1 5 Ichapter CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY CHAPTER AT A GLANCE Continuity of a function at a point— Let /bea real function and a be in. the domain of /. We say fis continuous at a, if f(a)i.c. continuous ata from both left and right. Hence f(x) iscontinuous at x=aif lim f(x), existsand equal to f(a). Continuity of A function in an interval (A function fis said to be continuous in the interval (u, 0), if fis eoutinu- ous at each and every point € (a,b). (iA function fis said to be continuous in a closed interval [a, b], if (a) _f is continuous in the open interval (a, 6) and (b) fisleft continuous at *b’i.e. lim f(x) = f(b) =a finite quantity. (c)_f isright contmuousat‘a’ 1.2," Tih f(x) = f(a) a finite quantity. Basic results on Continuous Functions (If fand gare two continuous functions on their common domain D, then (a) f+ gis continuous on D () ff ontinuous on D. (©) fg iscontinuous on D (@) ‘af is continuous on D, where a is any real number. f 1 (e) ~ is continuous on ® F is continuous on D—{x3¢ (x)= 0} D-{x; f()=0} (ii) The composition of two continuous functions in'D is a co function in D. (ii) fis continuous on its domain D, then [f | is also continuous on D. uous: Note The product of one continuous and one discontinuous function may or ‘may not be continuous. Differentiability of a function at a point — f(x) is differentiable at ( both Left and Right Hand Derivative at (x~c) exist and Left Iland Derivative at (x= c) = Right Hand Derivative at (x= c) tim LEM LO) — jp LAM SO iyo h 0 h ),ift ie.172 MATHEMATICS 5. _ Differentiability of a function ina set @® Different in an Open Interval A fiinction f(x) defined in an open interval (a, b) is said to be differentiable or derivable in open interval (a, 5) ifit is differentiable at each point of (a. b). (ii) _Differentiability on a Closed Interval A function f(x) defined on [a, 5] is said to be differentiable or derivable at the end points a and b of the interval (a, 6) if tis differentiable from the right at a and from the left at b. (a+ hy- “Fb In other words, lim LE*D— SO) 4 jim AO SO A hoo h ho h exists then f is differentiable atx =a from right and at.= b from left respectively. Itf is derivable in the open interval (a, 6 ) and also at the end points a from right and at the end point b from left; then / is said tobe derivable on the closed interval [a, b] 6. — Theorems on Differentiability (The addition of a differentiable and a non-differentiable functions is always non-differentiable. (ii) The product of a differentiable and a non-differentiable functions may bedifierentiable. Gi) Ifboth Ax) and g(x) arenon-differentiable at x= a, then (fx) + g(x) may be differentiable at x= a 7. Differentiablity and Continuity (Ifa function is differentiable at every point of its domain, then it must be continuous in that domain. (i) A.continuous function may or may not be differentiable. (iii). Ifa function is not continuous then it will not be differentiable. 8 The derivative of composite function (Chain Rule) — If y= (2) and (x) be two independent functions in which the independent variable of ihe first function is the dependent variable ofthe second function, then the derivative of » with respect tox is given by bw de dx de dh In general, if y= f,(u), u=f(v), v= filo), -..2=f,(x) be n functions, then Ah) AHO, La] or ac du ac a de 9, The derivative of logarithmic function If y=log, x, where x>0 (a> Obut a'1). Then £0%8a *) WWWHJEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 173 10. i. 12. 13. 14. Corollary dy 1 = =—I0g, dex The derivative Of exponential function —If y= a", wherea>0 Let_a=e. Wehavey=log,x=logx => Then <= y log,a = a* log,a. dk Corollary de e*, We obtain Let a=e, so thaty dx =e" logye=e" .[** log,e=1] ‘The Derivative of A Function Represented Parametrically - Let x=/(0), y= g(0) betwo derivable functions each defined in some interval. Here, tis the parameter. Wealso suppose that the funetion fis invertible and fdenotes the inverse of f: Now, fbeing derivable its inverse, fis also derivable. We have SOD t= (0) Also, y= 2(),1= (x), > y= g [OO]. We say that y is defined as a function. of x defined with the help of the parameter ¢. Now, we have dy dy dt _dy de de dt de dt dt given value of 7. > whiere we suppose that dt / di 0 for the Differentiation of one Function ws. other Function — Let u=/(x) and v= g(x) be two functions of x. Then to find the derivative of f(x) w.r.t. £00), du _ duide du ) tofind [- we use the following formuta "= SUF. Thus, to find the derivative of f(x) w.rt. g (x), we first differentiate both war.t. x. and then divide the derivative of f(x) watt. xby the derivative of g(x) wat.t.x. The Derivative of an implicit function — Ifthe relation between the variables xand y is given by an equation containing both, and this equation is not immediately solvable for y, then y is called an implicit function of x. Implicit functions are given by ¢ (x, y) = 0. For example : 2°) + sin (xy) +x cos y=0 (i) Imorder to find dy/dr, in the case of implicit functions, we differentiate each term w.rt..x regarding y as a functions of x and then collect terms in dyidx together on one side to finally find dy/de. (i)_In answers of dy/dx in the case of implicit functions, both x and y are present Logarithmic Differentiation — Ifdi‘Terentiation ofan expression or an equation is done after taking log on both sides, then itis called logarithmic differentiation. This method is useful for (The function whose base and power both are the functions of a variable like x ie, the functions is of the form [/()] 8) WWW.JEE SIN174 MATHEMATICS (i) The funciton which is either in the form of factors or quotient or both but, so complex that directly using the product or quotient rule or both simultaneously is very lenthy. List of Differentiation of Some Standard Functions )» + = =k (Fy CConstant) =0 (i) Gy N= where kis a constant iy (gm = pel Wea Gil), Gy =m tiv) Gy ee 4 ayaa oT | aod.x)= () Fy @)=a'log, a (or a loge) (vi) J (log,a)= Ux d(log.) 1 dey x d L 1 i) = =—1_|or (8 Oa sal" Ta) ii) — (sinx) = cos (sii) Fy (Simx) = cos x aa i eee @® re (cosx) =—sinx &) a (tanx) = sec?x a _ 2 ay z . (xi) Fy (Cotx) = -cosee*x il) Fy (Goex) = seex tane wy 4 ome wy = wy © (inlay = Gai) Fe (Cosee.x) = —c08ees cot. (xiv) Fe (sina) = I1 dx lee? 1 (xix) 4 (cosec! x) = ae sist Rolle’s Theorem — Ifa function f(x) is (continuous in a closed interval [a, 5] (ii) derivable (or differentiable) in the open interval (a, b) and Gi) f(@) = f(b), then there exists at least one real number ¢ in (a, b) such that LoO= WWW.JEEE SINCONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 175 17. Langrange’s Mean Value Theorem — Ifa function /(x) is (continuous in the closed interval [a, 6] and (i) derivable in the open interval (a, 5), then there exists at least one real number c in (a, 6) such that f(b) ~ f(a) b-a fle di 18. Second Order Derivative— Let y=1(x), then i =foy AD) If P(x) is differentiable, we may differentiate (1) again with respect to x. | | , zy, 2, | 2) 2) <6 oy We ot MALY 46 , (x) or 2 (x) here — or mnote the second order derivativeofy wt.x. Higher order derivative may be defined similarly, —___- ERCISE Prove that the function f(x) =5x—3is continuous at x=0, atx=—3 andatx=5. ot ()Atx=6, fim £6) = lim (5x3) =—3and £(0)=~3 ©. fis continuous at x = 0 Gi) Atx=—3, Tim, £0) = Tim, (5e=3)=—18 and f-3) =~ 18, xd continuousat x 73 =5, lim f(x) = lim (5x—3)=22 and £(5)=22 (ii) At ©. fis continuous at x = 5 Any polynomial function, &g, y = fix) is continuous for all x. 2. Examine the continuity of the funetion f(x) =2x?— 1 at x=3. Sol. lim f(x) = fim (2x?1)=17 and f(3)= 17. -- fis continuous at x =3 3. _ Examine the following functions for continuity. (@ f(@)=x-5 © f= (©) f(x) @ x+5, Sol. (a) f(x)-(x-5) => (x~5) isa polynomial (b) f(x) continuous at cach x = R. , £(x) isnot defined. -. fisnot continuousat x=5. 1 1 1 i = = When x #5, lim <= 5 .Alsof(e)= <5 <. fis continuous at x < R— {5} WWWHJEE176 MATHEMATICS © fe)-"=% atx=—5, fmetion fis not defined. ©. fis discontinuous at x=—5 .. fis continuous for all x € R— {-5} (d) f()=|x—Slatx=5,f(5)=|5-5|=0, lim jx-3|=0 fis continuous at x = 5 =c>5, lim|x—5|=c—Salsof(c) At Similarly at x=e<5, lim x—5|—5-v,£(@) -5— ©. fis continuous at x= ¢ <5. Thus fis continuous for all x € R. 4, Prove that the function f(x) = x" is continuous at x— n, where nis a positive integer. Sol. f(x)=x" isa polynomial which is continuous forall x R. Hence Fis continuous, atx=nneN. if <1 1 continuous at x= 0? Atx=1? Isthetantion asinetny £0) f2 ifs Atx=2? Sol. (i) Atx : lim f(x)= lim x=Qand_lim f(x) = lim x=Oandf(0)=0 x0" x07 x0" x30" *. fis continuous at x= 0 (i) Atx=1: lim £(x)= lim (x)= 1and lim f(x)= lim (5)=5 xor xr xl xo! », lim f(x) # lim, f(x) "+, fis discontinuous at x= | orm xo (ii) Atx 2. fis continuous atx =2 Find all points of discontinuity of fin Q 6 to Q 12, where f is defined by 2x+3,if v<2 6 FO" 195 23,4 x>2 : x+y <2 Sol. £00) =) yg LHL. lim Qx+3)=75 £2)=2%2+ =3, pac RHL.= iM Qx—3)=2x2-3=1 > LHL#RHL. fis discontinuous at x = 2. Atx=c<2 lim (2x+3)=2c+3=£(0) -. fis continuous at x=¢<2 Atx >2, lim (2x~3)=2c~3=f(6) +. fiscontinuous at x=¢>2 => Point of discontinuity is WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 177 |x|+3, if xs-3 2x, if -33 Atxe-3:LHL= lim (p+3)= tim Cx+3)=84356 £C3)=-3}+3=6 RHL= tim, tee fim = 2 cole HESRHI. =FC3) > fis ee at x= a Atx=3:LHL= lim £60)= im €2x)= RULL.= fim £(4)= lim (6x-+2)=20and £(3)isnotdefined. => LHL. # RML:f() -. fis discontinuous at x=3 Atu=e<—3: lim (jx|+3)=-¢+3=f(0) = lim £¢x)=£(©)= fiscontinuous at x=e<-3 2e= £(c) > lim f(x) = £(6) fis continuous atx =e, where-33, lim (6x 42)=6¢+2=f(0) At when-33 I=! eee & f()=4 x 0, ifx=0 Mh igx 40 Sol. (x)=) 0 ifx=0 Atx=0:LHLL.= Lim Lin )- 1, (@)=0 & RHLL.= tim() xoot x LHLL.#RHLL.#f(0) 2. fisdiscontinuousat x =0 Atx=e<0: Lim 2) =-1=f( +. Lim £@)=f(©) WWW.JEEE178 MATHEMATICS = fis continuous at x=c<0 Atx =c>0: tim ). Lim™ =1=f{e) -.Lim £@)=f(© soe x} xSex = fis continuous at x = c> 0 ©. The point of discontinuity is x = 0 » ifx<0 9. f= i 1, ifx20 if x<0 Sol f(x)= x0 -1, if x20 Atx=0;LH.L.= lim 1; 0)=—landRH.L= lim f(x x30" || x07 LLL. = (0) =R.HLL. Hence fix) is@ continuous function atx =0. Now forx=¢<0; lim ~=-1= f(e) and / ity f= sre |X] lim SQ) = (= wheels = fis continuous at x se xe Now forx=e>0; tim f(a)= = lim, f(s)= fe) => fiscontinuous atx =c>0 Hence the function is continuous at all points of its domain. x41, if x21 10. £@=),3 4.1 /4Pan xt if x21 Sol. £O)= |x241 ip cl -ALX= 1: LHLL.= Limf(x)= Lim(x?+1)=2; sor 1 RHLL.= Lim f(x)= ay (x+1)=2and f(1)=1+1=2 xo See en Atx=c> 1: Lim f(x)= Lim (x + 1)=¢! 1 =o) => fis continuous atx =c>1 Atx=e< I: Lim (x)= Lim (x?+1)=c+1=f() => fis continuous at c There is no point of discontinuity at any point x € R WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 179 i. Sol. 12. Sol. 13. Sol. x33, if xs2 f(@)= [324 1 it x2 x3-3, if x<2 FOO") 241 if x>2 Atx=2:LHL.= Lim (x83) =8-3-5, RELL. — Lift (OF 1)-441-5 and f(2)=25 3-8- 3=5 = fis continuous atx ‘ Atx=c<2: Jim (8-3)=c3-3=f(0), Atx=c>2 tim (2+ D=2+1=f© = fis continuous for all x ¢ R. . There is no point of discontinuity. x wo-| a) ees x1 ,ifx<1 soe ESS At x= LLL, =Limf(x)=x"" =lim(1-h)" tim ton + 22H? Jo or h0] RHL.= lim f(x)= lim xo and f(1)=1!°1=0 . LHL,#RHL. #f (1) fis not continuous at x = 1, Atx=ce<1; Lim x!y=el1=f(). At x-e>1: Lim x?~¢?-f(e) = fis continuous.atall points x ¢ R— {1}. +. Pointof discontinuity is x+5,ifx<1 Is the funetion defined by f (x)= i a continuous function? x—5,ifx>1 AEHLLa Lim £(9)= Lim («+5)=6, xor ALX= RL. = Lim f(x)= Lim (x-5)=-4and f(1) =1+ $=6. xort xo > £(1)= LHL. RELL. + fis not continuous atx = 1 At x=c<1: Lim (x+5)=¢+5=1(0) At x=c>l: Lim (x-5)=c-5=f(c) ©. fis continuous at all points x € R except x= 1. WWW.JEE180 MATHEMATICS Discuss the continuity of the function f, where fis defined by 3,if0 fis not continuous at x = | and x =3. 2x, if x<0 0, if 01 2x .ifx<0 Sol. fx)= 79. if0sxsl 15. f(@)= Atx=0:LELL.