REFERENCE MODELS
THE OSI REFERENCE MODELS
THE TCP/IP REFERNCE MODELS
Tasks involved in sending a letter
THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization
(ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards. An ISO standard that
covers all aspects of network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in
the late 1970s. It was revised in 1995.
It is a seven layer Architecture
Transmit data from one system to another
THE OSI MODEL
THE OSI MODEL
Physical Layer : Physical medium to transfer BITS
Data link Layer : Error free FRAMES will be transmitted
Network Layer : Packets will be (Routing)moved from source to destination
Transport Layer : Using Protocols reliable message will be transmitted
Session Layer : Establishing , Terminating of sessions will be created
Presentation Layer : Data compression , Encoding or Encryption
Application layer : Services will be provided directly to user.
Hint:
Please Do Not Touch Steve’s Pet Alligator
Frames
Packets
Protocals
TCP and UDP
Data compression , Encoding or Encryption
Physical layer
Lower layer OR hardware layer
Physical connection between two devices
Establishment , Maintenance , Deactivation
Information is in the form of Bits
Functions :
Bit synchronization : Synchronization will be assumed between bits
Bit Rate control : Number of bits transferred per second
Physical Topology : Responsible to know arrangement of devices in a network
Transmission Mode : In which mode data can be transmitted.
Physical layer
Data link layer
Data is represented in from of FRAMES
Responsible to transmit error free date
Responsible to reliable and efficient communication.
Responsible to define a data format in a network
Functions:
Framing : Header and Trailer in a frame
Physical addressing : Destination hardware address will be included as header
Error Control : Error control Mechanism will be implemented, corrected bit (CRC) will be added in
trailer.
If any error are data corrupted the receiver an acknowledgement to retransmit the
corrupted data.
Flow Control : Maintain a constant bit rate, data will not corrupted.
Access control : DLL protocols is responsible to identify device which have to get control at given time.
Data link layer
Network layer
Date represented as a packets
Conversion of physical address to logical address
Routing the packets to source to destination
Logical addressing
Inter networking – Logical connection between different networks
Fragmentation
Services :
• Guarentity Delivery
• In order packets
• Guarentity maximum jitter
• Security service – session keys
Network layer
Transport layer
Date is represented in SEGMENTS
Provides logical communication between the applications on different hosts
Responsible for end to end message delivery
Provides the acknowledgement for successful transmission of data
TCP and UDP
Services
End to end delivery , Reliable delivery – Error control ,
Sequence control – loss of data , reassembling
Loss control , duplication control
Flow Control
Addressing - ports
Transport layer
Transport layer
Connection oriented
connection establishment
Data transfer
connection termination
Acknowledgment
Connection less
Session layer
Session Establishment, Maintenance and termination
Synchronization – Creating a checkpoint
Dialog control – two systems to start communication
Presentation layer
Translation
Encryption / decryption
Compression
Application layer
Summary of layers
