Introduction to Matlab
By: İ.Yücel Özbek
Outline:
What is Matlab?
Matlab Screen
Variables, array, matrix, indexing
Operators (Arithmetic, relational, logical )
Display Facilities
Flow Control
Using of M-File
Writing User Defined Functions
Conclusion
What is Matlab?
Matlab MATLAB (Matrix laboratory) is
basically a high level language which has
many specialized toolboxes for making things
easier for us
Matlab
High Level
Languages such as
C, Pascal etc.
Assembly
What are we interested in?
Matlab (C++ and LabView) are required in
almost every research position.
Advantage: Good toolbox library
Disavantage:
Longer processing time
Price
Free Clones
Octave
Scilab
Matlab Screen
Command Window
type commands
Current Directory
View folders and m-files
Workspace
View program variables
Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor
Command History
view past commands
save a whole session
using diary
Variables
No need for types. i.e.,
int a;
double b;
float c;
All variables are created with double precision unless
specified and they are matrices.
Example:
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;
After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices
with double precision
Getting help
The help command >> help
The help window >> helpwin
The lookfor command >> lookfor
CANCEL >>CTR C
GOOGLE: Matlab...
» lookfor scholes
BLSLAMBDA Black-Scholes elasticity.
BLSPRICE Black-Scholes put and call pricing.
BLSRHO Black-Scholes sensitivity to interest rate change.
....
» help blsprice
BLSPRICE Black-Scholes put and call pricing.
[CALL,PUT] = BLSPRICE(SO,X,R,T,SIG,Q) returns the value of
call and put options using the Black-Scholes pricing formula.SO is
the current asset price, X is the exercise price, R is the risk-
free
....
Array, Matrix
a vector x = [1 2 5 1]
x =
1 2 5 1
a matrix x = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]
x =
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1
transpose y = x’ y =
1
2
5
1
Long Array, Matrix
t =1:10
t =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
k =2:-0.5:-1
k =
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
B = [1:4; 5:8]
x =
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Generating Vectors from functions
zeros(M,N) MxN matrix of zeros x = zeros(1,3)
x =
0 0 0
ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones
x = ones(1,3)
x =
1 1 1
rand(M,N) MxN matrix of uniformly
distributed random x = rand(1,3)
numbers on (0,1) x =
0.9501 0.2311 0.6068
Matrix Index
The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))
The matrix indices must be positive integer
Given:
A(-2), A(0)
Error: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals.
A(4,2)
Error: ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
Concatenation of Matrices
x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]
A = [ x y]
1 2 4 5
B = [x ; y]
1 2
4 5
C = [x y ;z]
Error:
??? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.
Operators (arithmetic)
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
^ power
‘ complex conjugate transpose
Matrices Operations
Given A and B:
Addition Subtraction Product Transpose
Operators
Element by Element
.* element-by-element multiplication
./ element-by-element division
.^ element-by-element power
FIND fuction
X = [1 0 4 -3 0 0 0 8 6];
find(X > 2)
ans =
3 8 9
The use of “.” – “Element” Operation
A = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 1]
A=
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1
b = x .* y c=x./y d = x .^2
x = A(1,:) y = A(:,3)
b= c= d=
x= y= 3 8 -3 0.33 0.5 -3 1 4 9
1 2 3 3 4 -1
K= x^2
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mpower Matrix must be square.
B=x*y
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
Math Functions
Basic Task: Plot the function sin(x)
between 0≤x≤4π
Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π.
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);
Calculate sin(.) of the x-array
1
0.8
0.6
>>y=sin(x); 0.4
0.2
Plot the y-array -0.2
-0.4
-0.6
>>plot(y) -0.8
-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π.
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);
Calculate sin(.) of the x-array
>>y=sin(x);
Calculate e-x/3 of the x-array
>>y1=exp(-x/3);
Multiply the arrays y and y1
>>y2=y*y1;
Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
Multiply the arrays y and y1 correctly
>>y2=y.*y1;
Plot the y2-array
0.7
>>plot(y2) 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Display Facilities 0.7
0.6
0.5
plot(.) 0.4
0.3
Example:
0.2
0.1
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100); 0
>>y=sin(x); -0.1
>>plot(y) -0.2
>>plot(x,y) -0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
stem(.)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Example:
0.2
0.1
>>stem(y) 0
>>stem(x,y) -0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Display Facilities
title(.)
This is the sinus function
>>title(‘This is the sinus function’) 1
0.8
xlabel(.) 0.6
0.4
>>xlabel(‘x (secs)’) 0.2
sin(x)
0
ylabel(.) -0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
>>ylabel(‘sin(x)’) -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
x (secs)
Display Facilities
HOLD ON holds the current plot
HOLD OFF releases hold on current plot
HOLD toggles the hold state
SUBPLOT- display multiple axes
subplot(#rows, #cols, index)
Alternative Scales for Axes
LOGLOG SEMILOGY
Both axes log Y
logarithmic linear X
SEMILOGX PLOTYY
log X 2 sets of
linear Y linear axes
»other_axes
Surface Plot Example
» t = 0.001:0.001:0.03;
» s = 90:0.2:100;
» [gt, gs] = meshgrid(t,s);
» r = 0.1;
» k = 95;
» [call, put] =
blsprice(gs,k,r,gt,0.3);
» surf(t,s,call)
» xlabel('Time to Maturity')
» ylabel('Spot Price’);
»surface_ex
3-D Surface Plotting
»surf_3d
Specialized Plotting Routines
»spec_plots
Operators (relational, logical)
== Equal to
~= Not equal to
< Strictly smaller
> Strictly greater
<= Smaller than or equal to
>= Greater than equal to
& And operator
| Or operator
Flow Control
if
for
while
break
….
