CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 1

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Subjective Questions

Section–A (1 Mark Questions) Section–B (2 Marks Questions)

d 1 d 6. Let u = cos-1 (2x2 -1)

1. log(tan x) = . (tan x)
Differentiating both sides w. r. t. x,
dx tan x dx
. ( 2 x 2 − 1)
sec2 x du 1 d
= =−
dx 1 − 2 x 2 − 1 dx ( )
2
tan x
 4x 2
2. For 0 < x < , cos x > 0 =− =−
2
1 − 4 x4 −1 + 4 x2 1 − x2
 f (x) = cos x
 f ' ( x ) = − sin x
4 − x2
7. We have, f ( x ) = ,
   1 4 x − x3
 f '   = − sin = −
4 4 2 which is discontinuous where
4x - x3 = 0
3. We have f (x) = cos x - sin x or x (4 - x2) = 0
 f ' ( x ) = − sin x − cos x or x = 0, x = ±2
So, f (x) is discontinuous at exactly
     
 f '   = − sin   − cos   three points.
3 3 3
3 1  1 − x2 
=− − 8. We have, y = log  2 
2 2  1+ x 
4. We have, x + y =1 ( )
= log 1 − x 2 − log 1 + x 2 ( )
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get dy −2 x 2x
 = −
1 1 dy dx 1 − x 1 + x 2
2

+ =0
2 x 2 y dx  2 
= −2 x  
dy
=−
y  (
 1 − x 1 + x2
2
)( ) 

dx x 4x
1 =−
1 − x4
 dy 
f ( 6 + h ) − f ( 6)
2
  1 1  = − 1 = −1
  , 
dx 9. f ' ( 6 ) = lim
4 4 h →0 h
2
5. Since sin x and cos x are continuous f ( 6 + h ) − f ( 6 + 0)
= lim
functions and product of two h →0 h
continuous function is continuous f ( 6 ) + f ( h ) −  f ( 6 ) + f ( 0 )
= lim
function. h →0 h
Therefore, f(x) = sin x. cos x is a f ( h ) − f ( 0)
continuous function. = lim
h →0 h
= f ' (0) = 1
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 2

10. We have f (x) = x3 - 3x, which is a 13. We have, f(x) = |sin x|

polynomial function. We know that |x| and sin x are
So, it is continuous and continuous for all real x.
differentiable for all real numbers. So, |sin x| is also continuous for all
Also, f (0) = f (3) = 0 real x.
So, there exists at least one c  (0,3) |x| is non-differentiable at x = 0
such that f '(c) = 0 So, |sin x| is non-differentiable when
 3c2 - 3 = 0 sin x = 0
 c2 = 1 or x = n  , n  Z
 c = 1  (0, 3) Hence, f(x) is continuous
c=1 everywhere but not differentiable at
x = n , n  Z .
1
11. We have, f ( x) =
x+2 Section–C (3 Marks Questions)
Clearly f (x) is discontinuous at
x = -2  
 mx + 1, x  2
 1 
Now, f ( f ( x ) ) = f   14. We have f ( x) =  ,
 x+2 sin x + n, n  
1  2
=
1 
+2 is continuous at x =
x+2 2
x+2  LHL = lim ( mx + 1)
= −
 
2x + 5 x → 
2
Clearly f (f (x)) is discontinuous at     m
2x + 5 = 0 = lim  m  − h  + 1 = +1
h →0
 2   2
5
x=− . and RHL = lim ( sin x + n )
2  
+
x → 
2

We have sin x =
2t    
12. and = lim sin  + h  + n 
1+ t2 h →0
 2  
= lim cosh + n = 1 + n
2t
tan y =
1− t2 h→0

