1 Algorithm and ag Flowchart F teacher, What doth terms Algonithny and Howchart mean? What ts, # Dear student WW this chapter we shall Wi about alyorithins and tloweharts, Computer solves the problems by following the instructions g need the same task to be done by the computer, we ha instructions again. To avoid this, we can save those instructions in the set_of instructions is called program. The programs. are Programming language such as C, C+ +, Java, Python, VB, Cite Amazing Fact You can add 2 + 2 quickly and give the answer 4, but answer only if it has proper instructions to numbers. And the instructions should be in Algorithm The logical sequence of steps for a program is called English. Iven to it, Every time we ve to feed it the same computer. Such written using. various i. a computer can give the add the numbers i.e, how to add the a computer language. algorithm. It is written in simple Algorithm helps in understanding the flow of the intended program easily. Another advantage of algorithm is to use it to develop its graphical form called Flowchart. Advantages of Algorithm # Itis the set of steps arranged in a logical sequence as a solution to a given problem. * It makes it easier to create the graphical representation of the program flow called flowchart, Itis in human language (English in our case) hence easy to understand. * Itis easy to find logical errors since every step has its own logical sequence. » ‘Scanned wih ComScannereS 5. types of boxes and symbols that are connected with arrows/flow lines. Some common blocks and symbols used to create a flowchart are given here. Example 1: To calculate the sum of three numbers. ib Start. Input three numbers; x, y and z. Calculate the sum of three numbers (x+y+z). Print the sum. Stop. Example 2: To find the greater of two numbers. Start. Input two numbers, X and Y. Compare X and Y. If both are equal, go to step 5, else go to step 4. Compare if X is greater, 80 to step 6, else go to step 7. Print “Both are equal” and go to step 8. Print “X is greater” and go to step 8. Print “Y is greater” and go to step 8. Stop. A flow chart generally flows in the direction from top to bottom or left to right. Flowchart A flowchart is a graphical representation of steps of an algorithm. It is a set of different ere seo io Taner tao. Process Box Sn ‘Scanned wih CamScannerThe flow lines determine the flow through > Petey _ \t the chart i.e, they show the direction in which the program moves. 1 A decision/diamond box checks any poate condition in the program. It connects one part of flow chart to (On nitra rye another. Do it Yourself Identify the various parts of the given flowchart. Advantages of flowchart Flowcharts are an easier way to depict the logic of the program. Flowcharts, being graphical, help greatly in problem analysis. Flowcharts of any program are good for documentation and later reference. itations of flowchart J 2 3. 4. A flowchart helps in debugging process (to remove errors). Li 1. For complex, large programs flowchart becomes complex and difficult to follow. 2. If alterations are required the flowchart may require re-drawing completely. Drawing Flowcharts using Dia Dia is an easy-to-use, free Flowchart designer. Dia comes as an .exe file so to ensure its clean and latest version, it is recommended to download it directly from http://dia- installer.de/. After downloading the .exe file, double click on it to launch it and follow the simple instructions on the installer screen to install it. a ‘Scanned wih ComScannerDia Interface Menu bar: A standard menu bar with various menus. Standai B vi i . rd toolbar: It provides quick tools like new, open, save, printand export diagram etc. iagram Canvas: tis the largest blank area where you can draw the desired diagrams. Toolbox: 2 7 Pax All the blocks and connecters you need are available in the Toolbox. It also provides options for line widths and arrow styles. Drawing Flowcharts in Dia Click on the desired block in the Toolbox and drag with mouse on the Canvas. The block will be drawn. Editing Tools . Use Arrow tool to move the shape around on the canvas. Use Text edit tool to type text inside the block or press F2 key on the keyboard. 1 2 3. Use Connectersto connect the blocks with lines and arrows. 4 5. . Use Line widths to set the line thickness. . Use Arrow stylesto set desired arrow style. 