STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS –II (B.

Tech III year V Semester)

Introduction to Matrix Methods:

Flexibility methods: Introduction, application to continuous beams (maximum of two
unknowns) including support settlements.

Objectives:
Introduction of flexibility and stiffness methods
Analyze continuous beams with and without support settlement upto two unknowns
Development of flexibility and stiffness matrices
Analysis of beams using flexibility and stiffness methods
Compute support reactions; draw shear force and bending moment diagrams

Flexibility Method (Force Method or Compatibility method)

As the redundancy in indeterminate structure increases the solution of beams and

frames can be carried out using powerful flexibility and stiffness methods. In this
method the redundant forces will be identified. The redundant forces will be identified
by developing a flexibility matrix. After estimating the redundant forces, the support
reactions will be estimated. This method is applicable for linear systems.

Now a day’s stiffness method is being extensively used. Several software’s and
programs are developed based on this powerful stiffness method.

Flexibility: Deflection or rotation obtained due to unit force or moment.

Static Indeterminacy: The number of equations required over and above the equations
of static equilibrium for the analysis of structure is known as static indeterminacy.

Kinematic Indeterminacy: The number of unknown displacements is known as

kinematic indeterminacy.

1. Basics
Structure Slope Deflection

 

 = ∆ =
 2

 

 = ∆ = (2 − )
 2

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Structure Slope Deflection

  

 = ∆ =
2 3

 

 = ∆ = (3 − )
2 6

   

 = ∆ =
6 8



 =
3


 =
6

 

 =
 = ∆ =
2 8

  

 =
 = ∆ =
16 48

  (2 − )

 =
6  
 ( − ) ∆ =

 = 3
6

  5 

 =
 = ∆ =
24 384

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Solve the propped cantilever beam using flexibility method

Number of Displacements = 4
No. of unknown reactions=4 (1,2,3, 4)
No. of equilibrium equations = 3 (∑X=0,∑Y=0, ∑M=0)

Degree of Static Indeterminacy=1

The given problem can be separated as follows

Deflection at B due to UDL, ∆ !

(& # '& ( )*'" & " )
"#$%
40 534.38
∆ (15 − 4 ∗ 20 ∗ 15 + 6 ∗ 20 ∗ 15 ) = −
24 

Flexibility Coefficient: Deflection due to unit reaction

For unit reaction Deflection at B,

/ 1125/
∆ = (15 ) =
3 

1125/ 1125
Deflection at B due to unit reaction at B,
∆ = =
 

Flexibility=Deflection obtained due to unit force.

∆
0=
/
Where
f Flexibility/ flexibility coefficient
Δ Deflection
R Reaction

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Compatibility Equation,

∆ + 0/ = 0
534.38 1125/
− + =0
 
/ = 0.47523 = 4753

Analyze the following beam using flexibility method. EI is constant.

No. of unknown reactions = 5 (1,2,3, 4,5)

No. of equilibrium equations = 3 (∑ 5 = 0, ∑ 6 = 0, ∑  = 0)

Degree of Static Indeterminacy = 5-3=2

Let us assume the indeterminate degrees freedoms are 1 (marked at support B) and 2 (marked at
support C)

The given problem can be descritized into

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.
Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
The Loads are M/EI Diagrams

Deflection at B due to External Load

1 48 3 ∗ 4 15 1 40 2 ∗ 4
∆ = 78 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 ∗ : + 84 ∗ ∗ 29 + 8 ∗ 4 ∗ ∗ 9
3  4  2  3

192 120 213.33 525.33

∆ = + + =
   

1 48 3∗4 1 55 2 ∗ 5.5
∆ = 78 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 ∗ 83 + 9: + < ∗ 5.5 ∗ ∗ 81.5 + 9=
3  4 2  3

384 781.45 1165.45

∆ = + =
  
Flexibility Matrix

Let us assume joint B and C are marked as redundancy 1 and 2 as shown in Figs. above.

Let us apply unit force at redundancy 1 (i. e at support B)

Deflection at joint B due to unit force at B

1 4 2∗4 21.3
0>> = 78 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 ∗ 8 9: =
2  3 

Deflection at C due to unit force at B

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
 1 4 2∗4 45.3
0 > = 78 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 ∗ 83 + 9: =
2  3 

Let us apply unit force at redundancy 2 (i. e. at support C)

Deflection at Joint B due to unit force at C

1 4 2∗4 3 45.3
0> = 78 ∗ 4 ∗ 9 ∗ 8 9: + 84 ∗ ∗ 29 =
2  3  

Deflection at C due to unit force at C

1 7 2∗7 114.3
0 = 78 ∗ 7 ∗ 9 ∗ 8 9: =
2  3 

The flexibility matrix is,

21.3 45.3
? = @   A
45.3 114.3
 

Compatibility equation is, flexibility, f=Deflection/Force

Deflection= flexibility * Force

∆C ∆ 0 0> /
−B E + B  E = 7 >> :B E
∆CD ∆ 0> 0 /

∆C
where
B E
∆CD
Displacement Vector due to sinking

∆
B E
∆
Displacement vector due to external loads

0>> 0>
7 :
0> 0
Flexibility Matrix

/
B E
/
Reaction Vector

As there is no support sinking, displacement vector due to sinking becomes null. The
reaction vector,

