Basic Concepts
In Computer Networking
Antonio Carzaniga
Faculty of Informatics
University of Lugano
September 19, 2014
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Goal of this Lecture
Understand what packet switching is
Understand what circuit switching is
Understand their differences
Understand what a protocol is
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Outline
What is the Internet?
Types of network
Types of service
Protocols
The Internet protocol stack
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
History
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
History
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
History
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
History
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
What is the Internet?
Internet
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
What is the Internet?
Internet
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
What is the Internet?
Internet
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
What is the Internet?
Internet
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
What is the Internet?
Internet
end system
or host
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
End Systems
End system or host (
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
End Systems
End system or host (
a computer
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
End Systems
End system or host (
a computer
a phone (more or less smart)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
End Systems
End system or host (
a computer
a phone (more or less smart)
a server (well, that would also be a computer)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
End Systems
End system or host (
a
a
a
a
computer
phone (more or less smart)
server (well, that would also be a computer)
camera (a.k.a., webcam)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
End Systems
End system or host (
a
a
a
a
a
computer
phone (more or less smart)
server (well, that would also be a computer)
camera (a.k.a., webcam)
temperature sensor
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
End Systems
End system or host (
a
a
a
a
a
a
computer
phone (more or less smart)
server (well, that would also be a computer)
camera (a.k.a., webcam)
temperature sensor
PDA
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
End Systems
End system or host (
a computer
a phone (more or less smart)
a server (well, that would also be a computer)
a camera (a.k.a., webcam)
a temperature sensor
a PDA
...
a car
a television set
a picture frame
a toaster
...
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
End Systems
End system or host (
a computer
a phone (more or less smart)
a server (well, that would also be a computer)
a camera (a.k.a., webcam)
a temperature sensor
a PDA
...
a car
a television set
a picture frame
a toaster
...
a toilet seat?
a toothpick?
...
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
What is Inside the Internet?
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
What is Inside the Internet?
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
What is Inside the Internet?
packet switch
local-area
network
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
What is Inside the Internet?
packet switch
local-area
network
communication link
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
Communication link: a connection between packet switches
and/or end systems
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
Communication link: a connection between packet switches
and/or end systems
Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a.
path)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
Communication link: a connection between packet switches
and/or end systems
Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a.
path)
Protocol: control the sending and receiving of information to
and from end systems and packet switches
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Links
Various types and forms of medium
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Links
Various types and forms of medium
Fiber-optic cable
Twisted-pair copper wire
Coaxial cable
Wireless local-area links (e.g., 802.11, Bluetooth)
Satellite channel
...
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Packet Switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Packet Switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Packet Switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
Switches operate on individual packets
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
Switches operate on individual packets
A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along to
other switches or to end systems
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
Switches operate on individual packets
A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along to
other switches or to end systems
Every forwarding decision is taken on the basis of the
information contained in the packet
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit Switching
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Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit Switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
Communication requires a connection setup phase in which
the network reserves all the necessary resources for that
connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
Communication requires a connection setup phase in which
the network reserves all the necessary resources for that
connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)
After a successful setup, the communicating systems are
connected by a set of links that are dedicated to their
connection for the entire duration of their conversation
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
Communication requires a connection setup phase in which
the network reserves all the necessary resources for that
connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)
After a successful setup, the communicating systems are
connected by a set of links that are dedicated to their
connection for the entire duration of their conversation
When the conversation ends, the network tears down the
connection, freeing the corresponding resources (links,
buffers, etc.) for other connections
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching
Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase
however, once the connection is established, little or no
processing is required
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching
Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase
however, once the connection is established, little or no
processing is required
Packet switching does not incur any setup cost
however, it always incurs a significant processing and space
overhead, on a per-packet basis
processing cost for forwarding
space overhead because every packet must be self-contained
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)
Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation of
quality-of-service guarantees
network resources are reserved at connection setup time
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)
Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation of
quality-of-service guarantees
network resources are reserved at connection setup time
Guaranteeing any quality of service with packet switching is
very difficult
no concept of a connection
and again, processing, space overhead, etc.
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching (3)
Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of
communication resources
once a connection is established, the resources are blocked
even though there might be long silence periods
i.e., circuit switching is an inefficient way to use the network
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Circuit vs. Packet Switching (3)
Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of
communication resources
once a connection is established, the resources are blocked
even though there might be long silence periods
i.e., circuit switching is an inefficient way to use the network
Packet switching achieves a much better utilization of network
resources
it is designed specifically to share links
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
virtual circuit
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
virtual circuit
Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more
effectively
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
virtual circuit
Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more
effectively
Packets carry a virtual circuit identifier instead of the
destination address
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
virtual circuit
Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more
effectively
Packets carry a virtual circuit identifier instead of the
destination address
Important observation: at any given time there are much fewer
connections than destinations
much faster per-packet processing (forwarding)
lower per-packet space overhead
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Virtual Circuit
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Antonio Carzaniga
Virtual Circuit
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Antonio Carzaniga
Virtual Circuit
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Antonio Carzaniga
Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching
packet
switching
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching
time
division
multiplexing
packet
switching
frequency
division
multiplexing
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching
time
division
multiplexing
frequency
division
multiplexing
packet
switching
virtual
circuit
datagram
network
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching
time
division
multiplexing
frequency
division
multiplexing
packet
switching
virtual
circuit
datagram
network
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Service Perspective
packet switch
local-area
network
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Service Perspective
packet switch
local-area
network
What kind of service does the Internet offer to end systems?
