‫الريان للهندسة الكهربائية واالستشارات والتدريب‬

Alrayan For Electrical Engineering, Consultation And Training

Training Session For Port Sudan

Electrical Engineers

Power Factor Correction

Concept , Advantage and Practical Cases
Prepared By Eng : Elsayed Elamin Elsiddig Omer
+249123688134 /+249912352996
alsayedalamin1@gmail.com
31 May 2023
 Power Factor Correction
Concept , Advantage and Practical Cases
Session Outlines :
1. Three phase power equations (P – Q - S).
2. Power Triangle .
3. Power factor equation.
4. How capacitors are used to improve the power factor .
5. How power factor correction decreases generators and transformers loading.
6. Reactive power flow through a grid.
7. How power factor correction decreases grid total losses.
8. How low power factor penalty is calculated according Sudan utility (SEDC).
9. How the automatic power factor correction controller operates.
10. How to choose the best location to add capacitors in a grid.
11. How to use Etap software to simulate power factor correction cases.
 Electrical Power Triangle
* Below is the famous three phase electrical power equations
which forms what is called the power triangle.

P=√3*VL*IL*Cos Ø (Wat) P (Wat)

Ø
Q=√3*VL*IL*Sin Ø (VAR) Q (VAR)
S=√3*VL*IL (VA) S (VA)

P = Active Power (‫)القدرة الفعالة‬ S = √ (P² + Q²)

Q = Reactive Power (‫)القدرة الرد فعلية‬ P.F = P/S
S = Apparent Power (‫)القدرة الظاهرية‬ P.F = Cos Ø
 The Effect Of Adding Capacitors
Case (1) G G Case (2)

P = 4 MW 4 MW P = 4 MW 4 MW
2 MVAR 1 MVAR
Q= Q=

X
4.47 MVA 4.12 MVA
S= 2 MVAR S= 1 MVAR
4.47 MVA PF = 0.89 4.12 MVA PF = 0.97
I = 234 A I = 216 A
11KV 11KV
4 MW 4 MW 0 MW
X

X
X
2 MVAR 2 MVAR 1 MVAR
4.47 MVA 4.47 MVA 1 MVA
PF = 0.89 PF = 0.89 PF = 0
I = 234 A I = 234A I = 52 A
Load Load Capacitors
P = 4 MW P = 4 MW
Q= Q= S= Q=
S= 2 MVAR S= 2 MVAR 1 MVA 1 MVAR
4.47 MVA 4.47 MVA
 Current And Power Factor Calculations
G G
4 MW
4 MW
1 MVAR
2 MVAR

X
4.12 MVA

X
4.47 MVA
PF = 0.97
PF = 0.89
I = 216 A
I = 234 A 11KV
11KV
4 MW 0 MW
4 MW

X
X
2 MVAR 1 MVAR
X

2 MVAR P.F = P/S 4.47 MVA 1 MVA

4.47 MVA
P.F = 4/4.47 PF = 0.89 PF = 0
PF = 0.89
I = 234A I = 52 A
I = 234 A P.F = 0.89 Load Capacitors
Load

S = √3*VL*IL Q = √3*VL*IL*Sin Ø S = √3*VL*IL

IL = S/√3*VL IL = Q/√3*VL*Sin Ø IL = S/√3*VL
IL = 4.47*10^6/√3*11*10³ IL = 1*10^6/√3*11*10³*Sin 100 IL = 1*10^6/√3*11*10³
IL = 234 A IL = 52 A IL = 52 A
 The Effect Of Adding Capacitors More Than Load Requirement

G Case (3) G Case (4)