Let t = tan z We must have LHL = RHL

2 tan z m
 sin x = = sin 2 z  +1 = n +1
1 + tan 2 z 2
 x = 2z m
n =
Also, 2
2 tan z
tan y = = tan 2 z 15. We are given a polynomial function
1 − tan 2 z f(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 8x – 9, and we have
 y = 2z to find whether it is differentiable at
y = x x = 4 or not, So by using the formula,
dy
 =1
dx
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 3

f ( x) − f (c) 17. We have, f (x) = |x - 5|

f ' ( c ) = lim ,
x →c x−c Since every modulus function is
f ( x ) − f ( 4) continuous for all real x, f (x) = |x - 5|
We get, f ' ( 4 ) = lim is continuous at x = 5
x →4 x−4
5 − x, if x  5
Now, Now f ( x ) = 
f (4) = (4)3 + 7(4)2 + 8(4) − 9 = 199  x − 5, if x  5
f ( x ) − f ( 5)
x3 + 7 x 2 + 8 x − 9 − 199 Now, Lf ' ( 5) = lim
 f '(4) = lim x →5− x −5
x →4 x−4
f (5 − h) − 0 5 − (5 − h )
( x − 4 ) ( x 2 + 11x + 52 ) = lim = lim
f ' ( 4 ) = lim h →0 5−h−5 h →0 −h
x→4 x−4
h
f ' ( 4 ) = lim x + 11x + 52
2 = lim = −1
h →0 − h
x →4

f ' ( 4 ) = 112 . f ( x ) − f ( 5)
Rf ' ( 5) = lim
x →5+ x −5
1 + x, if x  2 f (5 + h) − 0 5+ h−5
16. We have, f ( x ) =  = lim = lim
h →0 5+ h−5 h →0 h
5 − x, if x  2
h
Let's first check continuity at x = 2 = lim = 1
h →0 h
For continuity at x = 2,
Since, Lf ' ( 5)  Rf ' ( 5) , f (x) = |x -
LHL = lim (1 + x ) = 3
x → 2−
5|
RHL = lim ( 5 − x ) = 3 is not differentiable at x = 5.
x → 2+

f (2) = 1 + 2 = 3
18. ey (x +1) = 1
So, f (x) is continuous at x = 2
Taking log both sides,
For differentiability at x = 2,
 log [ey (x + 1)] = log 1
f ( x) − f ( 2 )
Lf ' ( 2 ) = lim  log ey + log (x + 1) = 0
x → 2− x−2
 y + log (x + 1) = 0
f ( 2 − h ) − f ( 2)
= lim Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
h →0 2−h−2 dy 1
(1 + 2 − h ) − 3 = lim −h = 1  + =0 ........... (i)
= lim dx x + 1
h →0 −h h →0 − h
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. 'x',
f ( x) − f (2)
Rf ' ( 2 ) = lim 
d2y
−
1
=0
+ x−2
x→2
( x + 1)
2 2
dx
f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2)
= lim d 2 y  dy 
2
h →0 2+h−2  −  −  = 0 [From (i)]
dx 2  dx 
5 − ( 2 + h) − 3 −h
= lim = lim = −1 2
h →0 h h → 0 h d 2 y  dy 
 −  = 0
Since, Lf ' ( 2 )  Rf ' ( 2 ) dx 2  dx 
2
So, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 2. d 2 y  dy 
 = 
dx 2  dx 
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 4

 sin 3 x 3
 , if x  0 We have f (0) =
tan 2 x 2

3 lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = f (0)
19. Given f ( x ) =  , if x = 0 x → 0− x → 0+
2 Thus f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
 log (1 + 3 x )
 2x , if x  0
 e −1 20. A function is continuous at x = c if
Consider LHL at x = 0 lim f ( x) = f (c)
lim f ( x) = lim f ( 0 − h ) = lim f ( −h )
x →c

x → 0− h →0 h →0 Here we have,
 sin 3 ( −h )  2 x − 1, if x  2
 sin 3h  
= lim   = lim   f ( x ) =  3x (i)
h →0  tan 2 ( − h )  
  
