Goat Production_Lecture Notes Summary

Introduction:
The optimum potential of goat as one of the main sources of milk and meat has not
been fully tapped in ‘the Philippines. The goat is popularly known as the poor man’s cow
because children and old folks who can not afford cow’s milk prefer drinking goat’s milk.
Aside from being cheap, goat’s milk is more digestible compared to cow’s milk.
The goat is a clean animal and its male odor is only present during the breeding
season. Female goat does not smell. Contrary to myth, goats do not eat trash. They do,
however, lick the labels of tin cans to taste the glue on the label’s back.

Goat rising is undertaken commonly by small farmers or backyard raisers. A farmer raises
an average of one to two head goats. Only a handful of commercial-scale goat farms can be
found in the country.
In a study conducted by a government agency, it was found out that goats are multi-purpose
ruminants producing 58.4% milk, 35.6% meat, and 4.3% hide, and 1.7% fiber. According to
them, these small ruminants can provide the answer to improve nutritional requirements of the
predominantly rural farm families scattered all over the archipelago.

General Information about goats:

Scientific name: Capra hircus

Estrous cycle: 21 days average
Estrus: 12-48 hours
Gestation period: 150 days (± 5days)
Some attributes:
 “biological herbicide”
 Browsing ability
 Diet: 40% grasses and 60% forbs (shrubs, herds)
 Bipedal stance
 Ability to nibble barks of trees
 Mobile lips (prehensile organ)
 Walk long distance in search for food
 Very selective in terms of feed preference (young shoot first is eaten)
Breeds to Raise
There are many breeds of goat worldwide but the available breeds in the Philippines are as
follows:
A. Anglo Nubians – basically a tropical breed that was successfully adapted in the western
countries. Its distinguishing features include drooping and pendulous ears, and a brown hair or a
combination of brown and black. It has a long body that usually weighs 70-90 kilograms at
mature age and produces 1-2 liters of milk daily.
B. Boer – a meat type breed with distinct white body color and usually black or reddish brown
from rear legs to the head. The goat weighs an average of 90 kilograms at mature age.
C. Saanen – originated from Switzerland, is a pure white to off-white in color. It holds the
distinction as the highest milk producer (1.8 liters daily), that weighs an average of 70 kilograms.
D. Toggenburg – also from Switzerland, have distinct white markings on the face, legs and tail
and an erect ears like the Saanen. Milk production averages 1.5 liters daily.
E. Alpine – also of European breed has a color that ranges from off-white to red, to black. An
alert breed of medium to large size, it weighs 70 kilograms at mature age. It posses an upright
ears and a straight face, the breed produces 1.5 liters of milk daily.
F. Native – the breed are small, stocky and low-set. Colors range from red, white or black or a
combination of these colors. Milk production is just enough for its kids. It weighs 20 to 30
kilograms at mature age.

Breeds Origin Characteristics

Long wide pendulous ears

Anglo Nubian England
Convex roman nose
Anglo Nubian USA
All purpose (meat, milk, hide)

Cream to white
Known to have the longest milking period
Saanen Switzerland
“queen of dairy goat”
Alert breed, upright ears

France/ Straight face; clear pure white markings at each side of

Alpine
Switzerland the belly; dairy type

Erect ears carried forward; white ears with dark spot in

the middle; tow strips down the muzzle; white from ho
Toggenburg Switzerland
ck (hind legs) and knee (fore legs) downward; oldest k
nown dairy goat
 Straight face; very distinctive ear types (rudimentary);
La Mancha Oregon/ Spain “gopher ear (like squirrel or tortoise” and elf ear (like d
warf); dairy (high butterfat)

The name means farmer in Dutch to distinguish it from

the Angora goats; meat goats; the first goat breed invol
Boer South Africa
ved in meat production performance testing; horned wi
th lop ears

Small, stock and low-set; believed to have originated fr

Native goat
om Katjang breed

Mature Milk produ Lactati

ction on peri
Breed/Strain Characteristics and Color Weight od
kg/ %
(kg) day fat (days)

