ANIMAL GENETICS & BREEDING

UNIT – I
BIO-STATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
Theory

GRAPHICAL AND DIAGRAMATIC

PRESENTATION OF DATA

Dr Anil Meel
Assistant Professor
Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding
MJF Veterinary college
 PRESENTATION OF DATA
• Classification and tabulation reduce the complexity of
vast and complicated statistical data but still it is not
easy to interpret the tabulated data.
• Diagrams and graphs will catch the eye more easily than
tables which provide array of figures.
• A glance over a graph or diagram will enable any layman
(without statistical knowledge) to get an idea about the
essential characteristics of the tabulated data without
much strain or effort.
 FUNCTIONS OF DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS

• It will attract the attention of a large number of persons.

• They carry a “birds – eye view” impression in the human
mind.
• It saves a lot of valuable time if presented in a form of
suitable charts & graphs instead of pages of numerical
figures.
• To facilitate comparison between two or more sets of
data.
• Prediction equations can be represented by graphs and
these will be much helpful in forecastings.
LIMITATIONS OF DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS

• They are approximate indicators.

• Exact and accurate information's can be obtained from
original tabular information.
• They cannot substitute the tabular information.
• They fail to disclose small difference when large figures
are involved.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA

Graphical representation is done when the data are

classified in the form of a frequency distribution. The
different graphs are
• Histogram
• Frequency Polygon
• Frequency Curve
• Ogive
• Lorenz Curve
 Histogram
• It is a vertical bar diagram without gap between the bars.
• It consists of bars erected over the true class interval,
their areas being proportional to the frequencies of the
respective classes.
• Since the intervals are of equal width, the height of each
bar serves as a measure of the corresponding frequency.
• Draw the two diagonals in the highest modal class
rectangles at its top corner to the pre and post modal
rectangle corners and the x co-ordinate of the point of
intersection is the mode.
 Frequency Polygon
• If points are plotted with the x co-ordinate equal to
the mid value of the class intervals and the
corresponding frequencies as the y co-ordinate and
these points are joined by means of a straight line, we
obtain frequency polygon.
• These points are the midpoints of the top of the bars
in the histogram.
 Frequency Curve
• If points are plotted with the x co-ordinate equal to the
mid value of the class intervals and the corresponding
frequencies as the y co-ordinate and these points are
joined by means of a smooth curve then we get
frequency curve.
Or
A Frequency Curve is a smooth curve which corresponds to
the limiting case of a histogram computed for a
frequency distribution of a continuous distribution as the
number of data points becomes very large.
Difference Between Frequency Curve
And Frequency Polygon
• The main difference between a frequency polygon and a
frequency curve is that a frequency polygon is drawn by
connecting points with a straight line, whereas a
frequency curve is drawn by connecting points following a
curve.
 Ogive
• This is cumulative frequency curve.
• This curve is obtained by making use of cumulative
frequency instead of the simple frequency.
 Lorenz Curve
• This is a modification of the Ogive when the variables
and the cumulative frequencies are expressed as
percentages.
• It serves to measure the evenness of the distribution
and is useful in picturing the distribution and
dispersion of wealth, sales and profits etc.
• A Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the
distribution of income or wealth within a population.
Lorenz curves graph percentiles of the population
against cumulative income or wealth of people at or
below that percentile.
 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF
DATA
• Points to be followed in drawing a diagram
• For each diagram, a suitable short heading should be
given.
• It should be drawn to exhibit the statistical matter
clearly. It should be such as to allow its significant
feature to be clearly shown out by adopting suitable
scale and will depend upon the space available.
• Diagram should be drawn accurately with the help of
drawing instruments.
• Colouring and different markings should be done with
pencil or with colours.
• Different colours or marks or dottings are used to
show different items. In such cases legend should be
given for the column and item it refers. In doing so,
we should see that the visual impression conveyed by
the diagram is not in any way affected.
• The original data on which the diagram has been based
should be given, if necessary facing the diagram as
this will help the observer to see the details with
clarity.
• Reference to the source of the table should be
provided.
 Types of a diagram
• One dimensional diagram
