d) Multiple bar diagrams
Such diagrams are used for representing two or more interrelated data, for
facilitating comparison. In a multiple bar diagram adjoining bars are drawn
according to the number of factors and their heights in proportion to the
values of the factors in the same order for each period or place. Each bar of a
group is shown by different patterns or colours to make them easily
distinguishable and this pattern is retained in all the groups.
Example
The following table gives the direct and indirect taxes levied in India in 4 years.
Represent it by a multiple bar diagram.
Year Direct taxes(in Indirect
crores of Rs.) taxes(in crores
of Rs.)
1972 1200 2300
1975 2250 4100
1978 2500 6300
1981 3500 10,000
Multiple bar diagram
12000
10000
10000
8000
6000 direct taxes
6300
4000 indirect taxes
4100
2000 3500
12002300 2250 2500
0
1972 1975 1978 1981
Direct and indirect taxes levied in India in 4 years
e) Deviation bar diagrams
This diagram is usually used to represent net quantities like net profit,
balance payable, deficit or excess etc. As the observations may be positive or
negative, the base line is usually drawn in the middle of the paper horizontally
and positive values are indicated by bars of proportional length, drawn above
the horizontal line and negative values by bars of proportional length drawn
below the horizontal line.
Example
The following table gives the profit and loss statement of a company for 4
years. Represent it by a deviation bar diagram.
Year 1976 1977 1978 1979
Profit (in 10 3 -5 -8
millions 0f
Rs.)
Deviation Bar diagram
15
10
10
5
3 Profit
0
1976 1977 1978
-5 1979
-5
-8
-10
Profit and loss of a company in 4 years
2) Two dimensional diagrams
In two dimensional diagrams, areas of the diagrams are used to represent
the magnitudes. Circles drawn with areas proportional to the magnitudes of
the observations constitute a pie diagram. This can be done by drawing circles
with their radii proportional to the square roots of the observations. To draw
component pie diagram, each circle is divided into sectors with areas
proportional to the magnitudes of the components. This can be done by
dividing 3600 in the ratio of the components and drawing sectors containing
these angles.
Example
Represent the following data by a subdivided pie diagram.
Areas of the continents of the World
Africa 30.33 74.39
N.America 24.35 59.72
Antartica 13.23 32.45
Asia 42.24 103.6
S.America 17.64 43.26
Europe 10.57 25.92
Oceania 8.42 20.65
Total 146.78 360
Example
The following table gives the monthly expenditure in Rs. on various items incurred by three families
.Represent the data by a subdivided bar chart.
Family 1 Family 2 Family 3 206.4 192.8 208.7
Food 43 83 120 38.4 39.5 43.5
Clothing 8 17 25 48 48.8 29.6
Rent 10 21 17 67.2 79 78.3
Others 14 34 45
Total 75 155 207
Pie Diagram for Pie Diagram for Pie Diagram for Family 3
Family 1 Family 2
34 45
Food
Food Food
14 Clothing
Clothing Clothing 17
21 83 120 Rent
10
43 Rent Rent 25
17 Others
8 Others Others
Radius of I = 8.7 Radius of II = 12.5 Radius of III = 14.4
3) Three dimensional diagrams
Cubes, cylinders, blocks etc with volumes proportional to the magnitudes of
the observations are drawn in this case to represent them. Among these, cube
diagrams are more popular. Here cubes are drawn with their sides proportional
to the cube roots of the magnitudes of the observations.
Example
Represent the following data giving the populations of four countries by a cube
diagram.
Country : China India Russia U.S.A
Population (in crores) : 90 65 25 21
3 3
Four cubes are drawn with their sides proportional to √90 =4.48, √65
3 3
=4.02, √25 =2.92 and √21 =2.76
U.S.A Russia India China
Population of the Countries
