What is electronic spreadsheet?

Electronic spreadsheet is a computer application which organize, analysis, and store data in tabular
form. It is an electronic version of the accountant's traditional paper spreadsheet.

Uses/Advantages of electronic spreadsheet:

 A spreadsheet is an easy way to store different types of data.

 Accounting and calculation
 Budgeting and spending Help.
 Data cleanup.
 Generating reports and charts.

Differences between Manual spreadsheet and Electronic spreadsheet:

Manual spreadsheet Electronic spreadsheet

The general spreadsheet is prepared manually by The electronic spreadsheet is a created using the
pen and paper. particular software in a computer.

It is very time-taking process. It takes much less time.

Preparing report, chart or graph is difficult and Preparing report, chart or graph is very easy.
time taking.

What is Title Bar in Excel?

The Title Bar is located on top of the excel window. It displays the name of the open document.

What is Ribbon in Excel?

First introduced in Excel 2007, the ribbon is the strip of buttons and icons located above the work
area. The ribbon replaces the menus and toolbars found in earlier versions of Excel.

What is Name Box in Excel?

The Name Box displays the cell that is currently selected in the spreadsheet. It is located to the left of
the formula bar.

What is Formula Bar in Excel?

Excel formula bar is a special toolbar at the top of the Excel worksheet window, labeled with function
symbol (fx). We can use it to enter a new formula or copy an existing one

What is Vertical and Horizontal scroll Bar Excel?

There are two scroll bars in excel, one is a vertical scroll bar which is used to view the data in excel
from up and down and another scroll bar is horizontal scroll bar which is used to view the data from
left to right
What is Workbook in Excel?

The workbook is a file of MS-Excel or an accounting book in which the related information are entered
and saved.

What is Worksheet in Excel?

The term Worksheet used in Excel documents is a collection of cells organized in rows and columns.

What is Sheet Tab in Excel?

In Microsoft Excel, a sheet, sheet tab, or worksheet tab is used to display the worksheet that a user is
currently editing.

There are three ways you can insert / add a new sheet into a workbook:

Using the (Insert > Worksheet) menu.

Using the Worksheet Shortcut menu.

Using either of the shortcut keys (Shift + F11) or (Alt + Shift + F1)

Delete a sheet into a workbook:

Right-click the Sheet tab and select. Delete.

Or, select the sheet, and then select Home > Delete > Delete

Change the name of a Worksheet in Excel:

 Double-click the sheet tab, and type the new name.

 Right-click the sheet tab, click Rename, and type the new name.
 Use the keyboard shortcut Alt+H > O > R, and type the new name.

Difference between Workbook and Worksheet

Workbook Worksheet
The workbook is a file of MS-Excel or an The term Worksheet used in Excel documents is
accounting book in which the related information a collection of cells organized in rows and
are entered and saved. columns.

A workbook consists of two or more worksheets. A worksheet consists of several rows, columns
and cells.
Deleting a workbook means deleting all the Deleting a worksheet will not delete the
worksheets, workbook.

What is status bar in Excel?

The Status Bar is the area at the bottom in Excel where various information about the current mode
or any special keys that are seen.
What is cell in Excel?

A cell is a rectangular area formed by the intersection of a column and a row. There are total number
of 1048576x16384 cells.

Cell address/Reference:
Cells are identified by the Cell Name (Combining the Column Letter with the Row Number)
The cell address of the first cell in MS-Excel is A1.
The cell address of the last cell in MS-Excel is XFD1048576.

What is Cell Pointer?

In the MS-Excel worksheet if a certain cell is clicked with the mouse, it gets selected. Then that cell is
called Active Cell or Cell pointer.

Insert Cell or Cells in Worksheet:

Select the cell, or the range of cells, to the right or above where you want to insert additional cells.

What is Cell range with example?

A cell range in an Excel file is a collection of selected cells. A cell range can be referred to in a
formula as well.

For example, in the formula =sum(A1:A10), the cells in column A1 through A10 are the range of cells
that are added together.
For example, in the formula =sum(A1+B2+C3), the cells A1, B2, and C3 are added together

What is Label?
In MS Excel worksheet only alphabet or letter is used for inserting any data or information into a cell,
it is called Label.
Example: Name, City, Country.

What is Value?
In MS Excel worksheet only numbers are used in cell for different mathematical operations. It is called
value.
Example: Numbers are used to input rks, time, date etc.

Difference between Absolute cell references and Relative cell references in Excel

Absolute cell references Relative cell references

While coping the formula of a particular cell into While coping the formula of a particular cell into
another cell, if the cell address remains unchanged, another cell, if the cell address automatically changes,
that particular cell address is called absolute cell such address is known as relative cell reference.
reference.
The $ sign is used before the row or columns in case The $ sign is not used before the row or columns in
of absolute reference. case of relative reference.
Example: $A$3*5 Example: A$3*5
.
What is Row in Excel?