/ 0 0> >
∆
B  E = 7 >> : B E
/ 0> 0 ∆

/ 21.3/ 45.3/ >

525.33/
Hence
B E = 7 : B E
/ 45.3/ 114.3/ 1165.45/

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
 114.3 45.3 525.33
/ () −
B E = − @   A G  H
/ 382.5 45.3 21.3 1165.45
−
  
/ 18.955
B E=I J
/ 2.68

Sum of Moment at B is zero, ∑  = 0

(2.68 ∗ 3) − (10 ∗ 1.5) +  = 0
 = 6.96KL

Sum of Moment at A is zero, ∑  = 0

(2.68 ∗ 7) + (18.90 ∗ 4) − (10 ∗ 5.5) − (6 ∗ 4 ∗ 2) +  = 0
 = 8.64KL

Sum of vertical forces is zero, ∑ 6 = 0

/ + / + / = 10 + (6 ∗ 4) = 34K
/ = 12.42K

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.
Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Some Special Cases to find Deflection of simply supported beams

Simply supported beam with eccentric load.

Moment at any Section,

& = /M N (when 0<x<a)

& = /M N − O(N − ) (when a<x<L)

N = / N N = / N − O(N − )
(when 0<x<a) (when a<x<L)

 P& " = −/M N

P" Q R S
 = −/M N + O(N − )
RN

RS N RS N O(N − )
Integrating
 = −/M + T  = −/M + +T
RN 2 RN 2 2

N N  O(N − )
Integrating again
S = −/M + TN + U S = −/M + + TN + U
6 6 6
Boundary Conditions At x=0, y=0
At x=0, y=0, At x=L, y=0
B=0 B=0

O( − )  O( − )
The deflection equation becomes,
0=− + + T
 6 6
O( − )  O( − )
T = −
6 6
O( − )  O( − )
T= −
6 6
O( − ) ( − )
T= V − W
6 

The deflection equation is,

O( − ) N  O(N − ) O( − ) ( − )

S = − + +X V − WY N
 6 6 6 

O( − )  O( − ) O( − ) ( − )
Deflection under Load, (x=a)
S = − + +X V − WY
 6 6 6 

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
 O( − ) 
O( − ) ( − )
S = − +X V − WY
 6 6 

O( − )  − ( − ) 
S = − X WY − V
6  
O( − )  2 − ( + − 2 )
S = − X − V WY
6  

O( − ) 
2 −
S = − X − V WY
6  

O( − )
S = − Z 
−2 2
+ [
6

O( − )
S = − Z2 
−2 2
[
6
O( − ) 2
S=
3
The Deflection equations are,

S = − +] ^ − _` N
\(' M) & ( \(' M) (' M)"
' * * '
(0<x<a)

S = − + +] ^ − _` N
\(' M) & ( \(& M)( \(' M) (' M)"
' * * * '
(a<x<L)

Simply supported beam with UDL at some part of one of the support

Moment at any section,

& = /M N (when 0<x<a)

& = /M N −
a(& M)"
(when a<x<L)

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
 N = / N b(N − )2
(when 0<x<a) (when a<x<L)

N = / N −
2
 "
P" Q
= −/M N R S b(N − )
 = −/M N +
RN 2
P&

RS N RS N b(N − )3
Integrating
 = −/M + T  = −/M + +T
RN 2 RN 2 6

N N  b(N − )4
Integrating again
S = −/M + TN + U S = −/M + + TN + U
6 6 24
Boundary Conditions At x=0, y=0
At x=0, y=0, At x=L, y=0
B=0 B=0

 b( − )
The deflection equation becomes,
0 = −/M + + T
6 24
b( − ) b( − )
T = −
12 24
b( − ) b( − )
T= −
12 24
b( − )
T= (2 − ( − ) )
24
b( − )
T= ( − + 2 )
24

The deflection equation is

S = − +V ( − + 2 )W N
a(' M)" & ( a(' M)"
> ' '
(0<x<a)

S = − + +V ( − + 2 )W N
a(' M)" & ( a(& M)# a(' M)"
> '  '
(a<x<L)

Analyze the following beam using flexibility method or force method

No. of Unknown reactions = 4

No. of equilibrium equations = 2 (∑ 6 = 0, ∑  = 0)

Degree of static indeterminacy = 4-2=2

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Let us assume the indeterminate degrees of freedoms are 1 (marked at support B) and 2
(marked at support C)