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Type of Service
Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but
exactly what kind of communication service is that of the
Internet?
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Type of Service
Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but
exactly what kind of communication service is that of the
Internet?
Connectionless, best effort
the network accepts datagrams for deliverythis is
conceptually similar to the postal service
best effort really means unreliable though not malicious
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Type of Service
Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but
exactly what kind of communication service is that of the
Internet?
Connectionless, best effort
the network accepts datagrams for deliverythis is
conceptually similar to the postal service
best effort really means unreliable though not malicious
Connection-oriented, reliable
virtual duplex communication channel (A B)conceptually
similar to a telephone service
information is transmitted reliably and in order
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Type of Service (2)
How reliable is a reliable service?
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Type of Service (2)
How reliable is a reliable service?
The term reliable means that information will eventually
reach its destination if a route is viable within a certain
amount of time
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Type of Service (2)
How reliable is a reliable service?
The term reliable means that information will eventually
reach its destination if a route is viable within a certain
amount of time
The network makes absolutely no guarantees on latency (i.e.,
the time it takes to transmit some information from a source
to a destination)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice
Bob
hello
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
bla, bla. . .
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
bla, bla. . .
e
okay, by
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
bla, bla. . .
e
okay, by
by e
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols
Phases of the protocol
handshake: establishes the identities and/or the context
conversation: free-form exchange
closing: terminates the conversation
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols
Phases of the protocol
handshake: establishes the identities and/or the context
conversation: free-form exchange
closing: terminates the conversation
This protocol assumes a connection-oriented medium
The protocol involves two parties (Alice and Bob)
...
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
...
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
...
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
...
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
...
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
. . . Center, request, Delta 800
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
...
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
. . . Center, request, Delta 800
. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
...
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
. . . Center, request, Delta 800
. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
flight level 3-7-0, United 971
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
...
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
. . . Center, request, Delta 800
. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
flight level 3-7-0, United 971
. . . Delta 800, go ahead
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
...
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
. . . Center, request, Delta 800
. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
flight level 3-7-0, United 971
. . . Delta 800, go ahead
requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
Another example: air traffic control
. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0
left to 2-7-0, United 971
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
...
. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20
1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao
. . . Center, request, Delta 800
. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0
flight level 3-7-0, United 971
. . . Delta 800, go ahead
requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800
Delta 800, unable at the moment
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
Acknowledgements
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
Acknowledgements
Timeout and retransmission
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (2)
A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
Acknowledgements
Timeout and retransmission
Master role
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (3)
Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice
Bob
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (3)
Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice
Bob
hello
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (3)
Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (3)
Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
?
Alice who
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (3)
Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
?
Alice who
sorry, wro
ng num b
er
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (4)
Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice
Bob
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (4)
Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice
Bob
hello
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (4)
Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice
Bob
hello
hello?
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (4)
Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice
Bob
hello
hello?
there?
anybody
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
It is an executable specification
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
It is an executable specification
It must be unambiguous
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
It is an executable specification
It must be unambiguous
It must be complete
i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible
situations and all possible messages
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols: Principles
A protocol is a lot like a program
in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes
can send messages to each other
It is an executable specification
It must be unambiguous
It must be complete
i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible
situations and all possible messages
A network protocol must also define all the necessary message
formats
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice
t pizza?
how abou
Bob
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice
t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already
Bob
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice
t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already
decide
okay, you
Bob
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice
t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already
decide
okay, you
Bob
uhm. . . er. . .
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice
t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already
decide
okay, you
Bob
uhm. . . er. . .
so?
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Communication Protocols (5)
Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice
t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already
decide
okay, you
Bob
uhm. . . er. . .
so?
lets just
do pizza
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice
Bob
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice
Bob
hello
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
lets go o
ut to dinn
er
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
lets go o
ut to dinn
er
where to go for dinner protocol. . .
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
lets go o
ut to dinn
er
where to go for dinner protocol. . .
okay, bye
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice
Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
lets go o
ut to dinn
er
where to go for dinner protocol. . .
okay, bye
by e
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
phone call protocol
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
where to go for dinner protocol
phone call protocol
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
where to go for dinner protocol
phone call protocol
call setup
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
where to go for dinner protocol
phone call protocol
call setup
voice over IP
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
where to go for dinner protocol
phone call protocol
call setup
voice over IP
...
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack
application
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
network
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
network
link
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack
application
transport
network
link
physical
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)
application functionalities
application messages
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)
application functionalities
application messages
Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)
application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)
datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)
application functionalities
application messages
Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)
application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)
datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
Network (IP)
end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing,
fragmentation
packets (IP)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)
application functionalities
application messages
Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)
application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)
datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
Network (IP)
end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing,
fragmentation
packets (IP)
Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP)
point-to-point or local broadcast communication
frames (or packets)
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
Internet Protocol Stack (2)
Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)
application functionalities
application messages
Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)
application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion
control (TCP)
datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)
Network (IP)
end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing,
fragmentation
packets (IP)
Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP)
point-to-point or local broadcast communication
frames (or packets)
Physical
20052007
Antonio Carzaniga
