IFTIN TECHNICAL ACADEMY

For advanced technological training and entrepreneurship

TRANSFORMER AND CAPACITOR BANK

Lecture Notes by:

Instructor : Eng. Shoayb Mohamed Dahir

1
Introduction
2

An electrical device by which alternating

current of one voltage is changed to another
voltage.
Or
A transformer is a device that transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors-the
transformer's coils
Transformer Ratings
3

25KVA, 40kVA, 63KVA, 100KVA,

125KVA, 160KVA, 200KVA, 250KVA,
315KVA, 350KVA, 400KVA, 500KVA,
630KVA, 750KVA, 800KVA, 1000KVA
Or
1MVA, 1.25 MVA, 1.5MVA, 2MVA,
2.5MVA, 3MVA, 4MVA, 6MVA, 8MVA,
10MVA.
transformer
4

single core Cable

Types of Connections
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1. Delta to Delta
2. Delta to Star
3. Star to Delta
4. Star to Star
TRANSFORMER SELECTION:-
Given the TMD of a building as 400KW
Therefore Power Factor = Real Power/ApparentPower
PF = KW/KVA
KVA = KW/PF
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Therefore KVA = 400kw/0.8 = 500 KVA

Now check out the standard ratings of the transformers
500 KVA x 0.8 = 400 KVA
630 KVA x 0.8 = 504 KVA

Therefore to achieve the load of 500 KVA, 630 KVA

Transformer would be appropriate
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CAPACITOR
BANKS
Capacitor Bank
8

❖ Capacitor Banks are used for Power Factor correction.

❖ Capacitor Banks are used to improve the efficiency of the
transformers.

❖ Power factor is considered as 0.8 for general building area’s

which is a standard practice.
❖ Power Factor can be improved from 0.8 to 0.9 using Capacitor
Banks.
❖ Transformer selection is based on Total maximum demand
but not Total connected load.
❖ Power Factor = Real power (KW)/apparent power(KVA)
Continue…
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❖ Big industries runs on TCL, so the power factor may be 0.6 or 0.5 etc.

❖ Therefore Load on transformer increases and Power Factor decreases

i.e. 0.6.

❖ If Power Factor from transformers is more than 0.9 then C.B will
store the supply. If Power Factor from transformer is less than 0.9
then C.B will improve it to say 0.9

❖ P.F will never be 1 or more than 1. It will always be less than 1.

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Types of Capacitor Bank
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1. Standard Type
a. Cylindrical
b. Prism
2. Heavy Duty
a. Cylindrical Type
3. Special Heavy Duty
a. Cylindrical
b. Prism
Continue…
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1. In STANDARD TYPE of capacitor banks power

Factor variation is in the range 0-10%. Say from 0.8
to 0.9
we are increasing to 0.8 then it means 10%.
KVAR Variation is in the range 30-100 KVAR

2. In HEAVY DUTY if voltage Variation is 10-15% of rated

voltage and 30-40% of Power Factor Variation.

3. In SPECIAL HEAVY DUTY Power Factor variation 0-100% &

voltage variation is 20% & above.
Initial Power Factor Cos Ø1 = 0.8
Target Power Factor Cos Ø2 = 0.9
CAPACITOR BANK SELECTION(KVAR)
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KVAR = K x P
Where KVAR  Kilo Volt Ampere Reactance
K Constant (TanØ1 - Tan
Ø2)P  Power Load in KW
Continue…
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Principle Of reactive energy management
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❖All electrical loads which operate by means of magnetic

fields/electro magnetic field effects, such as motors,
transformers, fluorescent lighting etc., basically consume two
types of power, namely, active power and reactive power.
❖ Active Power (KW):
It is the power used by the loads to meet the
functional output requirements.
❖ Reactive Power (Kvar):
It is the power used by the load to meet its
magnetic field equipment's and the requirements
of magnetic losses.
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❖The reactive power is always 90degrees out of

phase with respect to the active power.
❖The unit normally used to express the reactive
power is VAr (in practical usage Kvar)
❖The apparent power KVA is the vector sum of active
and reactive power.
EFFECTS OF REACTIVE ENERGY
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❖ It is now obvious that both active and reactive

energy are necessary inputs in all electrical systems.
However the flow of reactive power has certain
negative aspects which result in increased cost of
electrical systems and also drop in the efficiency of
system operations.
❖ The increased flow of reactive power results in the
following adverse conditions:
✓ Overloading of Transformers

