Cloud Computing _IT492

— Chapter 1 —
Understanding cloud computing

Text Book: “Cloud Computing: Concepts, technology and Architecture

by Thomas Earl, Zaigham Mahmood and Ricardo puttini

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 Outlines

n Origins and Influences

n Basic Concepts and Terminology

n Goals and Benefits

n Risks and Challenges

n Summary
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 Origans and Influences

A Brief History
n The idea of computing in a “cloud” traces back to the origins of utility
computing, a concept that computer scientist John McCarthy publicly
proposed in 1961.

n In 1969, Leonard Kleinrock, a chief scientist of the Advanced Research

Projects Agency Network or ARPANET project that seeded the Internet,
stated:
n The general public has been leveraging forms of Internet-based computer utilities since
the mid-1990s through various search engines (Yahoo!, Google), e-mail services
(Hotmail, Gmail), open publishing platforms (Facebook, YouTube), etc.

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 Origins and Influences

A Brief History
n In the late 1990s, Salesforce.com pioneered the notion of bringing
remotely provisioned services into the enterprise.

n In 2002, Amazon.com launched the Amazon Web Services (AWS)

platform, a suite of enterprise-oriented services that provide remotely
provisioned storage, computing resources, and business functionality.

n It wasn’t until 2006 that the term “cloud computing” emerged in the
commercial arena.
n Amazon launched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) services that enabled
organizations to “lease” computing capacity.
n Google Apps also began providing browser-based enterprise applications in
the same year, and three years later.
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 Origins and Influences

Definitions
n A Gartner definition:

“...a style of computing in which scalable and elastic IT-enabled

capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers using
Internet technologies.”
n From 2008, “massively scalable” was used instead of “scalable and elastic.”
This acknowledges the importance of scalability.

n Forrester Research definition:

“...a standardized IT capability (services, software, or infrastructure)

delivered via Internet technologies in a pay-per-use, self-service way.”

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 Origins and Influences

Capacity Planning
n Definition
“Capacity planning is the process of determining and fulfilling future demands
of an organization’s IT resources, products, and services”.
n capacity represents the maximum amount of work that an IT resource is
capable of delivering in a given period of time.
n Strategies
Different capacity planning strategies exist:
§ Lead Strategy – adding capacity to an IT resource in anticipation of demand
§ Lag Strategy – adding capacity when the IT resource reaches its full capacity
§ Match Strategy – adding IT resource capacity in small increments, as demand
increases

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 Origins and Influences

Cost Reduction
n Traditional process of enterprises to initiate business:
n Survey and analysis the industry and market
n Estimate the quantity of supply and demand
n Purchase and deploy IT infrastructure
n Install and test the software system
n Design and develop enterprise specific business service announce the
business service to clients
n Some drawbacks
n The survey, analysis and estimation may not 100% correct
n Infrastructure deployment is time consuming
n Enterprises should take the risk of wrong investment

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 Origins and Influences

Cost Reduction
n Initiate business with Cloud Computing services
n Survey and analysis the industry and market
n Chose one cloud provider for enterprise deployment
n Design and develop business service upon cloud environment
n Announce the business service to clients

n Some benefits
n Enterprise do not need to own the infrastructure
n Enterprise can develop and deploy business service in short time
n Enterprise can reduce the business loss of wrong investment

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 Origins and Influences

Cost Reduction
n What does cloud computing achieve?

Traditional With Cloud Computing

Investment risk Enterprise takes the risk Cloud reduces the risk

Infrastructure Enterprise owns the infrastructure Cloud provider owns the

infrastructure
Time duration Long deployment time Fast to business ready

Business focus Need to own its IT department Cloud provider takes care everything

Payment Pay for all investment and human Enterprise pays as the service used
resource

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 Origins and Influences

Organizational Agility
Definition
“Organizational agility is the measure of an organization’s responsiveness to
change”.

n Businesses need the ability to adapt to successfully face change caused by

both internal and external factors.

n An IT enterprise often needs to respond to business change by scaling its

IT resources.

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 Origins and Influences

Technology Innovations
n Established technologies are often used as inspiration and, at times, the
actual foundations upon which new technology innovations are derived
and built.

n Technologies
n Clustering

n Grid Computing

n Virtualization

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 Origins and Influences

Technology Innovations
n Clustering
n A cluster is a group of independent IT resources that are interconnected and work as a
single system.
n System failure rates are reduced while availability and reliability are increased, since
redundancy and failover features are inherent to the cluster.
n Grid Computing
n A computing grid (or “computational grid”) provides a platform in which computing
resources are organized into one or more logical pools.
n These pools are collectively coordinated to provide a high performance distributed grid,
sometimes referred to as a “super virtual computer.”
n Virtualization
n Virtualization represents a technology platform used for the creation of virtual
instances of IT resources.
n A layer of virtualization software allows physical IT resources to provide multiple
virtual images of themselves so that their underlying processing capabilities can be
shared by multiple users.
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virtulization

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 Outlines

n Origins and Influences

n Basic Concepts and Terminology

n Goals and Benefits

n Risks and Challenges

n Summary
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 Basic Concepts and Terminology

IT Resource
n An IT resource is a physical or virtual IT-related artifact that can be
either software-based, such as a virtual server or a custom software
program, or hardware-based, such as a physical server or a network
device

Examples of common IT resources and their corresponding symbols

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 Basic Concepts and Terminology

Cloud
n A cloud refers to a distinct IT environment that is designed for the
purpose of remotely provisioning scalable and measured IT resources.