6. For font, lines and colour settings, double click on the desired block to edit its properties. You can use Filemenu > Exportoption to export your chart as an image. ‘Scanned with CemScannerLine width and Arrow Style: Une man | Line color |Fatcoter Oven bechground Lene enyte | Tet pasting 019 [fet torment Corte Fort vert) tems» Drew mnge 0 t |comerradus 020 [tm ue toe | ese ae, oe Converting an Algorithm into a Flowchart Flowcharts are usually drawn from top to bottom, To convert an algorithm into a flow chart, pick up each statement in the algorithm and find the suitable, matching block of flowchart. Then connect them from top to bottom or left to right as the space on the paper allows. Let us see some examples now. ‘Scanned with CemScannerExample 1: To calculate the sum of three numbers Algorithm [7 Flowchart 1. Start. | 2. Input three numbers; x, y and z. | | 3. Calculate the sum of three numbers; Sum = x | penny s 4. Printthesum. | | 5. Stop. | Example 2: To find the area of a rectangle. [ Howchant Algorithm 2. Inputthe length and breadth of the rectangle; L, B. Calculate the area; Area = Lx B. Bw Printthe Area. Stop. Do it Yourself 1. Write an algorithm to find the average of five numbers and draw the flowchart also. 2. Write an algorithm to find the perimeter of a rectangle and draw the flowchart also. 3. Draw the Flowchart on paper for the following algorithm 1. Start. 2. Input the radius of circle; R, 3. Calculate the area; Area = = Rx R. 4, Print the Area. 5. Stop. ‘Scanned with CemScannerExample 3: To convert an algorithm into a flowchart to find the greater of two numbers, Algorithm Flowchart Start, Input two numbers, X and Y. Compare X and Y. if both are equal, goto, step 5, else go to step 4. worse 4. Compare if X is greater, go to step 6, else gotostep 7. Print “Both are equal” and goto step 8. 6. Print “X is greater” and goto step 8. . Print “Y is greater” and go to step 8. 8. Stop. _Do it Yourself = SRS Write an algorithm to convert feet into inches. Draw the flowchart also. i Loop A loop has a purpose to repeat one or more statements a certain number until a condition is fulfilled. While using a loop, you need a counter. A counter Is variable that is used to count the number of times a procedure is being repeated. Its name could be anything like x, counter, ctr etc. of times or A variable is the name of data. It keeps on changing its value during execution of a program. Its value can be incremented or decremented as per your requirement. Example 1: To print the name 10 times. program stops ‘Scanned with CemScannerGlossary..... Algorithm FI An algorithm is a sequence of steps to solve 2 problem. Flowchart : A flowchart is a graphical representation of steps of an algorithm. A. Choose the correct answer. 1. A/An is used to solve a specific problem.. a a) Algorithm Ob Program QO ©) Both a) and b) O _ @None of these oO Wa tT ‘Scanned wih CamScannerch} 2. A flowchart symbol cannot be typed, This is @ of flowcharts, a) feature Ow timitation ©) Both a) and b) QC W None of these OA is used to repeat one oF more statements a certain nunber of times, a) Loop O b) Algorithm, ©) Flowchart © Program 4 A__may have its value changed during program execution. a) Flowehart O valgorithm ©) Counter © d) None of them B. Answer the following questions, 1, What do you mean by the terms: Program, Algorithm and Flowchart? 2. What is the advantage of a flowchart? 2. List advantages of algorithm, ‘Scanned wih ComScannerC. Match the follows Column-il 1. Flow lines . aD 2. Process box . ~~ 3. Decision box . iz 4. Input/output box d. QP 5. Start/stop box e. os ad) Lab Activity Create algorithms to solve the following problems and then create Flowcharts using Dia or PowerPoint shapes or OpenOffice Draw or any other software provided in lab. 1. Accept the age of the user and check, if user is eligible to cast vote (age 18 or above). Ifnot then display the number of years user should wait to be eligible for voting. If yes then display the message “You can vote.” 2. Accept numbers from the user and keep them adding until user inputs zero. When a zero is input, program should display the sum of all the numbers entered and end. 3. Modify the algorithm and flowchart of Problem #2 to not to add any negative numbers input by the user. 4. A laser printer is printing one page at a time. Computer should display the message “Paper out!” if paper runs out in the printer and program should end. This should be checked before printing every page until all the pages are printed. Teacher's Signature: Teacher's Remark : =>--=>-~ EB https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Programming_Logic oS https://kids.kiddle.co/Flow_chart Teacher's Corner Teachers are advised to cite real life examples around students’ daily life to explain the concepts in cn easier fashion. W123 tT ‘Scanned with CamScanner