= Lim 2x50 ,RALL.= Lim (0)=0 and £(0)=0 x0 = fis continuous at x =0 Atx=1: LHL. = Lim(0)=0, RHL.=Lim 4x=4 and £(1)=0, or xo -. f(1) = LHL. 4 R-ALL. +, fis not continuous at x = 1 When x <0, £(x) =2x, being a polynomial, itis continuous at all points x <0. When x > 1, £(x)=4x being a polynomi is continuous at all points x > 1 When 01 -2,if a <-1 Sol. f(x)={2x, if -11 Atx=-1:LHL.= Lim f(x)=-2, f(-1)=—2and xo WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 181 17, Sol. 18. Sol. 19, Sol. 20. Sol. RHL.= Lim (x)= lim 2x=-2 xott + => fis continuous at x=". Abe: LHLL.= Lim fy) = fim 2x =2.1()=2and RHL= Lim tis)=2 fis continuous at x= 1. Hence, fis continuous function. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by te -{e +1ifx3 Atx=3: is continuous at x=3, LHLL.= Lim (ax+1=3a41 , £)=3a+1and RELL= Lim (bx +3)=3b+3 oF yor fis continuous if L.H.L. = R.H.L. = (3) .3a+1=3b+3 or3(a—b)=2 2 2 a-b=5 or a=b+3, foranyarbitrary value of. 40? -2x), if xs 0 For what value of Ais the function defined by f=] 4.44 ipso continuous at x=0? What about continuity at x=1? ALx=0:LHLL.= Lim 2(x?+2x)=0, RELL. = Lim (4x +1)=land £(0)=0 xr f()=1.H1.4RHI = fis not continuous at x = 0, whatever value of 2. « Rmay be. At x= 1: Lim f(x) Lim (4x +1) =5=f() = fis not continuous atx =0 for any value of A but Fis continuous at x = 1 for all values of 2. Show that the function defined by g (x) = x ~ [x] is discontinuous at all integral points. Here [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Letcbean integer, [e—h]=e~I,fe+h]=c,[el=c, 2@=x-[x] At x=: LHL Lim (x—[x])= Lim ((e-h)—(e-D]=1[- [e-h]=e-1] RAL. = Lim (x— [x)= bit (c+h-[e+h]= Lim fe + h-c]=0 andf(c)—e [e]—e c-9, Thus LLL. # HLL. = f(c). = fis not continuous at all integral points, Is the function defined by f (x) = x* —sin x + 5 continuous at x= 11? Let f(x) =x?—sin x +5, LHL.= lim (x?~sinx+5),Put x-h,182 MATHEMATICS ». LHLL.= lim [(n—h)?=sin(n—h)+5]= lim [n?—2zh + h?-sinh+5]=12+5 0 0 RHL.= lim (x?=sinx+5), putx=n+h, o RELL.= Lim [@¢+hypP—sin (+h) + 5] = lim [72-+2nh-+h?+sinh+ 5] =7245, a and f(n) =2+5 . LKLL. = R.H.L. = t (2). Hence, fis continuous at x= 21. Discuss the continuity of the following functions: Sol. (a) 12 [sin 08 % +608 in aye a 4 4) N2sin x+i), Atx=e: LHLL.= lim ain (x9) = sin(o+2) = lim Basinl -, fis continuous for allx €R. v2 sin (« + *) =f) (6) f(s) = sinx—coss = YF sin x— 7 cos] i an in = |—V2 sin x4) sin x08 osx sin 8) Fain x~ 2), Atx<é: LHD tin J2sin (x4) = V2 sino] oe (: =r 1 1 (©) f(x) =sinx cosx= 5 (2 sinx cos x) ~ 5 sin2x. RHL= lim Bsin(x-7) =\2 xp ) «. fis continuous for all x € R. ‘Again fis continuous forall x €R. Sine fun always continuous function. WWW.JEEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 183 22. Discussthe conti ity of the cosine, cosecant, secant and cotangent functions. Sol. (a) Let f(x)=cosx.Atx=e,c eR: Lim cos x=cose=f(c) fis continuous for all values of x < R tn (©) Let f(x)=see x, f(x) is undefined atx =(2n+1) 5 .neZ. - , x + isnot continuous at x=(2n +1) 5 x Atx=e# Qn+1) 5: lim seex= see c= le) n Hence fis continuous at x Rexcept atx =(2n+1) 5 ,wheren €Z. (©) f(x)=coseex, fis not defined at x = ne => fis not continuous at x = nz. Atx=c#nm: lim coseex = cosece = f(c) :, fis continuous at all points x ¢ Rexcept x =n, wheren €Z (@)_f(x)=cotx, Fis not defined atx =n +, f(x) isnot continuousat x =nx Atx=c#nn: jim cot x =cote= f(c) fis continuous at all points x ¢ R except x=nm, wheren € Z. 23. Find all points of discontinuity of f. where SOY itx<0 f=} x x+lifx20 Sol. Atx=0: LHLL.= lim £ (8) = tim S!-P) piggy Mey) i RHL= lim ((x) = litt (x +1) =1and £(0)=1. x90" x0 fis continuous atx = 0 . sin x When x <0, sin x and x both are continuous. -- "ig algo continuous when x0, f(x) =x + 1 isa polynomial. *. fis continuous. = fis not discontinuous at any point. Note (@) If fz) and g(x) are two continuous functions in their domain, then ot isa continuous function, provided g(x) # 0 WWW.JEE184 MATHEMATICS 24. Determine if f defined by 1 x’sin—, if x40 f@)= x isa continuous function? 0, ifx=0 2 cin t e 1 —ny la 2 a } a at [sn 4) (42 «i Sol. Atx=0:LH.L.= tim ( sin 1) 1 ~~ “y sin 4, Ties between —1 and 1, finite quantity -y h? sin” > 0ash 0. h », LHLL.=0, SimilarlyRHL= lim (« sin —|=0: Alsof'(0)=0 (given) xoor . LHLL.=RH.L.=f(0) «. fis continuous atx=0. 1 For x # 0, x? and sin > both are continuous, therefore sing is also continuous. Hence f(x) is continuous for all value of x Note If f(s) and g(x) are two continuois functions in their domain, Then their product's also a continuous.function in their common domain. sinx ~ cosx, if x#0 25. Examine the continuity off, where fis defined by {(x)=) _ ifx=0 Sol. Atx=0: LLL. = ay (sinx. Cox) = lim [sin (-h)—cos(—h)] = lim = fi (sin bcos h)=—1 RAL, = Jee (sin x cos x) = lim (sinh —cosh)=~ 1 and £(0)=—1 LHLL.=RHL. =£(0) ~. fis continuous at x=0 Since for xeR both sin x and cos x are continuous, therefore their difference (sin x— cos x) is also continuous for all x € R. Hence f(x) is continuous for all x eR. Difference of two continuous functions is continuous in their common domain WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 185 Find the values of k so that the function fis continuous at the indicated point in Questions 26 to 29. keosx & » ifxes m—2x a n 26. fQ)= atx== 7 2 3, kcos| * 7h k cos x aes) Sol. Atx=2:LHL.= lim = lim Y Vea fiting x5 —b 2 nH —2x | boo \ 2 x9(2) n-2|2— a) ty) 21. Sol. 28. Sol. ksinh k sinh_k lim =. hoon—m+2h boo2 ho F . 2 1 RIL. : (Poting x= +) fis continuous at x = kx?, if x<2 fO=13, itx>2 x? Atx=2:LHLL.= lim (kx), Putx=2—h, LHLL.= lim k@=hy'=4k £@)=k-2?=4kand RELL, = lim £(x)=3 3 fis continuous iPL-H.L. = RHLL.=£Q) = 4k=3 = k= 4 atx=7 ket, if'xsn ©)" Yeos xy if x>m :LHL= Him F¢9= lim (kx+1)=kr+1, f(=krt1 and KHL. For continuityatx=n, LH.S.-=RHS.=f(1) > kx+1=-1 > k WWW.JEE186 MATHEMATICS kx+l, ifx<5 29. LO)=)3x_5, itx>s x5 Sol. Atx=5:LH.L.= lim (kx +1)=5k +1, 1s £(9)=k.5+1=5k+ land RELL.= lim (3x-5)=10 xost 9 fis continuous if L.H.L. — R-H.L.