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Social Studies 20-2

Textbook Study Guide

Chapter 1: Nation and Identity

This chapter explores the relationship between nation and identity, specifically by investigating the concepts
and understandings of nation. People express their identity through nation in different ways and these ways can
change; there are myths which help to shape national identity.

Chapter Issue: To what extent are nation and identity related?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That different people have different views of nation;
• That nation is a collective concept as well as a patriotic concept;
• That there are different understandings of nation (linguistic, ethnic, cultural, religious, geographic, spiritual,
and political understandings; relationship to land);
• That a civic concept means that there are shared values and beliefs as expressed in law; and,
• That people express their identity through nation in different ways and that there are national myths which
sometimes change.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What are some concepts of nation? (collective concept, patriotic concept)
2. What are some understandings of nation? (linguistic, ethnic, cultural, religious, geographic, spiritual, and
political understandings; relationship to land)
3. Nation understood as a civic concept. (shared values and beliefs, Charter of Rights and Freedoms, nation-
state, founding the Turkish nation)
4. How people express their identity through nation. (evolution of national identity, myths of national identity)

Chapter 2: Shaping Nationalism

This chapter examines factors that shape nationalism, specifically the factors in France that shaped European
nationalism and the factors that shaped Canadian nationalism. An investigation of how people have responded
to these factors follows, namely, that a nation’s citizens might view their country’s stories and histories
differently.

Chapter Issue: To what extent do external and internal factors shape nationalism?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That many historians believe the French Revolution marked a turning point in European nationalism;
• That a collective consciousness is an internal consciousness that is shared by many;
• That there are historical, social, economic, geographic, and political factors that shape nationalism;
• That a nation has myths and stories and that not all cultures see the stories the same way; and,
• That sometimes there are tensions between governments and cultural groups within Canada and that these
tensions can arise from different views of history.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. Some factors that shape nationalism. (historical, social, economic, geographic, and political factors that
shaped French nationalism)
2. How people have responded to some factors that shape nationalism. (shared memories, redefining history,
the role of storytelling in nationalism)
3. How people in Canada have responded to some factors that shape nationalism. (Canada’s stories,
challenging myths, Victoria Callihoo, First Nations and Métis nationalism, Inuit perspectives, Québécois
nationalism)
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Chapter 3: Reconciling Nationalist Loyalties

This chapter investigates factors associated with nationalist loyalties and choice, contending and affirming
loyalties, cultural pluralism, and reasonable accommodation. Often loyalties create conflict and an act of
reconciliation is necessary; however, there are times when reconciliation attempts fail, resulting in political
struggles or even war.

Chapter Issue: To what extent should people reconcile their contending nationalist loyalties?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That, when faced with a choice, contending loyalties play a role in the decisions you make and sometimes
there are competing loyalties;
• That people affirm their nationalistic loyalties either individually or as a group;
• That Canada has a reputation for cultural pluralism and that Canada has a constitutional concept of
reasonable accommodation;
• That nationalistic loyalties can create conflict; and,
• An attitude of reconciliation can sometimes help people to coexist in peace.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. How nationalist loyalties shape people’s choices. (patriotism, choices, contending loyalties)
2. What choices have people made to affirm nationalist loyalties? (affirming First Nations loyalties, the Inuit
South Baffin Place Names Project, Kiviaq, reasonable accommodation)
3. How nationalist loyalties can create conflict. (July 1 in Newfoundland, contending loyalties)
4. How people have reconciled contending nationalist loyalties. (the Oka crisis, Royal Commission on
Aboriginal peoples, Statement of Reconciliation, land claims)

Chapter 4: Reconciling Nationalist and Non-nationalist Loyalties

This chapter explores factors such as non-nationalist and competing loyalties and how people have reconciled
contending loyalties. Sometimes people try to change their nation to accommodate non-nationalistic loyalties;
this can be done within a nation or outside of a nation.

Chapter Issue: To what extent should people reconcile their contending nationalist and non-nationalist
loyalties?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That, in addition to nationalist loyalties, there are non-nationalist loyalties (like loyalty to your family);
• That there can be competing factors, such as class and nationalist loyalties, religious, regional, cultural, and
ideological loyalties, or loyalties to resources such as oil and gas; and,
• That sometimes people live with contending loyalties; that they can try to change their nation to
accommodate non-nationalistic loyalties.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What are non-nationalist loyalties? (the nature of loyalties, distinguishing between nationalist and non-
nationalist loyalties)
2. How nationalist and non-nationalist loyalties compete. (class and nationalistic loyalty, religious loyalties in
Iraq, new “spin”, oil and gas loyalties, ideological and cultural loyalties)
3. How have people reconciled contending nationalist and non-nationalist loyalties? (living and choosing with
contending loyalties, national change, Sandra Lovelace Nicholas, segregation, religious freedom,
reconciliation)

Chapter 5: National Interest and Foreign Policy

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This chapter explores national interest as well as foreign and domestic policy; for example, post-World War I
peace settlements are investigated as are interests in the Middle East. Sometimes there are contending national
interests such as foreign policy in Peru, 9/11 and the war in Afghanistan, and interests for women.

