LINUX Assignment

1) MKDIR COMMAND :- The mkdir command is used to create a new

directory under any directory.

Synatax:

$ mkdir [option] <directories name…> [enter]

option of mkdir

➢ -p :- With the help of mkdir -p command you can create sub-directories

of a directory. It will create parent directory first, if it doesn't exist. But if
it already exists, then it will not print an error message and will move
further to create sub-directories.

➢ -v :- mkdir -v' command will print a message with every new file
created.

Example

$ mkdir MCA

$ mkdir -v m

$ mkdir -p A/B/C

$ mkdir -p -v x/y/z

OUTPUT-

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2) ls command:- The ls is the list command in Linux. It will show the full
list or content of your directory. Just type ls and press the enter key. The
whole content will be shown

Synatax:

$ ls [option] <directories/file name..> [enter]

option of ls command

➢ ls-a :- The (ls -a) command will enlist the whole list of the current
directory including the hidden files.
➢ ls-l :- It will show the list in a long list format.
➢ ls -R will list all the files in the sub-directories as well.

Example :

$ ls

$ ls -a

$ ls -l

$ ls -al

$ ls -R x

$ ls -l mca

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OUTPUT-

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3) Cd :- Linux cd command is used to change the current working

directory.

The cd stands for 'change directory.' It is one of the most frequently

used commands in the Linux terminal.

Syntax :

$ Cd [option] <directories/file name..> [enter]

Options-

• Cd .. (with to dots) to move one directory up.

• Cd to go straight to the home folder.
• Cd – (with a hypen) to move to your previous directory.
• cd / (with a forward slash) to move your root directory.

Example

$ cd x

$ cd x/y

$ cd ..

$ cd –

Output-

cl

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4) rmdir:-This command is used to delete a directory. But will not be able

to delete a directory including a sub-directory. It means, a directory has to
be empty to be deleted.

Syntax:

$ rmdir [option] <directories name> [enter]

Option of rmdir command

-P :- This command will delete a directory including its sub-directories

all at once. In below picture, all sub-directories have been deleted with
'rmdir -p' command.

-v :- rmdir -v' command will print a message with every directories

deleted

Example-
$ rmdir z
$ rmdir -v y
$ rmdir -p -v X/Y/Z

Output –

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5) pwd : The pwd command is used to display the location of the current
working directory.

syntax:-

$ pwd [enter]

example:-

$ pwd

Output-

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6) cat command:- cat command is very frequently used in linux . It read

data from the file and gives their content as output. It help as to create ,
view concatenate files

syntax

$ cat [option] <file_ name> [enter]

Option:

• cat > filename create a new file.

• cat filename1 filename2 > filename3 joins two file(1 and 2) and
stores the output of them in a new file (3).
• cat filename displays the content of file.

Example

$ cat > file1.txt

$ cat > file1.txt file2.txt > file3.txt

$ cat file1.txt

$ cat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt

Output-

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Other option-

• With -n option see the line number of a file in the output terminal.

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• With -b option see the line numbers of a file in the output

terminal(ignore any gap between paragraphs)

• See with -e option that ‘$’ is shows at the end of line and also in
space showing ‘$’ if there is any gap between paragraphs.

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• With -T option we could see TAB space is filled up with ‘I’

character.

• Append in existing file with ‘>>’ (double greater than) symbol.

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7) Cp command :- this command used to copy file or group of files or

directory. Create an exact of a file on a disk with different file name.

Syntax:-
$ Cp [option] source destination [enter]
$ Cp [option] source directory [enter]
$ Cp [option] source-1 source-2 source-n directory [enter]

Example:- $cp file1.txt file2.txt

Option-
• -i(Intractive): i stand for intractive copying . with this option
system first warns the user before overwriting the destination file.

• -b (backup): with this option cp command creates the backup of

the destination file in the same folder with the different name and
in different format.

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• -R :- this option used to copy directory of on directory to another

directory.

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8) rm command :- rm command is used to delete files.

Syntax :-
$ rm [option] [dir./file name] [enter]

Example:-
$ rm test.txt
$ rm -i test1.txt
$ rm -v test2.txt
$ rm -r MCA
$ rm -v -i -r A

Output-

Option of rm command
• -i :- before asked deleting each files. Are you sure deleting
this file.
• -I : - instead, which will only ask once and only if you are
trying to delete three or more files.
• -r :- will recursively delete a directory and all its contents (
normally rm will not delete directories , while rmdir will only
delete empty directories).
• -f:- will forcibly delete files without asking.