h →0 tan 2h
  2 , if x 2

 3sin 3h  lim  3sin 3h  Function is changing its nature (or

  h→0  3h 
= lim  3h  = expression) at x = 2, so we need to
 lim  2 tan 2h 
h →0 2 tan 2h
 check its continuity at x = 2 first.
 2h  h →0  2h 
LHL = lim f ( 2 − h ) = lim 2 ( 2 − h ) − 1
h→0 h→0
 sin 3h 
3lim   = 4 −1 = 3
=
h →0
 3h 
3 ( 2 + h)
2 lim 
 tan 2h  RHL = lim f ( 2 + h ) = lim
 h →0 h →0 2
h →0
 2h 
3 1 3 3 2
= = = =3
2 1 2 2
3 2
Consider RHL at x = 0 f ( 2) = =3
2
lim f ( x) = lim f ( 0 + h ) = lim f ( h )
x → 0+ h →0 h →0 Clearly, LHL = RHL = f (2)
 log (1 + 3h )  ∴ Function is continuous at x = 2.
= lim  
 e −1 
h →0 2h

 log (1 + 3h )  f ( x ) − f ( 0)
 3h  21. LHD = lim
x → 0− x−0
= lim  3h 
h →0
 2h ( e 2 h − 1)  f ( 0 − h ) − f ( 0)
  = lim
 2h  h →0 0−h−0
 log (1 + 3h )  1 1

  = lim
( −h ) 3 − 0 = lim
( −h ) 3
3
= lim  3 h  h →0 −h h →0 −h
2 h →0  ( e 2 h − 1)  1 1
  ( −1) ( h ) −2 −2
 2h  = lim
3 3
= lim ( −1) h 3 3

 log (1 + 3h )  h →0 ( −1) h h →0
lim  
=
3 h → 0
 3h  = Not defined
2  ( e − 1) 
2h
f ( x ) − f ( 0)
lim 
h →0 
 ( RHD at x = 3) = lim+
 2h  x →0 x−0
3 1 3 f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)
= = = lim
2 1 2 h →0 0+h−0
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 5

1 1
 sin4x and cos4x and hence
= lim
( h )3 − 0 = lim
( h)3 sin4x + cos4x is also continuous and
h →0 h h →0 h
differentiable.
−2
= lim ( h ) = Not defined
3 Now f (0) = 0 + 1 = 1 and
h →0
 
Since, LHD and RHD does not exist f   = 1+ 0 = 1
at x = 0. 2
 
Hence, f (x) is not differentiable at  f ( 0) = f  
x = 0. 2
So, conditions of Rolle's theorem are
22. We have to find the value of λ given satisfied.
in the real function and we are given Hence, there exists at least one
with the differentiability of the  
c   0,  such that f '(c) = 0
function f (x) = λx2 + 7x – 4 at x = 5  2
which is f ‘(5) = 97, so we  4 sin3c cos c - 4 cos3 c sin c = 0
will adopt the same process but with  4 sin c cos c (sin2c - cos2c) = 0
a little variation.  4 sin c cos c (-cos 2c) = 0
So by using the formula  -2 sin 2c . cos 2c = 0
f ( x ) − f (c )  sin 4c = 0
f '(c) = lim , we get,
x →c x−c   
f ( x) − f (5)  4c =   c =   0, 
f ' ( 5 ) = lim 4  2
x →5 x −5 24. We have,
 x 2 + 7 x − 4 −  ( 5 ) + 7 ( 5 ) − 4 
2
 x 2 + 3x + p, if x  1
= lim f ( x) = 
x →5 x −5  qx + 2, if x  1
differentiable at x = 1.
 x 2 + 7 x − 4 −  25 + 35 − 4 So, it must be continuous at x =1
= lim
x −5  f (1− ) = f (1+ ) = f (1)
x →5