~f(5)=> 5k 10 = k- 5 30. Find the values ofa and b sueh that the function defined by 5, ifx<2 f(@)=jax+b, if 2 wll) Atx=10,LHL.= lim f(x) = awd (ax +h)=10a+b x10" andRHL= I. y=, @1)=21 fis continuous at x=10if 10a + b= 21 (ii) Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get :8a=21-5-16=> a2 From (i) b= 1. Hence,a=2,b= 31. Show that the funetion defined by f (x) = cos (x) isa continuous function. Sal. Now, f(x) =cosx?, let g (x)= cos and h (x)= x2 :. goh(x)= g (h (x)) cos x°. Nowg and h both are continuous x € R. £(%) = goh (x) = c08 x2 is also continuous at all x e R. A composite function of two continuous function in D is also a contimious funciton inD. 32. Show that the funetion defined by f (x) = |eos x] is a continuous function. Sol. Let g(x) =|x)andh (x)=cosx, f(x) =goh (x)= g (h (x)= g (cosx) = [cos x | Now g (x)= |x| and h (x)= cos x both are continuous for all values of x € R. ~ (goh) (x) is also a continuous function for all value of R. Hence, f(x) = goh (x) = |eos x] is continuous for all values of x € R. 33. Examine that sin |x| isa continuous function. Sol. Let g (x)=sinx, h (x)=[x|, goh (x)= g (h(x) =g (Ix))= sin [x|= £00) Now g(x) =sin x and h (x) = |x| both arecontinuous for all x € R. » £(x)= goh (x) = sin |x| is continuous at all x € R. WWWHJEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 187 34. Sol. Find all the points of discontinuity of f defined by f (x) =|x|—|x+ 1} £(x)=[x|—[x+ 1]. When x <1 :f(3)=-x-[- (e+ D)] =x +x +1 = 1. When —1$x<0: £(x)=-x-(x + 1)=~2x-1, Whenx20: f(@)—x (x+1I)- 1 1, ifx<-1 f(x)=)-2x-1, if-l 0, it is a constant funciton —1 ‘Wealso know that constant and polynomial functions are always continuous. = There is no point of discontinuotis. Hence fis continuous for all x € R. = EXERCISE Differentiate the functions with respect tox in Questions 1 to 8. 1. Sol. Sol. sin (x? +5) Lety=sin (x? +5). Putt=x?+5 => y=sint. = Yecost Scos(x? 42) and Sox dt x dy _ dy dt 2 nt a G0 + 5) * 2K= 2x C08(K2 +9) cos (sin x) Let y=cos (sin x). Putsinx =t dy at ny nd t=sinx =—sintand 4 = 60s x dy_dy dt : . Ge dt dx TOSI X c0sx =—sin (sin x) cosx dy = =_|sin (sinx)] cos x dx, WWW.JEE188 MATHEMATICS 3. sin(ax+b) Sol. Let y=sin(ax+b). Putax+b=t ©. y=sintand t=ax+b dy dt_d _ => Gy weostand 5 = 4 (ax+b)=a dy _dy dt_ ee dy | Now eT dt dy 7 OOSER A= AeOSE => G=acos (ax +b) 4. see(tan(V/x)) Sol. Let y= see (tan(x)) A dy _ d By chain-rule : So = see(tan Vx) an( n Vx) {tan¥) = = seo( tan Vt) tan ( tan Virco? Ve 5, sin(ax +b) “cos (ex + d) Sot, y= Si(ax+b) ‘ol, y= » cos (ex +d) du d = ain (e = x +b) +b) = Letu=sin (ax +b) > Gr = 008 (ax +b) 4 (ax +b) =acos(ax +b), and v=cos (ex +d) => A sinrroe (ex+d)=—sin (x+d) xe du oy Nowy- 9 ee wie ae v dy _ a cos (ax #b) cos (cx +d) +e sin (ax +b) sin (cx +4) dx cos? (cx + d) 6 cosx*. sin? (x°) Sol. Let y=cos x.sin? (x5) and let u=cosx* & y du . 2 =a sinx3(3x") dx =-3x? x sim, 5 dv_d d x and & =Ssin?x$ = 2sinx5 sin x =2sin x9 cosx® dx dx, dx dx =2sin x5. cosx5.(5x*) = 10x4 sin x°cos x° ee dy av du Ow WS BO a de = 10x4 cos x3 sin x5 cos x5 =~ 3x? sin x3 sin? x5 xv WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 189 ho} eot(x?) Sol. joa. a(2yeor(2?)) - 2a{eot(~*)) . dx dk dx 1 > eal) Eee) cosee*( 22x) _ =2x cose? (x7) Fox) + sine Maa dx 9, Prove that the function fgiven by f(X)=|X~ 1), XE Kis notditferentiable at Sol. “ 2 6. = g E g 3 £ z 4 5 RHD,- lim £0+ RO Zin Wenetee ho 10 _ 4 £dsh) =f) Ltd (=e LHLD.= jim, ny mie -h *. RHLD. # LHD. = fis not differentiable at x = 1. 10. Prove that the greatestinteger function defined by f(x) ~ [x],0 ma (Gosx—2) 2x+3y=siny ax +by?=cosy _ . doy ax + by?= cosy. Differentiating wrt. x, we get:a+2by j =-siny 4 ds => (2b+siny) = =- ef xy+y?=tanxty xyt+y’=tanx+y X+xyty?=100 x2+xy+y?=100 a Differentiating wart. x, we get : 2x+ ( “ytKx #) +2 dy dy_ Gxt y) => OL Gg -Y ae ae Stxytxy?+y |. Given that x°+x?y+ xy? +y°=81 Differentiating both sides, we get sPer Be yaney?rx[2yf) +3: de ad (32-29 +97)> be 2 Bi2 sowary?]= = gl tty] + 2xy-+3y WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 191 7. sim? y+cosxy=1 Sol. Given that sin?y + cos xy= = 2sin yeusy®— ssinsy®— ysinay =0 “ dx dx . ay > Ee [2 sin y cos y—x sin xy] =yssin xy ye ysinay ysinay yp —xsin xy 2y eain xy Differentiating both sides, we get _ dsinx deosy 2sinx +2cos y de =0 = 2sin.xcos.x+2cos »(-sin y) sin2. => sin2x-sin2y 2x 9. y=sint u (2 Pg } 2x, Sol. y=sin-' |), 2 |. Putx=tan 6, 21am 0 - . 2tan A sy=sin (ian? 9) —Sin"! (sin 26) v sin2A = =20 (+ sin"!(sinA)= A), dy 2 > y=2tae/> a Tae [3 10, y=taw!| 7S (3x- x3) Sol. y=tan! (y-3e) > put x =tan 0, 3tan A tan? A tan 3A = 1-3tan? A an“! (tan 36) _. (3a 8~ tan’ 6 yo tan” (1-3 tan? 0 WWW.JEE192 MATHEMATICS Put x= tan @ 1-tan? @ 5 _1-tan? A = y= eos | 1 an? 9 |= 057! (cos 20) maps2 A= =20 (- cos"! (cosA) =A) dy_ 2 Sy=2tntx => Y= 7, ¥ dx +x? 1x? 12. y=sin! (3S fect Sol. Putting x = tan@ , we get; Fan (+ sin-"(sina)=a) 2 00 0=tan“!x] WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 193 2 || sexe cos) Tz | isx y=cos”|(sin 20) aan wrcofoles} (Al ™ n x a we cl-1 -—<0<— SyAa 20 [ -l< fy -5< <5| 13. x = yago2tan Tyo 14. y=sin (2s Mie), BOG Sol. y=sin! (2xT=¥7), putx-=sin, weget: y=sin-t (2.sin @ JI sin? 8) = sin! sin @ 0086) (+7 eos” A 1 (sin 26) (- 2sinAcosA =sin7A). =A (- sin“'sinay= a) at dy Sy=2sirlx= 0 15. 1 Sol. 2xduj | « Putx=cos 0, 1 1 2 y= See 9 cos O= 1 cos 20 082A = 2e0s7 A—1) 1 = sec"! (sec 20) aes =20, see“! (secA) = A) = y-200sIx= dy WWW.JEEEMATHEMATICS —- ERCISE Differentiate the following wir.t.x: - : sinx e u dy_uv-w"’ _ dy_ esinx=e% cos x Soe ym POY ae OO sin? x = LE GINX= 08%) | when xe ngx eZ. Pax sin?x ot 2. en yx Sol. y= qsi”'x. Putt=sin-!x => x=sint, Sol. (arse 4. sin (ane) Sol. Let y=sin (tan! eyet os(tanto) & (ton &*) 5. log (cos e*) Sol. WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 195 N re OW a dt dx TORT =e mx"! ome! Forn=2: oe 2xe*; Forn=3: fe =3x2 da 4 Forn=4: —e% =4x3 e and For n=5: dx dx Nowy= k+e% +e settee? dy d 2 dad dos meet en (ay Pax dx ax a Tak | dx dy aor + 2xe% 4 3xteF + axtet 4 sxte® 7 Ve%,x>0 Sol. y= Jew . Let y=s,s=eland t=Vx 1 dy 1s ds 2 > Now Byehain rue: =x 81 gy! perenne Ox dy eo OY S 2x vom 1 ay! Ei a eh x IRL yy we ave Ave *7 8. log (logx),x>1 Sol. y=log (logx). Put y# log tand t= Stang St = 1 Sol. y=log(logx). Puty=logtandt=logx. => gp =, and y= dy _dy dtl bo gl 1 tl od 50 Now ax dt “dx tx dx logx x xlogx’™ 9, £8S% vag logx log x “cosx—cosx “ logx ee 108 cost dy _d oss ; Sol. Let yA TE ae dk logx (loga 1 1 log x(—sin x) —cos x| ~sinxlogx——cosx _ -xsinxlogx-cosx = =xsin xlogx=cosx (log)? 