Long dropping ears, Roman nose, prominen

t forehead. Color: black, tan and white, or re
Anglo-Nubian 75 1.5 5.6 165
d and white, or any of these colors without
markings

Hornless with dished nose and erect ears. C

Toggenburg olor: chocolate brown with two white stripe 60 1.5 3.81 200
s on the face and white legs below the knees

Some are pooled, although horned but disbu

Saanen dded ones are preferred. Straight nose and e 60 2 4.3 200
rect ears. Color: cream white to white

Horned or hornless; erect eras and straight f

French Alpine ace. Multicolored coat with no standard mar 60 1.5 4 200
kings

Small but hardy. Color: red, white or a com

Native 20 0.4 4.6 185
bination of these colors

Mixture of Native, Nubian, Jamnapari, Alpi

Dadiangas 30 2 1 190
ne and Saanen goats. Varies in color

Try to identify based on the characteristics mentioned above:

1.___________________________ 2.________________________________

3.___________________________________ 4. ______________________________

5. _______________________________ 6._______________________________

7.________________________________
Selection Criteria
A. Does
1. Does should be purchased from a locality or area with similar climatic conditions;
2. Native or graded does should not be less than 25 kilograms;
3. Udder should be palpated for size, detection of lumps, and other abnormalities;
4. Teats should be uniform at length and large enough for easy milking;
5. It must have a good appetite, possessing alert eyes, and well formed pupils; and
6. Do not buy breeders from markets;

B. Bucks
1. One year old breeder or buck that have successfully mated once is desirable;
2. Acquired buck should be accompanied by pedigree records;
3. It must have a good producing line based from farm records;
4. Buck must come from doe with high twinning rate;
5. Buck must be active and ready to breed in-heat doe;
6. Replace buck, preferably, every three years;

Management
A. Housing
Whether on range or confined feeding, housing provisions are necessary. A goat house or shed
must be built to provide shelter. Goats are afraid of rain and wetness as these make them prone to
pneumonia. They also prefer sleeping in elevated platforms like a stair type arrangement. It must
be well ventilated and drained, and easy to clean. Feeding racks (silage, water, mineral and
concentrate) should be accessible to both animals and caretaker, preferably in the front of the
aisle. Flooring should be provided and elevated at least 15 degrees to facilitate cleaning and
drainage. Separate pens should be provided for lactating and dry does, kids, growers and bucks.
The buck pen should be visible to breeding does yet far enough to avoid transfer of the typical
goat smell especially to lactating does when milk is to be sold.

A fenced loafing area beside the goat house must be provided (100 to 150 m2/50
hd. ), complete with feeding racks and water troughs, to allow animals to loaf freely. Flooring of
the area must be cemented to facilitate drying. Cogon and nipa as roof materials are preferred in
hot and humid areas. Ventilation is of utmost importance. Majority of pneumonia cases can be
traced to excessively warm and humid interior and sudden changes in temperature. Allow a 0.5
to 1 ft clearance between floor to wall and wall to beam to create an adequate circulation and to
lower draft. It is desirable to maintain an interior temperature of 28 to 30°C. It has been
established that above 30°C ruminants are inhibited from eating.
Lighting may also be provided in the barns during the night. Goats consume up to 30% of the
day’s intake during the night when light is provided.
B. Fencing
Nine-eye hog wire is the cheapest and most effective fencing available locally. Posts must be
staked every 2 meters. Goats are fond of pounding their feet and scraping their bodies on the
fences so it must be sturdily built. Barbwire fencing requires a minimum of four strands so it
becomes more costly besides making goats prone to wounds.