In MS-Excel-2007 worksheet the horizontal line of cells is called row. There are 1048576 number of
rows in a sheet.

What is Column in Excel?

In MS-Excel-2007 worksheet the vertical line of cells is called row. There are 16884 number of
columns. Name of the last column XFD.

Insert a column

Select any cell within the column, then go to Home > Insert > Insert Sheet Columns.
Alternatively, right-click the top of the column, and then select Insert

Insert a row
Select any cell within the row, then go to Home > Insert > Insert Sheet Rows
Alternatively, right-click the row number, and then select Insert.
Delete cells, rows or columns:

Select the cells, rows, or columns that you want to delete.

Right-click, and then select the appropriate delete option, for example, Delete Cells & Shift Up, Delete
Cells & Shift Left, Delete Rows, or Delete Columns.

Difference between Rows and columns:

Row Column
In MS-Excel-2007 worksheet the horizontal line of In MS-Excel-2007 worksheet the vertical line of
cells is called row. cells is called row.
In MS-Excel the rows are named with numbers In MS-Excel the columns are named with letters
(Example 1, 2, 3..). (Example A,B, C).
Rows go across left to right. Columns are arranged from up to down.
There are 1048576 numbers of rows in a sheet. There are 16384 numbers of columns.

How to change the column and row width in Excel?

We can manually adjust the column width or row height or automatically resize columns and rows to
fit the data.

Resize rows

 Select a row or a range of rows.

 On the Home tab, in the Cells group, select Format > Row Width.
 Type the row width and select OK.

Resize columns

 Select a column or a range of columns.

  On the Home tab, in the Cells group, select Format > Column Width.
 Type the column width and select OK.

Hide and unhide a row in Excel:

 Open Excel.
 Select the row(s) you wish to hide. ...
 Right-click anywhere in the selected row.
 Click "Hide."
 Highlight the row on either side of the row you wish to unhide.
 Right-click anywhere within these selected rows.
 Click "Unhide."

Auto copy

In MS-Excel worksheet, the method with which data of a particular cell can be easily copied into
another or a series of cells is known as Auto Copy.

Example:

Start by selecting the target cell (in our case B1 of Sheet 2) and typing in the + symbol. Next, right-
click on the Sheet 1 label button to go back to your data. Select cell A1 and then press Enter. Your
data will be automatically copied into cell B1.

What is Fill handle and its uses?

The Fill handle is an Excel feature that is used to fill the data automatically with a specific pattern.

For example, if you have to enter numbers 1 to 20 in cell A1:A20, instead of manually entering each
number, you can simply enter the first two numbers and use the fill handle to do the rest.

What is Auto fill? Explain with an example.

AutoFill is a very useful Excel feature. It allows you to create entire columns or rows of data which are
based on the values from other cells.

Example:
Suppose you are entering a predictable series (e.g. 1, 2, 3…; days of the week; hours of the day) you
can use the AutoFill command to automatically extend the sequence.

What is the advantage Auto fill?

Autofill covers anything from dates, days of the week, to months of the year and more… Excel will
automatically fill in the series. this can save so much time and reduce data entry errors. For example,
you can create a quick timetable with the days of the week using Autofill.

What is conditional formatting?

Conditional formatting helps the user to highlight a cell or range of cells according to the criteria we
supplied. It helps in distinguishing among the data with different colors and makes data in the
spreadsheet look easier to understand.

Example:

 Select all the data cells in the table.

 On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting, New Rule.
 Click on "Use a formula to determine which cells to format"
 In the formula box, type this formula, referring to the active data cell.
 Click the Format button, and choose a fill colour.

Fill with Series:

The fill with Series option is used to determine the value of other cells by copying the formula or
function using Auto Fill.

Example:

 Fill a column with a series of numbers:

 Select the first cell in the range that you want to fill.
 Type the starting value for the series.
 Type a value in the next cell to establish a pattern. ...
 Select the cells that contain the starting values. ...
 Drag the fill handle.

What is the advantage of goal seek in Excel

For our purposes, Excel's Goal Seek feature lets you adjust a value used in a formula to achieve a
specific goal.

Filter option in Excel

Filter your Excel data if you only want to display records that meet certain criteria.

Select any cell within the range.

 Select Data > Filter.

 Select the column header arrow .
 Select Text Filters or Number Filters, and then select a comparison, like Between.
 Enter the filter criteria and select OK.

How do I insert a row in a table in Excel?

To insert a single row: Right-click the whole row above which you want to insert the new row, and
then select Insert Rows.
To insert multiple rows: Select the same number of rows above which you want to add new ones.
Right-click the selection, and then select Insert Rows.

How do I insert a column in a table in Excel?

