Mobie
Name =MobRe
Company = Apple
Price =40000
Ram = 8GB
Rom: = 6lGB
OS =iOS
Lalllching Date = 7th June 2020
Data :
Data are simply values or set of values.
Data Item : is a single unit of values.
1. Group Items : Data itmes those can divided into sub itmes.
Ex. Flil Name : Frst Name, ~dde Name. Last Name
Ati"ess : place, city. cistrict state, country
Date of Brth : Day. Month. Year
2. Elemenrty Items : Data items those can not be divided into sub items.
Ex. Age: 17
Mobile: 989xxxxxxx
Pil code : 442907
16
Age= 16
The term "information" is also used for data with given attributes.
Information means meanigful data
Age= -45
more attritbutes
Saml<sha Class:
City:
18
Gender:
: 14_/m
1L - _ ___.J Mobile No.
_/_2002
Feild: 'Field' is single elementary unit of
information representing an attri>ute of entity.
Class: 12th
oll No. = 103
Name: Name: Name:
Gender: Gender: Gender:
Age: Age: Age:
DOB: DOB: DOB:
Record : A record is a collection of field values
of a given entity File : A file is a collection of records of
the entities.
e: Name: Name:
ender: Gender: Gender:
ge: Age: Age:
. DOB: DOB:
Mobie Ntmber. Mobie Ntmber:
Record : A record is a collection of field values
of a given entity File : A file is a collection of records of
the entities.
A record in a fie may contain several fields. There are certain fields having unique value.
Such a field is called prinary key.
n above fie_
"Roll No•. is a prinary key
So data can be stored in feids. records and fies_
Apart from fields. records and fies. the data can also be organised into
more complex types of structures.
Data can be organised ii dfferent ways.
" The logical or mathematical model of a particular organisation
is called a Data structure."
Lilear Data struchre / ~
Non-Linear Data structtre
So data can be stored in feids. records and fies_
12th Comp. Sci. II: Chapter-5 Ml fies. the data can also be organised into
I Network Architectures I Protoc.i'. :tures.
Networking Technology
~ tworb Architectures :
!rent ways. n fOMPUTER
~ CIENCE
Protocols:
Connectivity devices :
~matical model of a particular orge2l _
is called a Data structure."
Lilear Data strucltre /
1 Array
~ Non-Linear Data structlre
2. Poi'lter array 1 Tree
lRecord 2. Binary Tree
4. Li1ked Ust
Data Structure operations :
Array : Collection of homogenious(sa,ne type) elen1ents is called as Arra,·.
( 8, 10, 5, 36, 7, 32, 4 ) without decimal point (Integer Numbers)
( 1.2, 6.3, 0.5, 9.5, 8.9) with decimal point (Real Numbers)
Eg. Data L 52
I 14 23
I 7
I 27 J
Size/ Lenglh = 5
0 1 2 3 4
Index Numb~ [> 1 4 5
2 3
Dala[1) • 52
Dala[2) =14
Dala[3) =23
Dala[4) =7
Dala[5) =27
Data Structure Operations : there are totalslx data structure operations.
1. Traversing : Accessing each element of Arra )' (S tructure) once so that II can be processed.
2. Inserting : Adding new element Into the structure
3. Deleting: Removing element from the structure
4. Searching: Finding the locat ion of element
5. Sorting: Arranging elements in some logical order ( 7, 12, 14, 23, 27, 52 )
6. Merging: Combining two files into single f ile. ( 4, 8 1 3, 10)
( 7, 12, 14, 23, 27, 52, 4, 8, 3, 10 )
Algor ithimi c notat ion
An algori tm is a finite step by step list of u ell define d instru ctions for
sol\ ing a partic ular problen1, First Part
. / 7 ~ame of the Algorit hm
. .
Eg. Add1t1on of two int numb ers / List of the variabl es
Let _!_and Bare two int numbe rs. Purpose of the Algorit hm
Jhjs algorit hm will calcul ate SUM of these two numbe rs.
Step 1. Start - - - - - - ~ Second Part
2. Read A and 8 it ,. 10 e • 20 Lisi of steps
3. Calculd te Sl,M a: A + 8 !)LJ~I • 10 • 20 Steps are executed one after
4. Displa~ SUM the other
5. Stop Data / values may assigmed to variables
by using read statem ent
Display statmen1s displayed result or
,,alue of the variabl e
Algorithimic notation
An algoritm is a finite step by step list of well defined instructions for
solving a particular problem, ~ First Part .
Eg. Addition of two int numbers / N~me of the Al_gor1thm
/ List of the variables
Let _!_and_!!_are two int numbers. Purpose of the Algorithm
This algorithm will calculate SUM of these two numbers.