The given problem can be descritized into

Due to UDL 4t/m

b( − ) N  b(N − ) b( − )

Deflection at B

S = − + +< ( − + 2 )= N

12 24 24

20736
L=36m, a=24m, x=24m, w=4t/m
∆ =

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.
Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
 b( − ) N  b( − )
Deflection at C

S = − +< ( − + 2 )= N

12 24

17280
L=36m, a=24m, x=12m, w=4t/m
∆ =


Due to Concentrated Load 12t

O( − ) N  O(N − ) O( − ) ( − )

S = − + +X V − WY N
 6 6 6 

A=16m, x=12m, W=12t

The negative term to be neglected when x<a,

10026.67
∆ =

For Deflection at C,
X=24m, a=16m, L-a=20m, W=12t

9557.33
∆ =


Due to UDL 2t/m

Deflection at B

b( − ) N  b( − )
S = − +< ( − + 2 )= N
12 24

8640
L=36m, a=24m, x=12m, w=2t/m
∆ =


b( − ) N  b(N − ) b( − )

Deflection at C

S = − + +< ( − + 2 )= N

12 24 24

10368
L=36m, a=24m, x=24m, w=2t/m
∆ =


Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Deflection due to External load at Support B and C

∆c ∆d
20736 17280
Load

 
4t/m

10026.67 9557.33
 
12t

8640 10368
 
2t/m

efghi. jk ekihn. ee
lm lm
Total Deflection

Construction of Flexibility Matrix

Redundancy 1

O( − ) N  O(N − ) O( − ) ( − )

S = − + +X V − WY N
 6 6 6 

768
∆ = 0>> =

672
∆ = 0 > =

Redundancy 2

672
∆ = 0> =

768
∆ = 0 =

The flexibility matrix is,

768 672
? = @   A
672 768
 
Compatibility equation is,

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
 ∆C ∆ 0 0> /
−B E + B  E = 7 >> :B E
∆CD ∆ 0> 0 /

∆C
where
B E
∆CD
Displacement Vector due to sinking

∆
B E
∆
Displacement vector due to external loads

0>> 0>
7 :
0> 0
Flexibility Matrix

/
B E
/
Reaction Vector

As there is no support sinking, Final displacement vector becomes null.

The reaction vector,

/ 0 0> >
∆
B  E = 7 >> : B E
/ 0> 0 ∆
Hence

768 672 >

39402.67
/ 
B  E = @   A G H
/ 672 768 37205.33
  

768 672 39402.67

/ () −
B E= @   A G  H
/ 138240 672 768 37205.33
−
  
/ 38.04
B E=I J
/ 15.15

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
 (/R ∗ 36) + (/o ∗ 24) + (/ ∗ 12) = (4 ∗ 12 ∗ 6) + (12 ∗ 16) + (2 ∗ 12 ∗ 30)
Applying Moment at A is Zero,

/R = 10.55K

/ + / + /o + /R = (4 ∗ 12) + 12 + (2 ∗ 12)
Applying sum of forces in vertical direction is zero,

/ = 20.26K
Internal Moment at B

/ ∗ 12 − (4 ∗ 12 ∗ 6) +  = 0 (Assumed direction is clockwise)

 = 44.88 KL (Clockwidse)

/R ∗ 12 − (2 ∗ 12 ∗ 6) + oR = 0 (Assumed direction is anti clockwise)

Internal Moment at C

oR = 17.4 KL (Anti Clockwidse)

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
Solve the above problem when support B sinks by 2mm downwards. Assume
E=200GPa, I=1.35*10-3 m4

E=2*1011 N/m2
I=1.35*10-3 m4
EI=270*106 Nm2=27000tm2

Compatibility equation is,

∆C ∆ 0 0> /
−B E = − B  E + 7 >> :B E
∆CD ∆ 0> 0 /

∆C
where
B E
∆CD
Displacement Vector due to sinking

∆
B E
∆
Displacement vector due to external loads

0>> 0>
7 :
0> 0
Flexibility Matrix

/
B E
/
Reaction Vector

As there is no support sinking, Final displacement vector becomes null.

The reaction vector,

/ 0 0> >
∆ ∆C
B  E = 7 >> : B E−B E
/ 0> 0 ∆ ∆CD

768 672 >

39402.67
/  0.002
B  E = @   A G H−I J
/ 672 768 37205.33 0
  
768 672
/ () −
B E= @   A I1.459J − I0.002J
/ 138240 672 768 1.377 0
−
 

780 672
/ () −
B E = @   A I1.457J
/ 138240 672 780 1.377
−
 

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in
 /  193.63
B E= I J
/ 138240 78.43

/ 193.63 37.82
B E= I J=I Jt
pq
/ >r  78.43 15.32

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Jamshedpur.

Email: smadhuri.ce@nitjsr.ac.in