P = 5 MW 5 MW S=
5 MW
2.23 MVA Q=
S = 5 MVA 0 MVAR 3 MVAR -3 MVAR

X
5 MVA 5.83 MVA
PF = 1 P = 5 MW PF = - 0.857 (Lead)
I = 262 A I = 305 A
11KV 11KV
5 MW X 0 MW 5 MW 0 MW

X
X

X
3 MVAR 3 MVAR 3 MVAR 6 MVAR
5.83 MVA 3 MVA 5.83 MVA 6 MVA
PF = 0.857 PF = 0 PF = 0.857 PF = 0
I = 305 A I = 157 A I = 305 A I = 315 A
Load Capacitors Load Capacitors
P = 5 MW P = 5 MW
Q= S= Q= Q= S= Q=
S= 3 MVAR 3 MVA 3 MVAR S= 3 MVAR 6 MVA 6 MVAR
5.83 MVA 5.83 MVA
 Reactive Power Flow Through The Grid
11KV P = 5 MW

Q=
6.3KV S= 3 MVAR
S= 5.83 MVA
5.83 MVA Q= 5 MW 5 MW
-3 MVAR -3 MVAR -3 MVAR
5.83 MVA 5.83 MVA
P = 5 MW
X
PF = 0.857

X
PF = 0.857
6.3KV 11KV
5 MW 0 MW 6 MW 11 MW
X
X

X
3 MVAR 6 MVAR 5 MVAR 2 MVAR
5.83 MVA 6 MVA 7.81 MVA 11.18 MVA
PF = 0.857 PF = 0 PF = 0.76 PF = 0.983
Load Capacitors Load P = 11 MW
P = 5 MW P = 6 MW
Q= S= Q= Q=
G S=
Q=
2 MVAR
S= 3 MVAR 6 MVA 6 MVAR S= 5 MVAR 11.18 MVA
5.83 MVA 7.81 MVA 11KV
 The Effect Of Adding Capacitors

11KV P = 1 MW

Q=
6.3KV S= 2 MVAR
S= 2.23 MVA
7.07 MVA Q= 5 MW
5 MW
-5 MVAR -5 MVAR
-5 MVAR
7.07 MVA
P = 5 MW 7.07 MVA
X
PF = 0.707

X
PF = 0.707
6.3KV 11KV
5 MW 0 MW 6 MW 11 MW
X
X

X
3 MVAR 8 MVAR 5 MVAR 0 MVAR
4.47 MVA 8 MVA 7.81 MVA 11 MVA
PF = 0.89 PF = 0 PF = 0.768 PF = 1
Load Capacitors Load
P = 5 MW P = 6 MW P = 11 MW
Q= S= Q=
G S = 11 MVA
Q=
S= 3 MVAR 8 MVA 8 MVAR S= 5 MVAR 11KV
4.47 MVA 7.81 MVA
 The Effect Of Adding Capacitors

11KV P = 5 MW

Q=
6.3KV S= 7 MVAR
S= 8.6 MVA
8.6 MVA Q= 5 MW
5 MW
-7 MVAR -7 MVAR
-7 MVAR
8.6 MVA
P = 5 MW 8.6 MVA
X
PF = 0.581

X
PF = 0.581
6.3KV 11KV
5 MW 0 MW 6 MW 11 MW
X
X

X
3 MVAR 10 MVAR 5 MVAR -2 MVAR
4.47 MVA 10 MVA 7.81 MVA 11.18 MVA
PF = 0.89 PF = 0 PF = 0.768 PF = 0.983
Load Capacitors Load S=
P = 5 MW P = 6 MW 11.18 MVA Q=
Q= S= Q=
G -2 MVAR
Q=
S= 3 MVAR 10 MVA 10 MVAR S= 5 MVAR 11KV P = 11 MW
4.47 MVA 7.81 MVA
Power Factor Correction

• We can simulate the reactive

power by the foam in a cup of
SHAMPION .
• The foam fill the upper part of the
cup and if we want to empty the
whole flask we need a cup larger
than this cup .
• So the increase of KVAR increases
the total system capacity KVA .
Power Factor Correction
Power Factor Correction
Power Factor Correction
 Same PF With Different MVAR Value
P = 8MW