To insert a column, pick any cell in the table and right-click. Point to Insert.

Delete rows or columns in a table

Select one or more table rows or table columns that you want to delete.
On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click the arrow next to Delete, and then click Delete Table Rows
or Delete Table Columns.

Current date and time:

=NOW(): Current date and time
=TODAY(): Current date

Sort in Excel
In the MS-Excel worksheet manner of arranging the data (Number or Text) within the same column or
row inn the ascending or descending order is called Data Sorting.

How to sort in Excel?

 Select a single cell in the column you want to sort.
 On the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click. to perform an ascending sort (from A to Z, or
smallest number to largest).
 Click. to perform a descending sort (from Z to A, or largest number to smallest).

What is Filter Data?

Filtering data in MS Excel refers to displaying only the rows that meet certain conditions. (The other
rows gets hidden.)

For example, FILTER can match data in a certain year or month, data that contains specific text, or
values greater than a certain threshold.

How to filter data:

 Begin with a worksheet that identifies each column using a header row. ...
 Select the Data tab, then locate the Sort & Filter group.
 Click the Filter command. ...
 Drop-down arrows will appear in the header of each column.
 Click the drop-down arrow for the column you want to filter. ...
 The Filter menu appear
What is macro in Excel?

If you have tasks in Microsoft Excel that you do repeatedly, you can record a macro to automate
those tasks. A macro is an action or a set of actions that you can run as many times as you want.

You can create and then run a macro that quickly applies these formatting changes to the cells you
select

Example:

How to Make a Graph in Excel

[https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/how-to-build-excel-graph]

https://www.wikihow.com/Create-a-Graph-in-Excel

Bar - Displays one or more sets of data using vertical bars. Best for listing differences in data over
time or comparing two similar sets of data.

Line - Displays one or more sets of data using horizontal lines. Best for showing growth or decline in
data over time.

Pie - Displays one set of data as fractions of a whole. Best for showing a visual distribution of data.

 Open Microsoft Excel.

 Click Blank workbook.
 Add the graph's headers.
 Add the graph’s labels.
 Enter the graph’s data.
 Select the data.
 Click the Insert tab.
 Highlight your data and click (Bar/ Line/ Pie)
 Select a graph format.
 Add a title to the graph
 Save the document
 What is Database?

Database is an organized collection of related data where the data is stored and organized to serve some
specific purpose.
For Example, A librarian maintain a database of all the information related to the books that are available
in the library.

Main components of database?

The five major components of a database are hardware, software, data, procedure, and database
access language.

Define DBMS:
DBMS stands for Database Management System. It is a collection of application programs which allow the
user to organize, restore and retrieve information about data efficiently and as effectively as possible.
Some of the popular DBMS’s are MySql, Oracle, Sybase, etc.

Components of a DBMS:
Hardware, Software, Data, Database Access Language, Procedures and Users all together form the
components of a DBMS.

Advantages of Database Management System

Better Data Transferring.
Better Data Security.
Better data integration.
Minimized Data Inconsistency.
Faster data Access.
Better decision making.

Disadvantages of Database Management System

Increased Cost
Complexity
Currency Maintenance
Performance
Frequency Upgrade/Replacement Cycles.

DDL, DML, and DCL.

 DDL(Data Definition Language): It contains commands which are required to define the database.
E.g., CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, RENAME, etc.
 DML(Data Manipulation Language): It contains commands which are required to manipulate the
data present in the database.
E.g., SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE, etc.
 DCL(Data Control Language): It contains commands which are required to deal with the user
permissions and controls of the database system.
E.g., GRANT and REVOKE.

What is table in a database?

Tables are database objects that contain all the data in a database. In tables, data is logically
organized in a row-and-column format similar to a spreadsheet. Each row represents a unique record,
and each column represents a field in the record.

What is in a data dictionary?

A Data Dictionary is a collection of names, definitions, and attributes about data elements that are
being used or captured in a database
Data dictionaries are used to provide detailed information about the contents of a dataset or database

What is meant by metadata in a DBMS?

Metadata is simply defined as data about data. It means it is a description and context of the data. It
helps to organize, find and understand data.

What is database schema?

A database schema is an abstract design that represents the storage of the data in a database. It
describes both the organization of data and the relationships between tables in a given database.

Write the name of two users of database?

The name of the two database users are 1) Application programmer b) Specialized users.

What is DBA?

A Database Administrator (DBA) is individual or person responsible for controlling, maintenance,

coordinating, and operation of database management system.

What is Entity?

Any object existing in the real world which is recognizable and can be stored in the database s known
as Entity.

What is Relationship?

A relationship in a DBMS, is the primarily way to link two or more data . Relationships allow the
datasets to share and store the data in separate tables. For example – The relationship between the
employees and department entity of a company.