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
If Statement Syntax
if ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
if (Condition_1) end
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
elseif (Condition_2) Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands elseif (b~=5)
Some Matlab Commands;
elseif (Condition_3) end
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
else Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands else
end Some Matlab Commands;
end
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
For loop syntax for i=1:100
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for i=Index_Array for j=1:3:200
Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands end
end for m=13:-0.2:-21
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for k=[0.1 0.3 -13 12 7 -9.3]
Some Matlab Commands;
end
Control Structures
While Loop Syntax
Dummy Example
while (condition)
Matlab Commands while ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
end end
Use of M-File
Click to create
a new M-File
• Extension “.m”
• A text file containing script or function or program to run
Use of M-File Save file as Denem430.m
If you include “;” at the
end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately
Use of M-File
Writing User Defined Functions
Functions are m-files which can be executed by
specifying some inputs and supply some desired outputs.
The code telling the Matlab that an m-file is actually a
function is
function out1=functionname(in1)
function out1=functionname(in1,in2,in3)
function [out1,out2]=functionname(in1,in2)
You should write this command at the beginning of the m-
file and you should save the m-file with a file name same
as the function name
Writing User Defined Functions
Examples
Write a function : out=squarer (A, ind)
Which takes the square of the input matrix if the input
indicator is equal to 1
And takes the element by element square of the input
matrix if the input indicator is equal to 2
Same Name
Writing User Defined Functions
Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and product
of its elements as outputs
The function sumprod(.) can be called from command window or an m-file as
Notes:
“%” is the neglect sign for Matlab (equaivalent
of “//” in C). Anything after it on the same line
is neglected by Matlab compiler.
Sometimes slowing down the execution is
done deliberately for observation purposes.
You can use the command “pause” for this
purpose
pause %wait until any key
pause(3) %wait 3 seconds
Complex Numbers
Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and product
of its elements as outputs
≫ z = 2+1.5*1j, real(z)
to get the result
z=
2.000+1.500i
ans =
2
Variables
>>I = int8(zeros(100)); % Creates an intermediate array
String Arrays:
Created using single quote delimiter (')
» str = 'Hi there,'
str =
Hi there,
» str2 = 'Isn''t MATLAB great?'
str2 =
Isn't MATLAB great?
Each character is a separate matrix element
(16 bits of memory per character)
str = H i t h e r e , 1x9 vector
Indexing same as for numeric arrays
»string_array
String Arrays:
Using [ ] operator: » str ='Hi there,';
1x9 vectors
Each row must be » str1='Everyone!';
same length » new_str=[str, ' ', str1]
new_str =
Row separator:
Hi there, Everyone! vectors
1x19 vector
semicolon (;)
» str2 = 'Isn''t MATLAB great?';
Column separator: » new_str2=[new_str; str2]
new_str2 =
space / comma (,)
Hi there, Everyone!
Isn't MATLAB great? 2x19 matrix
For strings of different length:
• STRVCAT » new_str3 = strvcat(str, str2)
• STR2MAT new_str3 =
Hi there, 2x19 matrix
Isn't MATLAB great? (zero padded)
»string_cat
String Arrays:
String Comparisons
STRCMP - compare whole strings
STRNCMP - compare first ‘N’ characters
FINDSTR - finds substring within a larger
string
Converting between numeric & string arrays:
NUM2STR - convert from numeric to string
array
STR2NUM - convert from string to numeric
array
File I/O : High-level routines:
Use wildcard (*) for
SAVE & LOAD similar variables
save fname
save fname x y z
save fname data* load fname
save fname -ascii load fname x y z
save fname -v4 load fname -ascii
load fname -mat
load fname*
Other file formats:
csvread - comma-separated ASCII
files
dlmread - general ASCII delimited
files
textread - read formatted data
Low-level text file I/O:
Writing data to text file:
» fid = fopen('magic5.txt', 'wt');
» fprintf(fid, '%s\n', 'This is a magic matrix');
» fprintf(fid, '%i\t%i\t%i\t%i\t%i\n', magic(5));
» fclose(fid);
ASCII text file: magic5.txt
This is a magic matrix
17 23 4 10 11
24 5 6 12 18
1 7 13 19 25
8 14 20 21 2
15 16 22 3 9
Reading data from text file: » fid=fopen('magic5.txt', 'rt');
» title = fgetl(fid);
» [data,count]=fscanf(fid, '%i');
» data = reshape(data, 5, 5);
»help fprintf
» fclose(fid);
Basic Matlab Operations
% This is a comment, it starts with a “%”
clc % Clear command window
clear all % Clear variables in MatLab
y = 5*3 + 2^2; % simple arithmetic
x = [1 2 4 5 6]; % create the vector “x”
x1 = x.^2; % square each element in x
E = sum(abs(x).^2); % Calculate signal energy
P = E/length(x); % Calculate av signal
Basic Matlab Operations
% Calculate av signal power
x2 = x(1:3); % Select first 3 elements in x
z = 1+2*1j; % Create a complex number
a = real(z); % Pick off real part
b = imag(z); % Pick off imaginary part
plot(x); % Plot the vector as a signal
t = 0:0.1:100; % Generate sampled time
x3=exp(-t).*cos(t); % Generate a discrete signal
plot(t, x3, ‘x’);% Plot points
Basic Matlab Operations
%This shows how to save a table in Excel
columnHeader = {'t', 'x3'};
xlswrite('Table_1.xls',columnHeader,'Sheet1','A1');
%Saves the heather in Excel
xlswrite('Table_1.xls',[t; x3]','Sheet1','A2');
%Saves the variables in Excel
%This reads the same table in Excel
excel_data = xlsread('Table_1.xls',);
Questions
Thank You…
