikina City
1. Slovin's Formula. It is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size
(N) and a margin of error (e). It is computed as
N
n = —————
1+Ne²
Where:
n = sample size
N = population size
e = margin of error
2. Percentage. This was used to compare the size of different magnitudes.
f
P = x 100
N
Where:
f = frequency
N = total number of respondents constant factor
100 constant factor
3. Mean. It is the sum of all numbers divided by the number of values in the list.
∑ fx
X̅ = ———
N
Where:
X̅ = is the mean
f = frequency
x = the class mark
N = the total frequency
Schools Division Office of Manila
VALERIANO E. FUGOSO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Boys Town Complex, Parang, Marikina City
4. Weighted Mean. This is a measure of central tendency reflecting the perceptions of
the mathematics experts and mathematics teachers to the different aspects of the
proposed instructional materials.
w1 x1 + w2 x 2 +. . .+ wn x n
X=
w 1+ w2 +…+ wn
Where:
X = weighted mean
X 1 , X 2 , .. . X n = are the grouped of numbers or scores
W 1 , W ,. . . W n = denotes the number of times occurrence
5. Standard Deviation. This measured the degree of difference between the mean
scores of the subject respondents
The formula for the standard deviation:
——–——
S= ∑(X-X)²
——–——
Where:. n-1
S = standard deviation
∑ x = sum of the scores
n = number of cases
6. Z- test. A statistical test to determine whether two population means are different
when the variances are known and the sample size is large.
__
x − μ
Z= ___________
Ơ
n
Where :
Z = Z-test
Schools Division Office of Manila
VALERIANO E. FUGOSO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Boys Town Complex, Parang, Marikina City
x = sample average
μο = mean
S = standard deviation