PF = P/S
Q = 8.12MVAR = 8MW/11.4MVA
S = 11.4MVA
= 0.7

P = 1.2MW
PF = P/S
Q = 1.2MVAR = 1.2MW/1.7MVA
S = 1.7MVA
= 0.7

P = 0.3MW PF = P/S
S = 0.4MVA
Q = 0.26MVAR = 0.3MW/0.4MVA
= 0.7
 Electrical Power Triangle
20MVA * The below diagram shows :
33/11KV (1) The power triangle for each load.
(2) The total load power triangle.
P = 5 MW
7.07 MVA

X
Q= 5 MVAR
S= 5 MVAR 5 MW
7.07MVA 932.7A
PF = 0.707

P = 1 MW 2.23 MVA P = 4 MW 5 MVA

X
X

2 MVAR 3 MVAR
Q= Q=
S= 2 MVAR 1 MW S= 3 MVAR 4 MW
2.23 MVA 117.2 A 5 MVA 262.7 A
PF = 0.44 PF = 0.8

Load 1 Load 2
 Three Phase Power Summation
Total MW (Pt)
P1

X
F1

Total KVAR (Qt)

Q1
Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 S1 P2
F2 Q2 P3
Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 20MVA S2
F3
St =/ S1 + S2 + S3 33/11KV
S3 Q3
It =/ i1 + i2 + i3 12.04 MVA
9 MVAR

X
8 MW
932.7A
PF = 0.66

0 MVA 2.23 MVA 5 MVA 5 MVA

X
X

0 MVAR 2 MVAR 4 MVAR 3 MVAR

0 MW 1 MW 3 MW 4 MW
0A 117.2 A 262.7 A 262.7 A
PF = 0.44 PF = 0.6 PF= 0.8

Capacitors Load 1 Load 2 Load 3

 Medium Voltage Capacitor Bank (11KV)

Capacitor Bank (1) Capacitor Bank (2)

 Power Factor Correction

Control Cabinet

Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1

 4500KVAR/11KV Capacitor Bank

Fuses

Contactor

Capacitors
Cells

Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1

 4500KVAR/11KV Capacitor Bank

Stage 3
Fuses

Stage 3
Contactor

Stage 3
Cells

Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1

Power Factor Correction Controller
Power Factor Correction
 Power Factor Correction-Basic Concept
P P

X
X
S Q Q
S

P
P

X
X

S Q
S Q

On Off
X

X
P P

S Q S Q
M M
Power Factor Correction
 Berber Area Grid
‫الي ابوحمد‬
‫من عطبرة‬ 220KV Berber 220KV 220KV
220KV 220/33KV
Y Substation Y
Y Y

x
x
33KV 33KV

x
33KV 33KV
Berber
x x

x x

x
33/11KV

x
Substation
x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x
33/11KV 33/11KV
10MVA 10MVA

415V 33KV
Dyn11
Y Y Dyn11

415V 11KV

x
415V 33KV 11KV 11KV

x
415V 11KV

x
x
x
x
x
x
415V 33KV

415V 11KV
415V 33KV

415V 11KV 3 * 1.5 3 * 1.5

MVAR MVAR

‫العبيدية‬
‫)‪Low Power Factor Penalty (Sudan Practice‬‬
‫‪PF = 1‬‬
‫ال توجد غرامه‬
‫‪PF = 0.95‬‬
‫‪ 4‬جنيه لكل‬
‫‪ PF = 0.90‬كيلوفار‬
‫‪ 5‬جنيه لكل‬
‫‪ PF = 0.85‬كيلوفار‬
‫‪ 8‬جنيه لكل‬
‫‪ PF = 0.80‬كيلوفار‬
‫‪ 10‬جنيه‬
 How to Convert From VAR to Farad
• The important formula that connect between VAR and
CAPACITANCE is :
VAR = 2 * π * f * C * V²
• V is the voltage applied to the terminal of the capacitor cell
and it is written on the nameplate.
• On the next slide is a name plate and you find that :
250*10ˆ3 = 2*π*50*20.084*10ˆ-6*6432ˆ²
Reactive Power Flow Through The Grid
S = √(P² + Q²)
S = √(5.05² + 3.24²)
S = 6 MVA
P.F = 5.04/5.689
P.F = - 0.8416 (Lead)