 x + 7 x − 35 − 25
2
= lim  1+3+p=q+2=1+3+p
x →5 x −5
 p - q = -2 ... (i)
 f ' ( 5) = lim
( x − 5)(  x + 5 + 7 )
2 x + 3, if x  1
x →5 x −5 f '( x) = 
 q, if x  1
 lim  x + 5 + 7 = 97
x →5
We must have Lf ' (1) = Rf '(1)
 10 + 7 = 97  2(1) + 3 = q
 10 = 90 q=5
 = 9  p = 3 (from (i))
Section–D (5 Marks Questions)
23. We have,
  25. Let u = y x, v = x y, w = x x
f (x) = sin4x + cos4x in 0, 
 2 u + v + w = ab
We know that sin x and cos x are du dv dw
Therefore + + = 0 .... (1)
continuous and differentiable. dx dx dx
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 6

u=yx v + u = ab
Taking log both sides Therefore, on differentiating both
log u = log y x sides w.r.t. x, we get,
log u = x. log y dv du
+ = 0 .... ( iii )
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. to x dx dx
1 du 1 dy Now consider, x y = v [from Eq.(ii)]
. = x. . + log y.1
u dx y dx Therefore, on taking log both sides,
du  x dy  we get,
= u  . + log y  log x y = log v
dx  y dx 
 y log x = log v
du  x dy 
= y x  . + log y  .... ( 2 ) Therefore, on differentiating both
dx  y dx  sides w.r.t. x, we get,
y
v=x 1 dy 1 dv
Taking log both sides y. + log x. =
x dx v dx
log v = log x y y dy  dv
log v = y. log x  v  + log x.  =
x dx  dx
1 dv 1 dy
. = y. + log x. dv y dy 
v dx x dx  = x y  + log x  ... ( iv )
dx x dx 
dv y dy 
= v  + log x.  [From Eq. (ii)]
dx x dx 
dv y dy 
= x y  + log x.  .... ( 3) Also, y x = u [From Equation (ii)]
dx x dx  Therefore, on taking log both sides,
x
w=x we get,
Taking log both sides log y x = log u
log w = log x x  x log y = log u
log w = x log x Therefore, on differentiating both
1 dw 1 sides w.r.t. 'x', we get,
. = x. + log x.1
w dx x 1 dy 1 du
x. + 1.log y =
1 dw y dx u dx
. = 1 + log x
w dx x dy 1 du
 + log y =
dw
= w (1 + log x )
y dx u dx
dx  x dy  dy
dw u  + log y  =
= x x (1 + log x ) ... ( 4 )  y dx  dx
dx
 x dy  du
dy − x (1 + log x ) − yx − y log y  yx  + log y  =
x y −1 x ...(v)
=  y dx  dx
dx xy x −1 + x y log x
[From Equation (ii)]
(by putting 2, 3 and 4 in 1)
Therefore, on substituting the values
dv du
26. We have, x y + y x = a b ... (i) of and from Equations (iv)
dx dx
Let x y = v and y x = u … (ii)
and (v) respectively in Equation (iii),
Therefore, on putting these values in
we get
Eq. (i), we get,
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 7

y dy   x dy  f ( 2 − h ) − f ( 2)
x y  + log x.  + y x  + log y  = 0 = lim
x dx   y dx 
h →0 2−h−2
 2 ( 2 − h ) 2 − ( 2 − h )  − 8 − 2 
y dy x dy = lim  
 xy + x y log x. + y x . + y x log y = 0 h →0 −h
x dx y dx
8 − 8h + 2h 2 + h − 8
= lim
h →0 −h
dy x dy y
 x log x. + y x . = − x y − y x log y
y
2h 2 − 7 h
dx y dx x = lim
h →0 −h
h ( 2h − 7 )
dy  y x x y y = lim
  x log x + y . y  = − x . x − y log y
x
h →0 −h
dx  
= lim ( 7 − 2h ) = 7
h→0
y −1
dy − x . y − y log y
x
Now consider,
 = y
dx x log x + y x −1.x f ( x) − f ( 2 )
RHD = lim
3x − 2, 0  x  1 x →2 + x−2
27.