C. Pasturing
A well developed/improved pasture can carry up to 15 head/ha. When a combine grazing
confinement method is observed, provision of a developed 3 ha./50 hd. Pasture divided into 9
paddocks will be desirable. Separate pasture paddocks should be provided for the dry doe, buck
kids and growers. Pasturing during the cool times of the day is commonly due.
D. Care of Dry and Pregnant Doe
If the doe is being milked, dry (stop milking) at least 1 Y2 to 2 months before kidding date. This
will give her enough reserve for the next lactation. Put all dry does in one compartment. One
week before kidding, place her in a separate kidding pen. This can be predicted by swelling and
discharge from the vulva, engorgement and waxing of the teats and constant lying down of the
doe. Avoid any form of noise in the kidding area. Sometimes it is necessary to help the pregnant
doe during the kidding, especially to native does bred with pure bucks because the kids are
bigger. Dystocia, or difficult delivery, is common in these cases. Be sure that the presentation is
right before attempting to pullout the kid. In anterior presentation, both front legs and head are
presented and in posterior presentation, both hind limbs come out at the same time.

Over-sized kids should be pulled out with an even, continuous pressure. In difficult cases, it is
best to see a practicing veterinarian.

E. Care of the Lactating Doe and Newborn Kids

Immediately after delivery, wipe the kid’s mouth, nose and body with a clean, dry cloth and
massage the thoracic area to initiate breathing.

Normally, the mother does this, but sometimes the mother is too weak to do it. Be sure no mucus
is clogging the airways. The kids must be able to suck within one hour. For very weak kids,
feeding colostrum through a stomach tube usually produces dramatic results.
First time mother sometime are reluctant to suckle their young due to udder pain caused by over
engorgement of milk. Restraining the doe for the first suckling will usually relieve udder pain. If
colostrum in the udder is not fully consumed by the kid, stripping (manually milking out excess)
will be necessary to prevent mastitis. The placenta must come out within 24 hours from
expulsion of the fetus.
Tie the umbilical cord with a sterile string and apply disinfectant. Allow the kids to suckle for the
first 4 to. S days. If the doe is to be milked, separate the kids from the mother and start feeding
using a baby bottle (8 oz. Size), (refer to feeding guide for dosage). If the doe is not to be milked,
the doe can be taken out of the pen for feeding and returned to the kid three times a day and the
whole night. This method will ensure greater livability to the kid by not exposing it to the
elements, and proper feeding of the doe. Does weaned early (4 to 5 days) usually return to heat
after 1 to 2 months.

When the doe comes into heat, introduce it to the buck, not vice-versa. Two services a day for
two days is an optimum. If the doe does not conceive, heat may return in 8 to 12 days. Higher
conception is accomplished in the secondary heat. If breeding is successful, milk production
drops after one month and the right side of the abdomen starts to fill up.

Milking
Milking periods must be established and strictly adhered. If milking is done twice a day, e.g. 6
AM and 6 PM, the process should not be delayed or advanced. Possibly, same personnel should
be used. Goats can withhold milk, so unnecessary changes in the routine should be avoided.

Milk quickly and continuously

Milk let down can be initiated by washing the udder with lukewarm water and wiping with a
clean towel. All milking utensils, especially the milkers’ hands, must be thoroughly cleaned.

Feed concentrates during milking

This serves as incentive to the goats for them to enjoy and look forward. Contrary to popular
belief, properly drawn and processed goat milk have no offending smell. During milking, the
buck should not be near the doe to avoid transfer of the typical goat smell to the milk.

F. Care of Weanling and Growing Kids 5

Place all weaned kids in a separate pen, and if possible, according to size. If male kids are to be
raised for meat, castrate as early as possible, preferably within the first month. If female are to be
raised for milking, check for excess teats and have them removed. Horn buds usually appear
within the first to third month. De-horn when buds reach the size of a fingernail. Separate males
from females at the age of four months. Goats sometimes reach puberty at this age.

Start breeding females at 8 to 10 months. Bucks can start breeding at the same age.

G. Care of the Breeding Buck

The breeding buck must always be confined separately but always visible to the does. The buck
is the source of the typical goat smell such that direct contact with the doe must be avoided.
Provide a loafing area. One to two years old buck can make 25 to 50 doe services a year, an older
buck more.

H. Breeding
Does reach puberty from 4 to 18 months. Best breeding age will be 10 to 12 months, depending
on desired weight. Limit yearling buck services to 25 doe services/year. Older bucks can cover
up to 75/year. Buck to doe ratio is 1 :25.