The symbol used to denote the boundary of a cloud environment

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 Basic Concepts and Terminology

Cloud
n A cloud is hosting eight IT resources: three virtual servers, two cloud
services, and three storage devices.

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 Basic Concepts and Terminology

Cloud Consumers and Cloud Providers

n Cloud Providers
The party that provides cloud-based IT resources

n Cloud Consumers
The party that uses cloud-based IT resources

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 Basic Concepts and Terminology

Scaling
n Scaling, from an IT resource perspective, represents the
ability of the IT resource to handle increased or decreased
usage demands.

n Types of scaling:
n Horizontal Scaling – scaling out and scaling in
n Vertical Scaling – scaling up and scaling down

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 Basic Concepts and Terminology

Horizontal Scaling
n The horizontal allocation of resources is referred to as
scaling out and the horizontal releasing of resources is
referred to as scaling in.

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 Basic Concepts and Terminology

Vertical Scaling
n When an existing IT resource is replaced by another with
higher or lower capacity, vertical scaling is considered to
have occurred.

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Basic Concepts and Terminology

Comparison of horizontal and vertical scaling

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 Basic Concepts and Terminology

Cloud Service

A cloud service with a published A cloud service that exists as a

technical interface is being accessed by virtual server is also being accessed
a consumer outside of the cloud from
outside of the cloud’s boundary

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 Basic Concepts and Terminology

Cloud Service Consumer

§ The cloud service consumer is a temporary runtime role assumed by a

software program when it accesses a cloud service

§ Examples of cloud service consumers

§ Depending on the nature of a given diagram, an artifact labeled as a cloud

service consumer may be a software program or a hardware device.

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 Outlines

n Origins and Influences

n Basic Concepts and Terminology

n Goals and Benefits

n Risks and Challenges

n Summary
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 Goals and Benefits
Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs

§ On-demand access to pay-as-you-go computing resources on a short-

term basis and the ability to release these computing resources when they
are no longer needed.

§ The perception of having unlimited computing resources that are

available on demand, there by reducing the need to prepare for
provisioning.

§ The ability to add or remove IT resources at a fine-grained level, such as

modifying available storage disk space by single gigabyte increments.

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 Goals and Benefits
Increased Scalability

An example of an organization’s changing demand for an IT resource over the

course of a day.
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 Goals and Benefits
Increased Availability and Reliability

§ The availability and reliability of IT resources are directly associated with

tangible business benefits.

§ An IT resource with increased availability is accessible for longer periods

of time (for example, 22 hours out of a 24 hour day).

§ An IT resource with increased reliability is able to better avoid and

recover from exception conditions.

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 Outlines

n Origins and Influences

n Basic Concepts and Terminology

n Goals and Benefits

n Risks and Challenges

n Summary
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 Risks and Challenges

Increased Security Vulnerabilities

§ Cloud security is an evolving sub-domain of computer security, network

security, and, more broadly, information security.
§ It refers to a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls deployed to
protect data, applications, and the associated infrastructure of cloud
computing.
§ Important security and privacy issues :
§ Data Protection
§ Identity Management
§ Application Security
§ Privacy

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 Risks and Challenges

§ Important security and privacy issues :

§ Data Protection
• To be considered protected, data from one customer must be
properly segregated from that of another.
§ Identity Management
• Every enterprise will have its own identity management system
to control access to information and computing resources.
§ Application Security
• Cloud providers should ensure that applications available as a
service via the cloud are secure.
§ Privacy
• Providers ensure that all critical data are masked and that only
authorized users have access to data in its entirety.

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 Risks and Challenges
Increased Security Vulnerabilities

The shaded area with diagonal lines indicates the overlap of two organizations’ trust
boundaries. 34
 Risks and Challenges

Reduced Operational Governance Control

§ Cloud consumers are usually allotted a level of governance control that is

lower than that over on-premise IT resources.
§ Can introduce risks associated with how the cloud provider operates
its cloud,

§ Longer geographic distances between the cloud consumer and cloud

provider can require additional network hops
§ Can introduce fluctuating latency and potential bandwidth
constraints.

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 Risks and Challenges

Reduced Operational Governance Control

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 Risks and Challenges

Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers

§ Portability is a measure used to determine the impact of moving cloud
consumer IT resources and data between clouds.

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 Summary

§ Cloud environments can introduce distinct security challenges.

§ A cloud consumer’s operational governance can be limited within cloud

environments due to the control exercised by a cloud provider over its
platforms.

§ The portability of cloud-based IT resources can be inhibited by

dependencies upon proprietary characteristics imposed by a cloud.

§ The geographical location of data and IT resources can be out of a cloud

consumer’s control when hosted by a third-party cloud provider.

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