Given, f ( x ) = 2 x 2 − x,1  x  2 f ( 2 + h ) − f ( 2)
= lim
5 x − 4, x  2 h →0 2+h−2

5 ( 2 + h ) − 4  − 8 − 2
Now we have to check continuity at = lim 
h →0 h
x=2
10 + 5h − 4 − 6
For continuity, = lim =5
h →0 h
LHL (at x = 2) = RHL (at x = 2)
f (2) = 2 (2)2 - 2 Since,
=8-2=6 (RHD at x = 2) ≠ (LHD at x = 2)
LHL = lim f ( x ) Hence, f (2) is not differentiable at
x → 2− x = 2.
= lim f ( 2 − h )  
h→0  a sin ( x + 1) , x  0
28. Given, f ( x ) = 
2
= lim  2 ( 2 − h ) − ( 2 − h ) 
2

h →0    tan x − sin x , x  0
=8–2=6  x3
RHL = lim f ( x ) Consider LHL at x = 0
x → 2+ lim f ( x ) = lim f ( 0 − h ) = lim f ( −h ) =
−
= lim f ( 2 + h )
x →0 h →0 h →0

h→0  
lim a sin ( −h + 1) = a sin =a
= lim5 ( 2 + h ) − 4 = 6 h →0 2 2
h→0

Since, LHL = RHL = f (2) Now again consider RHL at x = 0

Hence, f (x) is continuous at x = 2. lim f ( x) = lim f ( 0 + h )
x → 0+ h →0
Now we have to check
tanh − sinh
differentiability at x = 2. = lim f ( h ) = lim
h →0 h →0 h3
f ( x) − f (2)
LHD = lim
x → 2− x−2
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 8

sinh Differentiating above w.r.t. x, we get

− sinh
 lim f ( x) = lim cosh dy
x − y.1
x → 0+ h →0 h3 d2y
= dx 2
sinh dx 2 x
(1 − cosh ) y
 lim f ( x) = lim cosh 3 x. − y
x → 0+ h →0 h d2y
 2 = x2 = 0
= lim f ( x) = lim
(1 − cosh ) tanh dx x
x →0+ h →0 h3
30. We have, f (x) = |2x - 1|sin x
h 2
2sin tanh Now sin x is differentiable for all
 lim f ( x) = lim 2 real x.
x →0 + h → 0 h 2
4 h But |2x - 1| is non-differentiable at
4
1
 h
2 x= .
2
1  sin 2  tanh
 lim f ( x) = lim   lim So, let's check differentiability of
x →0 + 2 h →0  h  h →0 h
1
 2  f (x) at x =
2
1  1
1
 lim f ( x) = 11 f  + h − f  
1
Rf '   = lim   2
x →0 + 2 2
1  2  h →0 h
 lim f ( x) =
x → 0+ 2
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then 1  1 
2  + h  − 1 sin  + h  − 0
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) 2  2 
x → 0− x → 0+ = lim
h →0 h
1
a=  1 + 2h 
2 | 2h | .sin  
= lim  2 
29. We have, x m. y n = (x + y) m+n h →0 h
Taking log both sides,
 1 + 2h 
 log (x m y n) = log [(x + y) m+n] 2h sin  
= lim  2 
 m log x + n log y = (m + n) log h →0 h
(x + y) 1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, = 2.sin
2
1 1 dy 1  dy 
m + n . = (m + n) 1 +  1  1
f  − h − f  
x y dx x + y  dx  1
L f '   = lim   2
2
 2  h →0 −h
m m + n  m + n n  dy
 − = − 
x x + y  x + y y  dx
1  1 
2  − h  − 1 sin  − h  − 0
my − nx  my − nx  dy 2  2 
 =  . = lim
x ( x + y )  y ( x + y )  dx h →0 −h
dy y
 =
dx x
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 9

1 
| −2h | sin  − h 
= lim 2 
h →0 −h
1 
2h sin  − h 
= lim 2 
h →0 −h
1
= −2sin  
2
1 1
Rf '    Lf '  
2 2
So, f (x) is not differentiable at
1
x= .
2