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9) mv command :- the mv command is used to rename and move and

files and directories from one location to another.
Syntax:-
$ mv [option] source destination [enter]
$ mv [option] source-1 source-2 source-n directory [enter]
Example :- $ mv file1.txt m
$ mv file2.txt file2.txt~ os

Option of mv command
• -I :- if the destination fie exist it will be overwritten. To
prompt for confirmation, us the –I option.
• -f :- the –f option overrides this minor protection and
overwrites the destination file forcefully and deletes the
source file.
• -n :- with –n option, mv prevent an existing file from being
overwritten in the following example the effect is for nothing
to happen as a file would be overwritten.
• -version :- this option is used to display the version of mv
which is currently running on you system.

Example-

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10) Head command :- the head command, as the name implies , print the
top n number of data of the given input. By default it prints the first 10
lines of the specified files.
Syntax: -
$ head [option] [file name] [enter]
Example:-
$ head file1.txt

Option of head command :-

• - n: - -n option show the number of line, if given number of lines.
Output :-

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• -c :- the -c option allows to print a specific number of bytes.

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11) tail command : -the tail command is a command – line utility for
outputting the last part of files given to it via standard input . it writes
result to standard output. By default tail return the last ten lines of each
file the it is given. It may also be used to follow a file in real time and
watch as new lines written to it.

Syntax :-
$ tail [option] [file name] [enter]
Example:-
$ tail file1.txt

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Option of tail command

• -n :- this option used to show the output of file given number
of lines.

• -c :- to limit the number of bytes shown with tail pass the –c

option . instead of limitin by number of lines this will limit by
the number of bytes passed to the –c option . in the following
example the output is limited to 16 bytes.

• -q :- To suppress the header line pass the -q option. This can be

useful to combine files.

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12) Ps command :- ps command is used to list the currently running

processes and their Pids along with some other information depends on
different option.

Example:

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13) Date command :- the date command display or set the sytem date. It
is most commonly used to print the date and time in different formats and
calculate future and past dates
Syntax:- Date <format
Example-

Option of date command :-

• Format option:- the output of the date command can be formatted with
a sequence of format control characters preceded by a + sign. The
format control start with the % symbol and are substituted by their
values.

• %a - Locale’s abbreviated short weekday name

• %A- locale’s abbreviated full weekday.

• %b- locale’s abbreviated short month name.

• %B- locale’s abbreviated full month name.

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• %d – day of month

• %H – hours

• %I- hour

• %j – day of year

• % m-month

• %M- minuts

• %S- second

• %y – full year

Output :-

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• -d :- the –d option allows you to operate on a specific date. You can

specify the date as a human – readable date string .

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14) Calendar command:- to display a calendar.

Syntax :-

Cal <year> <month> <day>

Example-

Option of cal command :-

• -m :- display a Monday as the first day of the week

• -j :- display Julian dates(day one based, numbered from january1)

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• -y :- display a calendar for the current year

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15) Wc command :-the wc command allows to count the number of

lines, words, characters, and bytes of each given file or standard input and
print the result.

Syntax:

Wc <option> <enter>

• -l : lines print the number of lines.

• -w : print the number of words.

• -m : print the number of characters.

• -c : print the number of bytes.

• -L : print the length of the longest line

Example-

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16) Echo command :- echo command in linux is used to display line of

text /string that are passed as an argument.

Syntax

Echo <option> <strint>

Example-

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17) Touch command: The touch command used to create, change and
modify timestamps of a file. create a blank new file.
Syntax:
Touch<option> filename

Example :- $ touch file5.txt

Option of touch command :-

• -a; this command is used to change access time only . to change or

update the last access or modification times of a file touch –a command is
used.

Example:

• -c : this command is used to check whether a file is created or not .if

not created don’t create it. This command avoids creating files.
Example-

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• -m : This is used to change the modification time only. It only updates

last modification time.

Example-

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18) Clear command : this command used to clear the terminal screen.

Syntax-
Clear
Example:

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19) Whoami command : it display the username of the current user

when this is invoked .

Syntax :-
Whoami [enter]
Example-

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20) Chmod command : - chmod is another linux command used to

change the read , write, and execute permissions of file and directories.

Syntax: -

$ chmod [reference][operator][mode] file...

References are :

u : owner

g ; group

o ; other

a : all

Operatoes are-

+ : for adding permission

- : for remaining permission

Modes are :

r : permission to read the file.

w : permission to write (or delete) the file

x : permission to execute the file

Example: -

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21) Man command :- man command in linux is used to display the user
manual of any command that we can run on the terminal.

Syntax:-

Man [enter]

Example-

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22) Vi command:- the vi editor opes in this mode, land it only

understands commands in this mode, you can move the cursor and cut, copy,
paste the text this mode also saves the changes you have made to the file
command are case sensitive.