10. cos (log x+e*),x>0 Sol. y=cos (log x +e). Puty=costand t=logx+e% dy =-sntand Hote = gp tosimtand Go WWW.JEE196 MATHEMATICS dy_dy_ dt eee Now a ~sine(t +e -sin(og +e (t +e) = F txeysin dogs +e) — “EXERCISE B}—— a (a tee 4) = toga togb (b) log (ab) = log a lagh floxk be log, () loga"=bloga. @ 18, Differentiate the functions given in Question I to LL wnto x. 0s x. cos 2x. cos 3x Sol. Let y=cos x . cos 2x . cos 3x, Taking log on both sides, we get : log y=log (cos x . cos 2x . cos 3x) => _ log y= log cos x + log cos 2x ~ log cos 3x , Differentiating w.rt. x , we get ue if ue fil Boos 2x | d 4 cos 3x y dx cosx dx cos 2x dx cos 3x. dx _=sinx _ 2sin 2x _ 3 sin © OSX — cos2x | cos 3x (tan x +2 tan 2x +3 tan 3x) d = FAHY (tanx + tan 2x +3 tan 3x) cos X cos 2x. cos 3x (tanx +2 tan 2x +3 tan 3x) (-DG@-2) | (x-3)(x =4) (x-5) — 1) (x-2) Lety= (x= 3) (x -4) (x-5) : : (x-D@-D Taking log on both sides, we get: og y=lo8 4/3) (q —4) (x —5) log y ; [log (x ~1) + log (x ~ 2) —log (x ~3)—log (x— 4) —log (x -5)] Sol. WWW.JEEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 197 Sol. Sol. 5. Sol. Differentiating wirt.x , ldy_1 1 ns 1 1 a ydx 2[x-1 x-2 x-3 x-4 x-5 dy_1 [| &-DG-D 1 => dx 2Y(x-3)(x-4) (x -5) |x (log x)e"* Let y= (log x), Jaking log on both sides, we get : (og y = log (log x) = log y=cos x log (log x), Differentiating wr.t. x , we get : l dy d cos x y dx “O83 og logs) +e0sx G— log logx}=—sinxlog(logx)* <"y. = * = y|-sin x log (log x) + ae (log xyes b Sin.x log (log x) + a] xs 2sinx dy du _ dv Let y= x*—25" Let y= u- Hix ~ ik u=x*, Taking log on both sides, we get : log u =x log x, Differeutiating both sides, we get. 1 du =1- los xen ay cu X41 BX EX: =(1+ fogs) = Gr =xX(I +1ogx) sides, we get : log v— sin x log 2 Differentiating both sides, we get 1 dv dv a =cos xlog2 > 7 ae cos x log 2 dy _du_ dy Fen de Tae 8 Cl + log x) 28% 008 x log 2. (xt 3). (x +498. (x +5)4 Lety=(x $32 +4)§-(x+5)4 Taking log on both sides, we get : logy=log [(x +3 -(x +4) -(x+5)4] =log(x+3)P+log (x+4)3 +log (x+5)* = logy=2log(x +3) +3 log (x +4) +4 log (x +5) Differentiating w.rt. x , we get 1 dy 2 3 4 dy | 2,34 | 2s + + = Gayl + = + y dx [x+3 x44 x45) dx “[x43 xtd x45 [ 3 4 Weenie? KF SPRAY (45) Patras] WWW.JEEE198 MATHEMATICS 1 Taking og on both sides, we get: log u= x log (x+! ) ae 1) tog ux tog 244) =e Differentiating w.r.t. x , we get 1 du 1 1 1 P-L 1.80 page )-Ingx+x| he 2x) lg (« ! ‘\ 41? 8 “J . Taking log on both sides, we get : log v= ( + J log x , Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get: Idv Ly yf 1 x+l = 4 bog x 1 | -- 4, logxt+*) x2 x) x 8 xt and y= v dx (2) dv _ (+1 rlogx), dv _ x" (x +1-log x) dx xt oe x From equation (i), we get : dy (1 1 (yh flag(a+ 4) oot 7. (log x) + x08 Sol. Let y= (log.x)¥ + x'°8"= w+ v (say) For w= (log.x)" Taking log on b/s, we get : log ad b/s w. Ux. we get: log (log x) + top (log x) + log (logx) = x ae +t log{log.x) loge 1 1 ~Fogy testes) = a —(log x)" [perl] WWW.JEEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 199 Sol. Sol. For y= x8* Taking log on b/s, we get : logy = log x log x = (log.x)” 1 dv 1 Ditierentiating bis war. tx,we get: <= 2 log. au & logx)* [raz tiethe)| + xloex [284] (sin x)* + sin“! Jy Let y=(sinx)<+sin! fy . Letu=(sin x) andy =sin 1 Vx , — dy aioe “() Now u=(sin x) Taking log on Both sides, logu =x log sin x). Id 1 cos x ay Hog (sin) + XS — cosx—ley (sina) Ha CP > “ = (sinx)* [log (sin x) + x cot x] dv and v=sin! fy . Takingt= Jy and v=sin't=> <= dt aot dv _ dv : 1 dx 2VK "dx dt 7 fi=x aA EIS 1 From equation (i), we get : P(sinx) [log in x) +x 0tx1+ rar xX Jl-x x50 + (sin x)°5 let SIX+ (gin x)= w+ v (say) “Taking log on b/s, we get log usin x logx Differentiating b’s wer.t x, we get dsin. gx 1 =sinx.—+logxcosx x and for v= (sin x)" ‘Taking log on b/s. we get : log v= cos x log sin x eae bis want x, we get: d cosxLtogsin x + logsinx-“cosx de 8 ome WWW.JEEE200 MATHEMATICS = cosx——. cosx+ logsin.x(-sin x) = cos.xcot x~ sin xlogssin x sinx ® (sin) [cos xcotx—sinxlogsina] * y=utv o> 2-H, w a * a dk de sinx er > SBE ogscoss] sins) [cos.xeot.x—sin xlogsin x] x 10 yesaa yk eos x -1 x41 dy _ du dv = xxcoss = a). SQ Sol, y=xto"X+ => yauty (say). ge a Hay (1) Now w= xXeos Taking log on both sides, we get : log u= x cos X log x. d Differentiate b/s war.tx, we get: 4. = x¥€% [eos log xx sin x log x+ ¢0sx] xttl dv _ 4x and v= 31> dx 7 (2-1P From equation (i) we get dy _ yxoosx d 4x =X Toos x log x—x sin x log x+ cos x] - cs J 1-5 1 IL. (x eos x)*+(xsinx)* Sol. y=(xcos x)* +(x sin x)", Letu=(x cos x)* Taking log on b/s, we get : log u =x log (x cos x) Differentiate b/s wrt. x,we get: Ldu_ od _ 1 d(xcosx) . ogo) Hos xoss) =f Lees +log(x00sx) L/ (edeosx x +cos.x] |+ log(xcos.x) xeosx de [ (2€-sns) +083) ogress) cos = see.x(cos.x— xsin x) + log(xeos.x) = 1— x tan x+log(xeosx) = A (xcosx9"t1~xtan.+ log(s20s.)] Now v= (xsin.x)!/*. Taking log on b/s, we get : logy =—log(xsin.x) WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 201 Differentiate bis, war-tx, we get: 1 dlog(xsinx) Aon dk _1 1 d(xsinxy xoxsinx’ de = CORSE + Jog(xsin x) +log(xsin »{3) 2 + sin “| () x sinx) 1 log(xsinx) _ cotx 1 log(xsin x) = —[xeosx+ sin x]- dv Eo Eas x x we sin x)! hoe 1=log(xsin. 2 4(xsin.x)!* eet 4 Find Lotthe functions given in Questions 12 to 15. 