Lecture 9:

Object Oriented Programming

Hrishav Tandukar
hrishav.tandukar@islingtoncollege.edu.np

CS4051 Fundamentals of Computing

Contents
• Object oriented programming (OOP)
• OOP concepts
• Classes & objects
• OOP in python

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Procedural vs Object Oriented Programming
• Procedural programming creates a step by step program that guides the application
through a sequence of instructions. Each instruction is executed in order.
• Procedural programming also focuses on the idea that all algorithms are executed with
functions and data that the programmer has access to is able to change

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Procedural vs Object Oriented Programming
• Procedural programming creates a step by step program that guides the application
through a sequence of instructions. Each instruction is executed in order.
• Procedural programming also focuses on the idea that all algorithms are executed with
functions and data that the programmer has access to is able to change.
• Object-Oriented programming is much more similar to the way the real world works.
Each program is made up of many entities called objects.
• Instead, to access data it must be requested, just like people must ask one another for
information; we cannot see inside each other’s heads.

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Object Oriented Programming
• Based on the concept of classes whose instances are called objects
• A class is simply a logical grouping of data and functions
• Classes provide a way to structure a program, its like a blueprint

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Object Oriented Programming
• Based on the concept of classes whose instances are called objects
• A class is simply a logical grouping of data and functions
• Classes provide a way to structure a program, its like a blueprint
• Classes store data in form of attributes
• Each class has its own methods which perform some operations

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Object Oriented Programming
• Based on the concept of classes whose instances are called objects
• A class is simply a logical grouping of data and functions
• Classes provide a way to structure a program, its like a blueprint
• Classes store data in form of attributes
• Each class has its own methods which perform some operations
• Useful in modeling real world entities
• Code written in OOP is reusable resulting in less code

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OOP concepts
• There are four major principles/concepts in Object Oriented Programming
• Encapsulation – bundling together data and methods
• Data abstraction – hiding the data/details
• Inheritance – inheriting from parents
• Polymorphism – having multiple forms/meaning

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OOP concepts
• There are four major principles/concepts in Object Oriented Programming
• Encapsulation – bundling together data and methods
• Data abstraction – hiding the data/details
• Inheritance – inheriting from parents
• Polymorphism – having multiple forms/meaning
• We’ll see what the first two terms mean in this lecture, the next two will be discussed in
the next lecture

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Classes and Objects
• A class is a definition of objects which share common structure, properties and
behavior
• Instances of classes are objects that are created which follow the definition given
inside the class
• Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object-oriented system
• Objects have
• data (i.e., attributes)
• behaviors (i.e., methods)

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Classes and Objects

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Classes and Objects
• Think of a taxi as a class
• A taxi has data related to it which can be
named as attributes
• name of driver
• car model
• number of passengers
• current location

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Classes and Objects
• Think of a taxi as a class
• A taxi has data related to it which can be
named as attributes
• name of driver
• car model
• number of passengers
• current location

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Classes and Objects
• Think of a taxi as a class • The things that a taxi can do are
• A taxi has data related to it which can be ▪ move
named as attributes ▪ pick up passengers
• name of driver ▪ drop off passengers
• car model ▪ go on duty
• number of passengers ▪ go off duty
• current location

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Classes and Objects
• Think of a taxi as a class • The things that a taxi can do are
• A taxi has data related to it which can be ▪ move
named as attributes ▪ pick up passengers
• name of driver ▪ drop off passengers
• car model ▪ go on duty
• number of passengers ▪ go off duty
• current location

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Everything is an object in python!
• Python supports many different kinds of data
1234 3.1415 “Hello” [3, 4, 2, 14, 7]
{“KTM”: “Kathmandu”, “NY”: “New York”}
• each is an object, and every object has:
• a type
• an internal data representation
• a set of methods/functions for interaction with the objects
• 1234 is an instance of int while “Hello” is an instance of string

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Creating and using classes
• creating a class involves
• defining the class name
• defining its attributes
• defining certain behaviors
• for example, code has already been written to implement a list class

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Creating and using classes
• creating a class involves
• defining the class name
• defining its attributes
• defining certain behaviors
• for example, code has already been written to implement a list class
• using the class involves
• creating new instances of classes
• doing operations on the instances
• for example, L =[1, 2] and L.append(3)

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Defining a class
• While def is used to define a function, class is used to define a class
class Customer():
# define attributes and methods
• similar to def, indent code to indicate which statements are part of the class
definition

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Defining how to create an instance of a class
• first have to define the initializer (constructor) method which says how to create an
instance of the class
• use a special method called __init__ to initialize the instance, __init__ serves
as the constructor for the class
class Customer():

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Defining how to create an instance of a class
• first have to define the initializer (constructor) method which says how to create an
instance of the class
• use a special method called __init__ to initialize the instance, __init__ serves
as the constructor for the class
class Customer():
def __init__(self, name, balance):
self.name = name
self.balance = balance