Syntax :-

Vi <filename>

Example:-

Output-

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23) Shell script :- shell script is a program to write a series of commands

for the sell to execute. It can combine lengthy and repetitive sequences of
commands into a single and simple script that can be stored and execute
anytime which, reduces programming efforts.

Syntax –

Vi filename.sh

Example:-

Create a shell file in vi editor

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24) expr command:- The expr command evaluate a given expression and
display its corresponding output.It is used for:

• Basic operations like addition , subtraction, multiplication,

division, and modulus on integers.
• Evaluating regular expression , string operations like substring,
length of strings etc.

Syntax :-

$ expr expression

Example:- $ expr 3 +7

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25) test command:- A test command is a command that is used to test the
validity of a command. It checks whether the command/expression is true
or false.

It is used to check the type of file and the permissions related to a file.

Test command returns 0 as a successful exit status if the

command/expression is true, and returns 1 if the command/expression is
false.

Syntax:-

test [expression]

• -eq: equal to
• -ne: not equal
• -ge: greater than or equal to
• -gt: greater than
• -le less than or equal to
• -lt: less than

Example:-

test "variable1' operator "variable2"

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26) who command:- who command is used to find out the following
information :

1. Time of last system boot

2. Current run level of the system

3. List of logged in users and more.

Description : The who command is used to get information about

currently logged in user on to system.

Syntax :- $who [options] [filename]

Examples :-

1. The who command displays the following information for each user
currently logged in to the system if no option is provided :

Login name of the users

Terminal line numbers

Login time of the users in to system

Remote host name of the user

Output :-

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27) exit command:- exit command in linux is used to exit the shell where
it is currently running. It takes one more parameter as [N] and exits the
shell with a return of status N. If n is not provided, then it simply returns
the status of last command that is executed.

Syntax:-

exit [n]

Example:-

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 LINUX Assignment

1.Write a shell script for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,

modulo division.

Program :-

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2. Write a Linux shell script to check the given year is leap year?

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

3.Write a Linux shell script to check given number is prime or not?

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

4. Write a shell program to print Fibonacci series.

Program :-

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5. Write a Linux shell script to calculate factorial of given number.

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

6. Write a Linux shell script for Armstrong number.

Program :-

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7. Write a Linux shell script to check largest no of three number.

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

8. Write a shell script to see date, time, username, current directory.

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

9. Write a Linux shell script to swapping variable.

Program :-

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10. Write a Linux shell script to check given no odd or even.

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

11. Write shell script to find multiplication table using for loop.

Program :-

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12. Write a Linux shell script to print employee payroll (basic, DA, HRA,
PF, Gross salary, Net Salary).

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

13.Write a Linux shell script to perform all arithmetic operation using

command line argument.

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

14. Write a shell script to accept character and check for following?
• If user enter character (A-Z) then show upper case letter.
• If user enter character (a-z) then show lower case letter.
• If user enters digital no (0-9) then show digital number.
*, $, #, @ show its special character.

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

15. Write a Linux shell script show various system configurations?

• Currently log user and His/her login name.
• Your current shell.
• Your current directory.
• Your operating system type.
• Show mouse setting.
• Show keyboard
• Show network setting.
• Show Path
currently logged number of users

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

16. Write a shell script to check given name is a file or a directory or special
file or not?
Program :-

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17. Write a shell script to determine whether given file exist or not, existing
file name supplied by command line argument also check for sufficient no
of command line argument.

Program :-

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18. Write shell script to copy the content is one file to another file.

Program :-

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19. Write a shell script to print addition of given of all digits.

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

20. Write a shell script to search element present in list or not. (Binary &
Linear Search).

Program :- Binary Search-

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 LINUX Assignment

Linear Search :-

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21. Write a shell script for bubble & selection sort.

Program :-

Bubble sort :-

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Selection Sort :-

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22. Write a Linux shell script to sort the given no in ascending or

descending orders?

Program :-

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23. Write a Linux shell script to implement read, write and execute
permission.

Program :-

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24. Write a Linux shell script to print the following pattern.

1
22
333
4444
55555

Program :-

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25. Write a Linux script to print the following pattern using for loop.
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*

Program :-

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 LINUX Assignment

26. Write a Linux shell script to implement break & continue statement.

Program :-

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27. Write a Linux shell script to calculate area of circle & rectangle.

Program :-

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28 .Write a Linux shell script to count no of file in directory.

Program :-

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29. Write a shell script to generate all combination of 1, 2 and 3.

Program :-

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30. Write a shell script to check given string or number is palindrome or

not.

Program :-

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