12, x +y"=1 Sol. x¥+y* Let ux! andy=y* ~. utv=l> 0 (I) + dx dx Now u=x¥. Taking log on both sides, we get : log u= y log x Differentiating w.ttx:=> 4 au _ gy [oe wy ,] dk x. and v= y*, Taking log on both sides , we get : log v= x log y Differentiating wr.t x, we get: . From equation (i), we get dy dx x x dy [te y)+ [ *| pal =» [os S42] logy + * 8-05 +F gy 13. yS=x! Sol. y§=1"=>xlogy=ylogx Differentiate b/s wat. x, we pet dlogy dx logxtxy*! (applying log b/s) +log yy WWW.JEE202 MATHEMATICS 1 Sr y a de x(yloga 14. (cos x)” =(cos y)* Sol. 15. Sol. Sol. (cos x)" = (cos y)*=> lug (vos.)” = log (cos y)* (applying log b/s) = ylog(cosx) = x log (cosy) Differentiate b/s. war.tx, we get: = “Log (cos) +108 (cos (102 (c0s9)} +108(¢0s,) dy 1 cos.x 2) + 10g (eos) A Fe (sin ogo) > Fiow(cosx)+xtany' = lof Yen is dy _ log(cosy)+ytanx de ~ Tog(cos.x) + xtan y xy=e0-9) xy= el, Taking log b/s, we get: log (xy) = log e*- => log (xy)=x-y [ loge=1] => logx+logy=x-y Differentiate b/s w. r. tx, we get: Find the derivative of the function given by £(x) = (1 +x) (1 +x) (1+ x4) (1 +39) and hence find £’(1). Let fx=y> y=(1+x)(1+x2)(1+x4) (142°) ‘Taking log both sides, we get : log y =log [(1+2) (1 +) (1 +24) (1 +25)] => Tog y= log (1 +x)+log (1 +2) +log (1 +x!) Hog (1 +25) Differentiate b/s wart x, we get: ld 1 1 3 if a) oO ya OD Ga (+34) (es) WWW.JEEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 203 12x 43 ‘ 8x’ yf oka I+x d4x? (tx4) (L438) l+a}(1+22\(I+24\(I+34) is ; 2 A +x 1 AQ) | 8) afM-0+D0+D0+D0+) | Tah aaae 1.2.4 8] 16 FW=OHOO|I+3+4+4] = 15) a120 Note log (m ¥n Xp %q *...) = logm + logn * logp * logg +... 17. Differentiate (x*—Sx+ 8) (x' +7x-~ 9) in three ways mentioned below : (by using product rule by expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial. (iii) by logarithmic differentiation: Do they all give the same answer? Sol. (i) Lety—(G2 Sx+8)(3+7x+9) By using product rule eosets) (0 2x49) ++ 7x9) 4 (x! 5x+8) Sx +8) (3x747)t (8 + 7x +9) (2x5), xt = 15+ 24x? + Tx? 350+ 56+ 2x4 + 14x? + 18x —Sx°— 35-45 (i) By expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial S(Q)= (85x +8) (8 + Tx +9) Ad+ Tx’ + 9x —5x*— 35y? — 45x + 8x + 56x +72 x9—Sx$+ 15x°—26x°+ Hx +72 fe) =5x'— 208 +45. 520411 (ii) Bylogarithm differentiation : Let y = (x? —Sx+ 8) (+ 7x+9) Taking log on both the sides, we get : log y=log {(a° —5x+8) (e+ 7x+9)} log y= log (x°-5x+ 8) + log («+ 7x+9) Differentiate b/s w.r.tx, we get: WWW.JEEE204 MATHEMATICS 2x-5 37 +7 -Sxt8 8 +7049 4—20x3 + 45x°-52x+ 11 Hence in all the three cases, answer is same. 18. Ifu,v and ware functions of x then show that dv a a aw vw vwhu Gown ve intwoways~ first by repeated application of product rule second by logarthinic differentiation, Sol.) y=u.v.w => y=u. (vw) Differentiating w.rt. x, we get dy _du a du ed TH Ge OW) = Gy Comets 2 vey My rw = Gwe wave y=uv.w Taking log of both sides, we get slog y~ log u+ log v + log w, 1 dyfedu f 1 dv 1 dw ydx udx vdx” w dx dy 1 du 1 dv 91 dw =uw Jee dx u dx yy dx w dx = %. au dv a WAU, GoW UV. —+ ERCISE Ifx and y are connected parametrically by the equations given in Questions 1 to Differentiating wat. x: > dy 10, without eliminating the parameter. Find =. de 1 x=2at ty dy 2 dx dy _ at _4a = = =4at3 rarer Sol, x=2at? andy=at', => 4. =4avand =4at > a de aan oe dt 2. x=acos0,y=beos0 dx dy Sol. x=acos 6 and y= beos 0 => G9 =—asinOand G5 __b sind dy dy_ go _—bsind_b dx dx ~-asind a rT) SWTWLIEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 205 ace sin t, y= cos 2t a ‘ + Sol. Here x=sin t and y= cos 2t=> >= cos? and (sin 2r.) 2=—2sin 2 dt dy/dt _-2sin2r int cost . =—4sin¢ 2 dk deidi cost cost A andes Jp X= Aba Sol. Here x=4tand y dy dylat ax del dt 5. x=cos6—cos 20, y=sin®—sin26 Sol. Here x = cos 6 ~ cos 20 and y= sin 0 ~sin 20 ; a sin @—(—sin 20) .2 =2sin20=sin@ and —~ 8 _ cos -2c0820 ix/d0 2sin20—sind 6. x=a(0—sin 6), y=a(1 +056) Sol. Here x=a(0-sin®) and y= a(1+cos0) in] = asin asin © an sin > .c0s = =-cot— =cos6) a 2sin’ Sol. WWW.JEE206 MATHEMATICS 3sin” rcos/cos2/+ sin? fsin 2 2 sin? {2cost cos2r-+ cose cos 2t-+sin# sin 21] (cos2r (cos 21)’ _ sin? 1[2cos¢ cos 21+ cos(2t—1)] _ sin? ¢ cos¢[2cos2¢+I] (cos2r)? (cos 21)" (2 Jecos2t . (3cos? 1) (—sint)—cos? (2siida aad & 2veos2r It cos 2t sin 2¢ 30s? r.sint . Veos27 + 2° 5% _ cos? /[=Ssin cos 2¢ + cose sin 21] veosdt_ = cose (cos21y*"* cos” 1 [-2sint cos 21+ costsin 2r —sint cos? ~ 3/2 (cos21) _ cos? [-2sin¢ cos 2t-+sin(2¢—1) (cos2r)*? de _ cos tsint(1=2c0s2/) aod dt (cos 21)" _cos”1 sint (I-2c0s24) © cots (I-2c0s21) teost (I+ 2cos21) 1+ 2cos 2r t 8 x=a [ome logeans 9 =asint Sol. x= of cos oun and y=asine 1 at =a} —sine+ sec? + 7 2sin sh cos N WWW.JEEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 207 dw de dt dt cos? cost a ore acost _ cost SS = sine = tane sint 9 x=asec 0, y=btand Sol. Here x=a sec and y=b tan 0 a. asec tan and Be bse do __bve@__ sec __b ix ix / dl asec@tan® ~ atan@—asin@ 10. x=a(cos@+ 0 sin 0), y=a (sin @ —0 cos 0) Sol. Here x= a(cos@+6sin®) and y= a(sin@-@ cos6) & nO +0 .cosO +sin6] = a8 cos8 =a[cos6 +6 sin® ~cos6 = a0 sind ao =h do _ a8sind ac de 8 cos de 7 ai dy sy 1. Ifx=/q sine cost show that > =— x=Va e087 show that Go = — Sul. x—Jaseand y=aerls, Letx—y§ ; s—a"andu sinc! dx 1 dS egoa ang Mee! ds 2s 7 du ‘ dt i= dx _ dx /d8 dy _ Vat" toga a ds du dt 2YI-2 = tand, Now, let /y=,/s ;$= a" and v= cos! t, dy} 4 ds a dy _ dy ds dv = Vase! log a dv =a k de 72" logaand Fat ds dv dt 2 dy dy ae Va dy oy dx dx 7" fasion dx x WWW.JEEEMATHEMATICS EXERCISE EE —— Find the second order derivatives of the functions given in questions 1 t0 10. 1 x2 43x42 Si dy d Sol. Lety=x?+3x+2=> Go =2x+3 and ane 2, x20 -_ *F 18 ggg! Sol. Let y=x% => —=20x'? and —5-=20%19 x!° = 380." de de 3. x. c0sx. Y ag dy =x (sin x) + cosx-J=> 5 =—xsin x + cos x Sol. Lety=xcosx => 4 ae =~ (x cos x + sin x -I)—sin x >—x cos x~sin x—sinx = ©Y = xcosx—2sinx ax? 4. logx Sol. Let y= oot Ed ol, Let yslogx 7° = and 3 57 5. Blogx ay dy 1 =xMogx 2 Y= Ox? =H? 13x? Sol. Iety—x'logx > g! —A°S | (logs) 3x? x? | 3x’ log 1 ona © Y 2e¥ (5 cos 5x— 12 sin 5x) 7. e*cos3x Sol. Let y= e% cos 3x ox in3x) .3+e083x. 0 .6 =6.0% cos 3x—30™ sin3x WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 209 @y _ for 6x ox ir ox and = [6 (-sin3x) .3+cos3x.e% .6] -3[e% cos3x.3+sin3xe%" 6] 8. Sol. Sol. 10. Sul. i Sol. 12. Sol. = 27" cos 3x —36e" sin 3x = 9e% (3 cos 3x —4sin 3x) tan'x do @y_ 2x el r Lety=tan x= 90 =o and gx? (14 x2? log (log x) Lety= log (log x) > @ = = log (log x) > 2 =.