Signs of Heat or Estrus:

1. Mucus discharge from the vulva, causing matting of tail hair.
2. Uneasiness, constant urination, lack of appetite and bleating.
3. Seeks out or stays near the buck and lets herself be mounted.

When breeding, always introduce the doe to the buck, not to the doe herd. Particularly when
bucks have not been used for a long time, it will be dangerous to mix it with a herd of pregnant
does for d1ey will breed indiscriminately. Two to
four breedings during the heat period will suffice.

It is highly impractical if not economical to raise pure breed goats, unless the main purpose is to
sell breeders. The preferred method will be to upgrade local native or grade does with pure
bucks. Crossbreeds usually perform better than pure ones under local conditions. Infusion of two
or more bloodlines into the native doe will elicit a better product due to hybrid vigor. Three-way
crosses between the native, any of three Occidental breeds and the Nubian has produced a greatly
superior animal than any of the three under our conditions. Higher milk production should be the
main consideration for it will not only mean bigger kid but also more milk for human
consumption. A maximum infusion of75% foreign bloodline must be observed to retain the
natural resistance of the native. Never practice inbreeding unless fully knowledgeable in
breeding techniques. On the other hand, intensive culling, especially in milking herds, will
largely be beneficial.

Dystocia is very common in crossing natives with large pure breeds due to the invariably large
size of the unborn kids. Crossbreed birth weights of up to four kilos for multiple births and up to
six kilos for single births have been observed
while native birth weights reach only 2 and 4 kilos for multiple and single births, respectively.
Thus, in crossbreeding, large native does with a minimum weight of25 kilos or more and those
that have given birth at least once, should be used. Providing human assistance during birth will
also be of help in saving kids, but this should be done only when necessary.
Anestrus, or failure to come in heat, is a common problem most particularly with high-
producing does. Vitamin, mineral and other nutrient deficiencies, infections of the genital tract
and hormone deficiencies are some of the various causes. Several hormones, like prostaglandin,
progesterone sponges and implants and pregnant mare serum (PMS) have been used with
varying rates of success. Routine administration of oxytocin right after kidding and before
weaning (5 days) aids in faster expulsion of the placenta, uterine fluids and in the rapid
regression of the uterus. Routine Vitamin A, D & E injections to breeding herds also contribute
to reproductive well being.

Fifty percent of breeding problems can be traced to the buck used. Routine check up of the
bucks’ health condition, especially of the , genito-urinary tract, should be done. Preputial
scraping, blood tests and , sperm motility tests are some very useful procedures to follow in ,
successful buck management. Always consult a trained veterinarian to do these tests.

I. Other Management Practices

1. Hoof Trimming – Goats’ hooves under confinement are usually overgrown. Trimming is then
required. A rose pruner and a small curved knife are adequate tools. Cut excess hoof until level
with the frog (white-centerpart). Untrimmed hooves will cause lameness and make it prone to
foot rot. Bucks refuse to mount when having sore feet.

2. Dehorning – Especially in milking herds, dehorning is essential. A dehorned animal is more

docile than a horned one. It will also eliminate unnecessary wounds due to fighting. Dehorn
when horn buds appear (2 to 4 mos.) using hot iron cautery. A Y2 inch GI pipe is an effective
and cheap material for cauterizing. Chemical cautery is not preferred because kids tend to lick
one another and may therefore lead to cauterized or burned tongues.

3. Castration – Castration of unwanted male goats is preferable within the first month of age. The
testicles at this age are still not developed; thus there is lesser bleeding and stress. Castrated
males grow faster than uncastrated males and are free of the goaty male odor.

4. Tattooing, Ear Notching and Other Forms of Identification – In order to keep track of
individual animals, a positive identification are needed. No recording is possible without this.
Ear notching is done more commonly because of permanence and easy identification. Refrain
from using plastic tags. Tattooing causes no deformities but requires special tools that may be
costly.

5. Recording – For a good breeding herd program, a proper and well-kept recording system is
necessary. The record reflects all the essential data of individual animals.