✓ Higher KVA demand on the systems

✓ Higher voltage drop through out the system

Continue…
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✓ Increased I2R(I square R) losses leading to additional

heating and loss of energy
✓ Increase in the rating of switch gear, cables and other
protective devices
✓ Reduction of voltage at the load end.
POWER FACTOR
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 The power factor is the cosine of the angle between Active

power and Apparent power
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
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 Capacitors are most cost effective and reliable static

devices which can generate and supply reactive
power (energy). Capacitors consume virtually
negligible active power and able to produce reactive
power locally, thus enabling power factor correction
for inductive loads.
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❖ The vector diagram given aside summarize the concept of

power factor correction/improvement by reactive power
compensation with capacitors.
Cos Ø 1= Initial power factor
Cos Ø 2= Target power factor
KVA2 < KVA1
BENEFITS OF REACTIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT
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❖ By providing proper Reactive Energy Management system,

the adverse effects of flow of reactive energy can be
minimized.
❖ Following table provides some of the benefits of Reactive
Energy Management.
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Savings on the electricity bill
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❖ Decrease in KVAdemand
❖ Eliminate penalties on reactive energy
❖ Reduce power loss in transformers
Example:
Loss reduction in a 630 KVAtransformer
PW=6500 W( assumed) with an initial
Power Factor=0.7
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Savings = 6500 W 3316 W

= 3183 W

With power factor correction, we obtain a final power

factor=0.98
The losses become: 3316 w, i.e., a reduction of 49%
Increase in available power
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❖ A high power factor optimizes an electrical installation.

❖ Fitting PFC equipment on Low Voltage side of transformers
increases available power at secondary of LV transformers.
❖ The table shows the increased available power at the
transformer output by improving power factor from 0.7 to
1
Example:
❖ Calculation for additional load in KW that can be connected
by improving power factor..
Load = 500 KVA
Initial PF (cos Ø 1) = 0.7
Target PF(cos Ø 2) = 0.95
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Cos Ø 1 = KW1/KVA
KW1 = KVA X cos Ø = 350 KW
KW2 = KVA X cos Ø 2 = 475KW
❖ Additional KW that can be connected = 475 – 350 = 125 KW
❖ Percentage of additional load = 125/350x100 = 36%
REDUCTION IN LINE CURRENT
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Installation of PFC equipment results in,

 Reduction in current drawn from source

 Reduction in conductor cross section and reduced losses

The table shows the Multiplying Factor (MF) for the

conductor cross section increase for fall in power factor.
Example: Calculation of reduction of line current if PF
improved from 0.60 to 1.00
Example
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Example: Calculation of reduction of line current if PF

improved from 0.60 to 1.00
Load = 350
1. KVA1 = KW/PF1
= 350/0.6
= 583 KVA
I 1 = KVA X (1000/ 3 )/V
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583 x (1000/ 3 )/440

= 765 A (Before PF compensation)
2. KVA2 = KW/PF2
= 350/1.00
= 350KVA
i2 = KVA x (1000/ 3 )/V
= 350 x (1000/ 3 )/V
= 459 A (After PF compensation)
Savings in line current
Multiplying factor
= I1/I2
=765/459
= 1.67
IMPROVEMENT IN VOLTAGE REGULATION
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❖ Installing PFC equipment increases the voltage at the point of

connection, which compensates the fall in voltage due to poor
Power Factor.
V*/V=Q/S
V* = Voltage improvement
V = System Voltage without Capacitors
Q = Capacitors Rating in MVAr
S = System Fault Level In MVA
Example: For a 150 Kvar, 440V capacitor and System Fault level
of15MVA
V*/V=Q/S
V*= 440x0.15/15
V= 4.4Volts
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