= BEN) “ite Jogx af l ) ), ' 1 “Uogx) _ , it Ate — x dx x“ logx (el 1+ x logx| . logx dy 1 ~ sin (lug = cos (lo; Let y — sin (lug x) > dx (log x) x7 dy _ cos (log x) dx x o3(logx)-1 _ sin (log x) cos (log x) x-(-sin(log xy} J 2 and PY _ ? dx’ Ify=5 cos x—3 sin x, prove that —; +y=0 x di Wehavey=5 cos x=3sinx >= 5 sin x —3 cos x d and ©¥ ==5.08x+3 sin x =-(5 cos x—3 sin x)= = > oy +y=0, Hence proved. 2 a Ify=cos" x, Find - in terms of y alone. x dy \ =-(l-x?)2 ox (lx?) x= We have y= cos” -cosy = Sin} y ~~ Sot yeosec” y. WWWHJEE210 MATHEMATICS 13. Ify =3 cos (log x) +4 sin (log x), show that x? y, + xy, ty=0 Sol. We have y=3 cos (log x) +4 sin (log x) dy =3 sin (logx) | 4 cos (log x) Differentiate bis wirt.x,weget: gy = Yi = 2 + a = xy; =—3sin (logx) +4 cos(logx) Differentiate bis w.rt. x, we get: my, 3cos(logx) _ 4 sin (logx) x x => xy) ty) =— : => xy, +xy,+y-0 — Henee Proved. 14, Ify=Ac™ + Be", show th: #y anf $ =0 . Hy =Ae™ + Be, show that > —(m-+n) 7° + mny = Sol. We have y=Ae™ + Be™ 4 2y Ya me™+ Bene and © Y = 500 * 7 + 600 * (7) e* & - and ae 500 x 49 e?* + 600 * (49) &-™* = 49 (500 e+ 600) =49 y @y nay aay ae 16. Sol. ay _(ay ter (xe 1) 1, show thats =| x OKtH=1 Se" are ol i -1 Differentiate b/s wa.tx, we get: 4 ox (xsl + 2 2 2 ‘ate bls _ = 2) af (2) Differentiate bis wrt x,we get: > | -(2 x WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 211 17. Sol. 1 Sol. Sol. Ify=(tan™! x), show that (x? +1)? y, + 2x (x? + I)y,=2 We have y= (tan! x), Differentiate b/s war.tx, we get: dy dx =y, =2tan” 1 1 1 2 : +x2)y, =2 tan" Xp gp DU tx )y)=2tan x Differentiate b’s w.r.t x, we get 2 (1 4x2)y, ty, -2x= a SU AXP yt 2K +x, =2 ———— EXERCISE EX} = ——— Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f(x) = x7 + 2x—8, x € [-4, 2] Now f(x) x?+2x—8isa polynomial, ’. itis continuous and derivable in its domain x € R. Hence itis continuous in the interval [- 4, 2] and derivable in the interval (4,2) f(-4)=(- 4)? + 2(-4)-8= 16-8 -8=Oand f(2)=27+4-8=8-8=0 Conditions of Rolle’s theorem are satisfied. f'(KX)=2x+2 — . £'(c)=2c+ 2505 cH41 €[-4,2] Thus f"(c)=0 ate=—1. Examine if Rolle’s theorem is applicable to any of the following functions. Can you say some thing about the converse of Rolle’s theorem from these x] for xe [-2,2] 2-1 for xe [1,2] Greatest integral finetion fix) = [x] is neither continuous nor differentiable at any integral value of . @ Gi) Gi Inthe interval [5,9], (x)= [x] isneither continuous nor derivable at x=6, 7,8 Hence Rolle’s theorem is not applicabl £ (x) = [x] iS not continuous and derivable at 1, 0, 1. Hence Rolle’s theorem is not applicable. £(x) = (251) >, (0)= 1 -1= Oand £(2)=2?-1= 3 #£(1) ‘Though it is continuous and derivable in the interval [1, 2]. Rolle’s theorem is not applicable, since f(1) # (2). In case of converse iff’ (c)=0,c € [a,b] then conditions of rolle’s theorem are not true @ (i (x)= [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x. £ (x)=0, But fis neither continuous nor differentiable in the interval [5,9]. Here also, though f’(x)= 0 , but fis neither continuous nor differentiable in the interval [-2, 2]. Gil) £00) =x2-1, f(x) = 2x. Here f" (x) isnot zero in the [1, 2]. (WWW.JEEBOOKS.IN212 MATHEMATICS h 3. Iff:|-5,5] 9 Ris a differentiable function and if f” (x) does not vai anywhere then prove that f(-5)#(5). For Rolle’s theorem, If i) fis continuous in [a, b] (ii) fis derivable in (a, b) (ii) f(a)=£(b), then f’(c)=0,c (a,b). fis continuous and derivable but f’(c)#0 > f(a)# f(b) ic, £( 5)#£(5) 4. Verify Mean Value Theorem, if f(s) =x?—4x—3 in the interval [a, b], where a-landb-4. Sol. f(x)=x?—4x—3. Itbeing a polynomial it is continuous in the interval [1,4] and derivable in (1, 4), Soall the condition of mean value theorem hold. then f’(x)=2x-4 => f"()=2c- Iff(4) = 1616-3 =—3 and f(1)= 1-4-3 = Then there exist a value ¢ such that \— Sol. 6 3 5 ~ YAy fassid c= f= 47 15 24413 c=) €(.4) Verify Mean Value Theorem, if f(x) =? —5x° —3x in the interval |a, b], where a= Land b=3. Findall ¢ € (1,3) for which f”(¢)=0, f(x) =x3—5x?—3x, itisa polynomial. Therefore it is continuous in the interval [1, 3] and derivable in the interval (1,3) Sol. Also, f(x)=3x?-10x-3 +, © f"(e)=3e?- 100-3 Also, f'(c)= £@)— Fa) Ai) Again, f(1)= 1—5—3>=7 and £(3)=27—45-9=-27 7 From (i), we get:(¢=1) (3¢=7)=0 > e = Land 7 3 ~~ mean value theorem is verified: _ 5434 3 7 Now © (1,3)&1 @ (1,3) f'(c)=0 3c? s10c-3=0>¢ c= 3-61, 0:28) None of these values € (1, 3) 6. Examine the applicability of Mean Value theorem for all three functions, given in the above exercise 2. ()f{x)=[x] for x e [5,9] ,£(%) =[x] in the interval [5, 9] is neither continuous, nor differentiable. Hence value theorem is not applicable. (i) £(8)=[x}, forx € £22], Again f (x) = [x] in the interval [-2, 2] is neither continuous, nor differentiable. Hence value theorem is not applicable. Gil). (6) =x2—1 forx € [1,2], _Itisa polynomial. Therefore itis continuous in the interval [1, 2] and differentiable in the interval (1, 2) Sol. (WWW.JEEBOOKS.INCONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 213 2 £%(0)=2x, F()= y-FO-F@ 9, b-a Differentiate w.r.t.x the function in Questions I 10 11. 1. (3x?7-9x+5)? Sol. Let y=(3x?-9x +5)?and t= 3x?-9x+5 > y=t?, fe 27 (3x2 —9xe+ 5)8(2x — 3) 2. sin? x+cos® x Sol. Let y=sin’x+cos"x=> y=u+v(say) u=sin’ x and v=cos® x, au _ (sin? x) a dk =3sin? x. =3sin” xeosx dv _A(cos*x) (osx) dx = cos* x(-sinx) = —6 cos* x sin x pe eee and ae z 6cos” x. du | dv ay = =3 sin? x cos x — 6 cos x sin x dx dx dy dx Sxpsems2s Sol. Let y= (Sx) 2% ‘Taking log on both sides, we get : log y =3 cos 2x log 5x Differentiating wart, x, we get 1 dy 1 cos 2x x => 42 =3 sin x cos x (sin x=2 cos! x) ~ 2sin 2x log sx] y dx 73 /28in2% Jog 5x-+3 (c082x) 6 =3 = Y = (5x) C 608 2 _ § sin 2x log x] dx x 4. sin! (xvx),0sxs1 Sol. Lety~sin-!