• Line diagram
• Bar Diagram
• Two dimensional (or) Area Diagram
• Pie diagram
• Square diagram and rectangle diagrams
• Three dimensional (or)Volume diagrams
• Cubes
• Spheres, Cylinders etc.
• Pictogram
• Actual pictures
 ONE DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAM
Line diagram consisting of curves and lines as well as bars
• Line diagram
• This requires vertical lines to be drawn at equal intervals
each of length proportional to the magnitude of the variable
for the different items.
• It has no width and hence of very poor visual effect.
• It makes comparison easy although it is less attractive.
• Bar Diagram
• It is the simplest of all statistical diagrams.
• It consists of bars of equal width (all horizontal or vertical)
standing on a common base line at equal intervals, the length
of the bars being proportional to the magnitude of the
variable for different items.
Line Diagram Bar Diagram
 BAR DIAGRAM
Sub-divided bar diagram or component bar diagram
• Sometimes the variable is capable of being sub-divided
into two or more component parts each representing a
sub variable.
• In this case, all the bars are subdivided by lines in the
same order so that each subdivision represents the
parts in magnitude in the same scale.
• They are properly coloured or marked differently for
visual guidance.
• Small squares should be given below the diagram
containing the same colour or mark to show their
significance.
Sub-divided bar diagram or component bar diagram
Superimposed or Multiple bar diagram
• Bars may sometimes be superimposed for
comparative purpose.
• A multiple bar graph shows the relationship between
different values of data.
• Each data value is represented by a column in the
graph. In a multiple bar graph, multiple data points
for each category of data are shown with the
addition of columns.
• These are used also for two or more sets of
interrelated data.
Superimposed or Multiple bar diagram
Percentage bar diagram
• When the component parts are expressed in
percentages of the whole, the resulting bar diagram
is called a percentage bar diagram.
• In this case all the bars are of equal length.
• A percentage bar chart, bars of length equal to
100 for each class are drawn in the first step and
sub-divided into the proportion of the percentage
of their component in the second step.
• The diagram so obtained is called a percentage
component bar chart or percentage stacked bar
chart.
 TWO DIMENSIONAL (OR) AREA
DIAGRAM
• Two-dimensional diagrams comprise only two dimensions
(factors), such as length and width. They are
represented by squares, rectangles, circles, and the
variation of the circle is known as a pie- diagram. Here,
each category is represented by the area proportional to
the data points.
• Pie diagram
• Square diagram and rectangle diagrams
 Pie Chart
• The “pie chart” is also known as a “circle chart”, dividing the
circular statistical graphic into sectors or sections to
illustrate the numerical problems. Each sector denotes a
proportionate part of the whole. To find out the composition
of something, Pie-chart works the best at that time.
• The pie chart is an important type of data representation. It
contains different segments and sectors in which each
segment and sector of a pie chart forms a specific portion of
the total(percentage). The sum of all the data is equal to
360°.
• The total value of the pie is always 100%.
 Square diagram
• Their areas should be proportional to the magnitudes
of the data.
• For square diagrams, we will have to take the square
root of the given figures which will give the
measurement of the sides of the square. By adopting
suitable scale we can draw squares.
• A square is a quadrilateral with four equal sides.
There are many objects around us that are in the
shape of a square. Each square shape is identified by
its equal sides and its interior angles that are equal to
90°.
 Rectangle diagrams
• In the case of rectangle diagrams, if we take equal
breath (width) for the rectangles, then the areas will
be proportional to the lengths and hence the lengths
will be proportional to the magnitude of the given
variables.
 THREE DIMENSIONAL (OR)
VOLUME DIAGRAM
• These comprise of cubes, spheres, prisms, cylinder
and blocks.
• Of these cubes are mainly used and their sides are
drawn in proportion to the cube roots of the
magnitudes of the data.
• They are particularly used when the data has a very
wide range. In such a case, it would be difficult to
represent the quantities even by squares.
 PICTOGRAM
• Tabular data can also be represented by pictogram,
cartogram, maps and pictures as these device help in
attracting the attention to statistical matter which
when presented in the ordinary diagrammatic form is
very often ignored.
• Pictograms are diagrams of pictorial or semi-pictorial
nature and are drawn in different sizes according to
scale. Though they are useful in attracting the
attention of the people, they very often lean on
tables, ignoring the pictorial diagrams.
• They cannot be made use of with certain complicated
data.
Cartogram
THANK YOU