Step 1. Start - - - - - - ~ Second Part
2. Read A and B A = 10 B = 20 List of steps
3. Calculate SUM = A + B SUM = 10 + 20 Steps are executed one after
4. Display SUM 30 the other
5.Stop Data / values may assigmed to variables
by using read statement
Stop slatment complete the algorithm Display statments displayed result or
value of the variable
!control StucturesJ
There are three t} pes of flow of control (or logic)
1. Sequenlial flow (Sequential / lnear logic)
2. Conditional flow (Selection logic)
3. Repetltlvel flow (Iteration logic)
1. Sequential flow (Sequential / Unear logic)
In sequential flow the modules are executed one after the other
Each modeule is a set of steps
Diagra m I Module A J Eg. 1. Addtion of any two numbers
2. Area of circle/ triangle / rectangle etc.
I Module B J 3. A\'erage of three numbers
[Module C J
2. Conditional flow (Selection logic)
In condit ional flou , one or other module is selected upon depending on condit ion.
There are three conditional structures
i) Single alternative (Simple if)
Form / Syntax Diagram
IF (condtlons), then:
[MODULE A] \.IOOOLC 4
[End of IF structure ]
Form / Syntax Diagram
IF (condtlons), then:
[MODULE A] \tOOULE i\
[End of F structure ]
ii) Double alternative (if..else)
Form / Syntax Diagram
IF (condtlons), then:
[MODULE A] ">---U \tOOULE i\
ELSE:
[ MODULE B]
[End of F structure ]
iii) Mult iple alternati\1 e (Nested if..else)
Form / Syntax
IF (condtlon 1), then :
[MODULE A]
ELSE: IF (condtlon 2), then
MODULE B]
ELSE:
[ MODULE C]
[End of IF structure ]
3. Repetitive flow (Iteration logic)
Her e certa in \1ollulc is e, erut cll r epetl.1I) unit ) condition sat isfies.
i) While loop
Form / Syntax Diagram
t
lntlalze counter
Repeat MODULE A While (condtlon)
(MODULE A]
lncrement/Decrememt counter
(End of Wlile]
n INlldu f OWllrr
cOINII CIIIJ _ .,
I lftrr,-r..
_r __ ., J !"'
\I OOU( 4
l
ii) for loop
Form / Syntax
Repeat for K = R to S By T
[MODULE)
IEnd of for loop)
Herc
K is inde, \ a rib ale. (loop / Counter\ ariable)
Initial \alue of K is Rand
fi nal \'a lue is S.
T is increment.
Working and diagram off or loop is same as the while loop
Roots of quadratic equat ion
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a Is not equal too
X1andX2= -b =JE}
2a
Roots and their nature d = b•b·4•a•c
i) If d <0 i.e. negative : roots are imaginary sqrt(-ve) sqrt(-4) ?
ii) If d == 0 i.e. zero: roots are real and equal sqrt(O) x1 = x2 = ·b/ (2. a)
Ill) If d >0 I.e. positive: roots are real and dfferent sqrt(4)
+2 -2
Roots of quadratic equation :
Let A, Band Care coefficient of quadratic equation and tlis algorithm wil
find real roots of quad. Equation.
1) Start
2) Read A, B, C ELSE: IF (D == O) then
J) IF (A == 0) then I) Dlspla, Roots are Real and equal
I) Dlspla, Its linear equation H) Calcualte XI = X2 = •B / (2 * A)
U) X = •C / B ffl) Dlspla, Xt and X2
ffl) Dlspla, X ELSE
ELSE I) Dlspla, Roots are real and different.
{ II) Calculate XI= (•B + sqrt(D)) / (2 * A)
I) Cadulate D = B*B-4*A*C Ill) Calculate X2 = (•B • sqrt(D)) / (2 * A)
II) IF(D < o ) then Iv) Dlspla, Xt and X2
a) Dlspla, Roots are lmaglnar,
If) Stop
To Display Word "Computer Science" 5 times
1) Start
2} Display •computer Selene••
s) Display ·computer Selene••
4) Dis play •computer Selene••
s) Display •computer Selene••
6) Display "Computer Science"
7} Stop
To Display Word "Computer Science" 5 times
1) Start
2) lnltlaUze Counter
set K =1 K = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
J) Repeat steps 4th and 5th While (K <= 5)
4) Dlsplas, •computer Science•
5) Increment Counter
K =K + 1
K =K + 1 =1+ 1
6) Stop =2
To Display Word "Computer Science" 5 t imes
1) Start
2) lnltlaUze Counter
---:--::1
set K =1 K = 1, ~ 3, 4, s
J
J) Repeat steps 4th and 5th While (K <= 5)
4) Dlsplas, •computer Science•
5) Increment Counter
K =K + 1
K =K + 1 =1 + 1
6) Stop =2
1) Start
2) Repeat step 3rd for K = 1 to 5 by 1 ~
3) Display "Computer Science"
4) Stop