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Defining how to create an instance of a class
• first have to define the initializer (constructor) method which says how to create an
instance of the class
• use a special method called __init__ to initialize the instance, __init__ serves
as the constructor for the class parameter to refer to an
class Customer(): instance of the customer class

def __init__(self, name, balance):

self.name = name
self.balance = balance

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Defining how to create an instance of a class
• first have to define the initializer (constructor) method which says how to create an
instance of the class
• use a special method called __init__ to initialize the instance, __init__ serves
as the constructor for the class parameter to refer to an
class Customer(): instance of the customer class

def __init__(self, name, balance):

self.name = name data that initializes a
self.balance = balance customer object

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Defining how to create an instance of a class
• first have to define the initializer (constructor) method which says how to create an
instance of the class
• use a special method called __init__ to initialize the instance, __init__ serves
as the constructor for the class parameter to refer to an
class Customer(): instance of the customer class

def __init__(self, name, balance):

self.name = name data that initializes a
two
attributes for self.balance = balance customer object
every
customer
object

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__init__ and self
• __init__ is the initializer (constructor) method
• the __init__ method can take any number of arguments, however the first
argument self in the definition of __init__ is special

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__init__ and self
• __init__ is the initializer (constructor) method
• the __init__ method can take any number of arguments, however the first
argument self in the definition of __init__ is special
• self is a reference to the current instance of the class
• in __init__, self refers to the object currently being created

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self argument

Customer
Class

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self argument
Customer
Object
Name, Balance

Customer
Class

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self argument
Customer
Object
Name, Balance

Customer
Class Customer
Object
Name, Balance

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self argument
Customer
Object
Customer Name, Balance Customer
Object Object
Name, Balance Name, Balance

Customer
Customer
Object
Class Customer
Object
Name, Balance
Name, Balance

Customer Customer
Object Object
Name, Balance Name, Balance

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Defining methods
• methods are functions that work only with a certain class
• while defining functions too, self is required as the first argument
• self is a reference to a specific instance of the class whose method is being called
• the “.” operator is used to access any attribute or method of an object

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Defining methods
class Customer():
def __init__(self, name, balance):
self.name = name
self.balance = balance
def withdraw(self, amount):
self.balance -= amount
return self.balance
def deposit(self, amount):
self.balance += amount
return self.balance

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Defining methods
class Customer():
def __init__(self, name, balance):
self.name = name
self.balance = balance
def withdraw(self, amount): a function that takes a
self.balance -= amount certain amount and
deducts that amount from
return self.balance the initial balance
def deposit(self, amount):
self.balance += amount
return self.balance

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Defining methods
class Customer():
def __init__(self, name, balance):
self.name = name
self.balance = balance
def withdraw(self, amount): a function that takes a
self.balance -= amount certain amount and
deducts that amount from
return self.balance the initial balance
def deposit(self, amount): a function that takes a
self.balance += amount certain amount and adds
that amount to the initial
return self.balance balance

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Creating instances of a class & calling methods
C1 = Customer(“Mike”, 2000) # create a customer
print(C1.withdraw(1000)) # prints 1000
print(C1.deposit(1000)) # prints 2000

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Creating instances of a class & calling methods
C1 = Customer(“Mike”, 2000) # create a customer
print(C1.withdraw(1000)) # prints 1000
print(C1.deposit(1000)) # prints 2000
C2 = Customer(“John”, 9000) # create a customer
print(C2.withdraw(1000)) # prints 8000
print(C2.deposit(2000)) # prints 10000

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Creating instances of a class & calling methods
C1 = Customer(“Mike”, 2000) # create a customer
print(C1.withdraw(1000)) # prints 1000
print(C1.deposit(1000)) # prints 2000
C2 = Customer(“John”, 9000) # create a customer
print(C2.withdraw(1000)) # prints 8000
print(C2.deposit(2000)) # prints 10000

while creating objects and calling methods, don’t provide self, python
does that automatically

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Accessing & modifying attributes
C1 = Customer(“Mike”, 2000) # create a customer
print(C1.name) # prints Mike
print(C1.balance) # prints 2000

C1.balance = 3000 # set new balance

print(C1.balance) # prints new balance 3000

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Encapsulation and Data Abstraction
• Encapsulation is the process of binding together of data and methods that operate on
the data
• Encapsulation is when an instance of a class is created, when related attributes and
methods are bundled up

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Encapsulation and Data Abstraction
• Encapsulation is the process of binding together of data and methods that operate on
the data
• Encapsulation is when an instance of a class is created, when related attributes and
methods are bundled up
• Data abstraction is achieved through encapsulation
• Encapsulation does this by restricting access to some of the object’s components,
meaning the internal representation of an object cannot be seen from outside the
object’s definition

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The power of OOP
• bundle together objects that share
• common attributes and
• methods that operate on those attributes
• use abstraction to make a distinction between how to implement an object vs how to
use the object
• create our own classes of objects on top of python’s basic classes

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End of Lecture 9

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 Thank you !
Any questions ?

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