(x Vx) = y~sintx32,Putt— x9? -, y—sinelt dy: dy _ dt _ » dx dx 2 dt WWW.JEEE214 MATHEMATICS cos! x/2 y2x+7 ” cor'x/2 , => ae dw _ 4 ix xa 2x +7 Nowy=t > dx de 2 Ox NALAA x? cos! x/2 vy 7 (x47? f4- x? “leeree . 1+ sinx — /1—sinx . 4 1+ sin x + Jl—sinx Sol. y= cot") Ty sinx — Js sinx, 2 ss 1 +sin x = cos? x/2 + sin? x/2+2 cos x/2 sin x/2 sin? 0 + cos? 0 and sin 20 = 2sin 0 cos @) x x) cos ~ + sin ( 2 i] Similarly, 1 —sin cot"! (col 8) = 8) 7. (log x)P%,x>1 Sol. Let y= (log x)!8%,x>1 Taking log on both sides, we get : log y= log x log (log x) di 1 =logxand v=loglogx=> 4. = dv_l. i dt_l ow 1 = eret=logx 2. “=~ and “= = Now, let y=logtwhere t=logx - G = MG = > as og x WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 215 ; ldyeeal 11 Also (uv) dx 7 x eMlogs) +oex gg xy8* (1 +1og | dx | x (OE x)8* (1 + log log x) 8. cos(acos x +b sin x), for some constant a and b. Sol. Let y=cos (a cos x +hsin x). Putt cos x +bsin x Sy=cost, . dt sin t and =—asinx+bcosx dx 4 . = 2 =I ~ (asin x—beosx) sin (a cos x+bsin x) x 3 9. (sin x—cos xysm¥-erx, Tene Sol. Let y= (sin x—cos x)S®*~ £08 Taking log on both sides, we get : logy (sin x cos x) log (sin x cos x) Differentiating wir.t. x, we get: 1 dy ‘ A y dx 7 (608+ Sin x) log (Sin X=90sx) + (c0sx-+ sin.) = (cos x + sin x) [log (Sin x ~ cos x) + 1] d d 10, x* +x" +a +a", for some fixed a> Oand x>0 Sol. Lety=x*+x*¥a" Fat > - = (sin x —cos x)(*-€°*% (sin x + cos x) [1 + log (sin x ~cos x)] dy _ d ifferentiat See eee Differentiating want, x weget: G-= go x tax! +a" loga +0 Put u=x* Taking log on both sides , we get : log u=x log x Differenti ge ifferentiating wart. x weget: Gy = blogx tx ast (1+ Fy TU + logx (1+ logx) dy dx 7 (Flog) txt! + a% log > WWW.JEESol. Sol. |. Lety=x3 + (x-3)". Puty=utv > MATHEMATICS x34 (x-3)" forx>3 dy _ du, dv dx dx * de whereu=x" > & y=(x—3)" Now u= Taking log on both sides, we get : logu=(x?=3) log x, Differentiate ws.t x, we get : du 1 du alt x?-3) 7 2 =x | Ox logx # a dx FBX HEB a VP =) and v= (x-3)" Taking log on both sides, we get: log v= x? log (x~3) Differentiate w.r.t x, we get 1 dv_ vdx 2 x? 2x log (x-3) + x3) [2soeta2)+ | ; 2 Says (2xtoes~ ] LQ 3° [= log (x 3) 1 “I dy yy P ™ u Find=30 2 (1 —c08 px =10 (tsi —F << F dy . dx, y= 12(1-cost) > g, = I2sin tend x= 10 (t—sin ) =>, = 10 (1 ~cost) dy att og J / Sx2sing eos Bee dx dx 10(1—cost) Sua eint dt 2 ina V/A Find ay ,ify=sin™ x+ sin ,-isxst. y=sin'x+sin"! Jf —x? . Putx=sin® => y=0+ sin! Vl - sin? @ =9 + sin (cos 8) WWW.JEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 217 14. Sol Squaring both sides, we get: x?(I + y)=y2(1+x) 2 P-PaPxovy= | tYE-Y=—we-y Ss Ia x dy _ {¢ +x)1- ae -I > = 2 a > dx (1+ xy (+x 5 2 |2 ! + (2) x 15. If (x—a)? + (y —b)? = c?,, for some ¢ > 0, prove that isa ay ax? constant independent of Sol. Given (x—a) + (y—b? i) ds Differentiating wart. x, we get y (x—a)+(y—b) eo Again differentiating wer. x, we get Mh 1+(2) | = (y-b)= oa + iii) Je | ate ay Substitute this value of (y ~ b) in (ii), we get : (x-a)= iv) 14(2y dx (2) ey dx dx? Putting these values of (y—b) and (x ~a) from (iii) & (iv) respectively in (i), we get: =, which is a constant, independent of a and b. WWW.JEEE218 MATHEMATICS dy Z(aty| 16. Ifcosy=xcos(a+y), with cos a##1, prove that £Y. = £8 @+Y) dx sina Sul. cos y= x cos @a+y) fares dy Differentiate wast x, we get : -sin y J ——x sin (a+ y + cos (a+ y) Ix dy xsin(aty)—sin y] 2 = cos(a+ = [xsin(@+y)-siny] | » cosy ; dy = Ener yay] & cow ay : dy 2 =[cosy.sin(a + y)-sinycos(a +y)] S* =00s*(a+ y) é > sin(aty-y)F = cos" (a+ y)(2 SINA cos — cosAsinB = sin (A—)) ix dy _ cos*(aty) ax wv 17, Ifx=a cost+ tsint) and y=a (sin tteos 1), find © ax . dx . . Sol. x=a(cost+tsint) > Gp =a(-sint+sint+toost)=at cost and y=a (int =t¢0st) => Gy =a (cos t—cost +t sin 1) =atsint atsint dy /Jatsine dx. atcost 2y 2 1 I T asec? tx Ht _ = sect, 0 < a2 dx aos at ROO <> 18. Iff(x)=|x, show that £” (x) exists for all real x and find it. Sol. When x 20, then f(x)=|x>=x? , which exists for all real values of. —( B= x3 When x <0, then f(x) — WWWHJEECONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 219 #. £/(x) =—3x? and f” (x) =~ 6x, which exists for all real values of x. 6x ,ifx20 pond reo {, ifved d 19, Using mathematical induction prove that 7 (x")= mx"! for all positive integers 7. Sol. Let P(n) be the given statement in the problem Po) So") =n! To verify that for = 1, put = 1 in (i), we get: d =1, which is trueas © (x)= a Py: = &=(1)x" re ea : d We suppose P(m) is true -. Pm): (x") me"! (i) To establish the truth of P(m + 1), Weprove P(m+1): ze )=(m+ Dew xlsx ym ot (er) = men pe" Sar (m+ 1) = (mt Tye P(m +1) is trueif P(m) is truebut P(1) is true. 2. ByPrinciple of Induction P(n) is true for all €N. 20. Using the fact that sin(A+B)=sin A cos B + cos Asin B and the differentiation, obtain the sum formula for cosines, Sol. Sin (A+B)=sin.A cos B+ cos Asin B ) Consider A and B as functions of t and differentiating w.r.t. t, we have dA | dB + =| sinA (-sinB) 98 + cosB cos AS dt dt at n(n) { a a}cosacosB 9 + sin B(-sin A) al dt dt dA | dB dA dB => cos(A+B) dt + dt = (cosA cos B~ sin Asin B) dt + dt => cos(A+B)=cos A cos B~sin Asin B WWWHJEE220 21. Sol. 22. Sol. 23. Sol. MATHEMATICS Does there exist a function which is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at exactly two points? Justify your answer. Consider the function f(x)=|x|+|x~1] £(x) is continuous everywhere, but it is not differentiable at x =0 and x= 1 f(x) g(x) h(x) Px) gx) Wo) ay Ify=|/ mon > prove that >= 1 mon a b © a b c f(x) g(x) h(x) y=| mon a ob oc F() Wx) WGN) |F09/ BC) HG) fF) eC) hex) then X=) ¢ mon | *] Pom 0) 6m on ix a bo oe a bc |0 0 0 f(x) g(x) h(x) > = 6 m n dx ab « a a. Ify =e" "—1$ x51, show that (1x2) oy x coy We have y = 2%" * Diflerentiate w,r.t, x , we get ay gucorts 7a = Sine => dx 7 =a Again differentiate wart. x, we get :