__y» Data Communications and Networking Fourthtsition Chapter 1 Introduction ForouzanThe term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. Topics discussed in this section: Components Data Representation Data FlowEffective Characteristics of Data Communication Delivery (intended Reciever ) Accuracy (unchanged data) Timeliness Jitter (uneven delay in audio/video streaming)Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication Protocol ProtocolFigure 1.2. Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex) Direetion of data © Full dupler Mainframe ‘Monitor SimpeR Direction of dataat ime 1 El Direction ofdsts at umne2 Ee 1B Halfeduplex Oecionofanalthe ue (s2}- ——————_inJA network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. Topics discussed in this section: Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: InternetworkNetwork Criteria Performance: transit time (device to device) response time (enquiry to response) Throughput delay Reliability SecurityFigure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint {8 Point-to-point Mainframe Station J BOMURipeint If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared connection. If users must take turns, it is a timeshared connection. 1.8Figure 1.4 Categories of topology Topology1.10 Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices) * High speed, Little network Sailure seta Suton Suton * Privacy and Security * Fault isolation * Fault identification Genes sain] * No. of links * No. of I/O ports * Costing4.11 Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations Hub Installation, reconfigure Fault isolation and identification Costing, I/O ports Single point af dependencyFigure 1.7 bus topology comeeting three stations = ay Drop line Dropline Dropline Cableend Cableend Tap P Tap Long distance issue Installation Number & length of cables Reconnection, signal reflection 1.12Figure 1.8 A ring topelogy connecting six stations Unidirectional Dual ring Instatlation Repeaters Fault isolation 1,13Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks Hub 1.141.15 Figure 1.10 Am isolated LA connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closetCategories of Networks LAN *Privately owned far office, home, buildings ete. “limited to few kms. sresource sharing. “generally one type of transmission medium sspeed “WLAN WAN *Long distance transmission “either complex (Switeled WAN) or simple (point to point W. sesg, X25 >> Frame Relay >> ATM “Wireloss WAN MAN + High speed, DSL, Cable TV network 1.16AAT Figure 1.11 WANs: « switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN ba Rolnt-toypolat WAN1,18 ure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and pve LANS1.19 The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives, It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use. Topics discussed in this section: A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)1.20 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet Siena TT1.21 In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules. Topics discussed in this section: Protocols Standards Standards Organizations Internet StandardsProtocols (rules) what to communicate, how to communicate and when to communicate Key Elements of Protocols L.Syntax Structure of format of data 2.Semanties Meaning of cach section bits 3.Timing ‘When to send and how fast...1,23 Standards (agreed upon rules) Categories of Standards 1.De facto. By convention ar by fact 2.De jure. By Law or by Government