Chapter Issue: To what extent do national interest and foreign policy shape each other?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That national interest includes economic prosperity, security and safety, and beliefs and values;
• That national interest can change and that there are differing views of national interest;
• That a country must develop both domestic and foreign policy; and,
• That a country’s foreign policy may benefit some communities but have negative effects on others.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. How are nationalism and national interest related? (national interest, changing views, peacemaking, Arctic
sovereignty)
2. How has national interest shaped foreign policy? (domestic and foreign policy, WWI peace settlements,
Woodrow Wilson, interests after WWI, in the Middle East)
3. How foreign policy has shaped national interest. (foreign policy and national interests in Peru, 9/11 and
Canada in Afghanistan and the debate over Afghanistan, rights for women)

Chapter 6: Nationalism and Ultranationalism

This chapter investigates factors of ultranationalism such as propaganda, countries in crisis, charismatic
leaders, and environments that foster ultranationalism. The circumstances of post-World War I are examined
as well as factors of World War II; in addition, how people have responded to ultranationalism is also
explained.

Chapter Issue: To what extent can nationalism lead to ultranationalism?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That ultranationlism shifts from valuing one’s own nation to hostility toward people of other nations;
• That some believe that drastic economic and social changes such as unemployment and poverty can spark
extreme nationalism;
• Propaganda refers to information and ideas that are spread to achieve a specific goal;
• The Great Depression of the 1930s provided fertile ground for the growth of extreme nationalism;
• That often ultranationalism is accompanied by charismatic dictators;
• That appeasement and war are both possible responses of ultranationalism; and,
• That the United Nations was formed after World War II to help keep peace in the world.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What is ultranationalism? (Hrant Dink, Russia under Stalin, propaganda, the Nazis)
2. How ultranationalism develops. (countries in crisis, Germany and Japan after World War I, charismatic
leaders, unltranationalistic values in Germany and Japan)
3. How have people responded to ultranationalism? (appeasement, failure of the League of Nations, Ethiopia,
total war, conscription in Canada, internment in Canada, peacekeeping)
Chapter 7: Ultranationalism and Crimes against Humanity

This chapter investigates as the relationship between ultranationalism and crimes against humanity including
the Holocaust. Some contemporary issues of ultranationalism are explored such as the International Criminal
Court, ethnic cleansing, and UN Peacekeepers.

Chapter Issue: To what extent can the pursuit of ultranationalism lead to crimes against humanity?
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In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That ultranationalism can lead to crimes against humanity including genocide, systematic attacks on civilians,
and war crimes;
• That there are contemporary consequences of ultranationalism (such as the International Criminal Court) and
also contemporary issues (such as ethnic cleansing); and,
• That there are sometimes people who act for good in the face of evil.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What are crimes against humanity? (genocide, systematic attacks on a civilian population, war crimes)
2. Ultranationalism and crimes against humanity. (peer pressure, genocide in Turkey, state-sponsored crimes,
famine in Ukraine, the Holocaust, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki)
3. Some contemporary consequences of ultranationalism. (justice, International Criminal Court, ethnic
cleansing, Rwanda, acting for good in the face of evil)

Chapter 8: National Self-Determination

This chapter explores factors and effects associated with the pursuit of self-determination such as nation-states,
decolonization, and successor states. In Canada, First Nations, Inuit, Métis, and the people of Québec are
involved in a long and complex process of pursuing self-determination.

Chapter Issue: To what extent should national self-determination be pursued?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That the pursuit of self-determination means that people are trying to either gain or keep the power to control
their own affairs;
• The charter of the United Nations reflects that people have the right to pursue self-determination;
• The pursuit of self-determination is often complicated by the fact that what is in one people’s national
interests conflict with the national interests of other peoples; and,
• A successor state is a country created from a previous state.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What is national self-determination? (1918, nation-states)
2. Some effects of pursuing national self-determination. (decolonization, international law, Tibet, successor
state, the creation of Pakistan, Kashmir)
3. Some effects on Canada of pursuing national self-determination. (First Nations, Inuit, Métis, and Québec
pursuit of self-determination, the Canadian Constitution)
4. Some unintended consequences of the pursuit of national self-determination. (refugees)
5. To what extent should internationalism be pursued?

Chapter 9: Nations, Nation-States, and Internationalism

This chapter explores the motives of successful nations and nation-states and how their responses to the world
are shaped. Internationalism assumes that people are all members of the global community and that they must
accept collective responsibility for the challenges that face the world.

Chapter Issue: To what extent does involvement in international affairs benefit nations and states?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That psychologists believe that people are motivated by needs and wants;
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• That successful nations and nation-states (especially those with democratic governments) are often motivated
by the need to serve their citizens;
• That isolationism is a term used when a country completely opts out of participating in international social,
economic, political, and military affairs; and,
• That unilateralism, bilateralism, multilateralism, and supranationalism are different approaches that countries
use in response to the world.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What are some common motives of nations and states? (needs and wants, economic stability, peace and
security, self-determination, humanitarianism)
2. How do the motives of nations and states shape their responses to the world? (isolationism, unilateralism,
bilateralism, multilateralism, supranationalism)
3. Some understandings of internationalism. (World Health Organization, right to play, non-governmental
organizations, the Arctic Council)
4. How does internationalism benefit nations and states? (peace and security, economic stability, indigenous
self-determination, humanitarianism)

Chapter 10: Foreign Policy and Internationalism

This chapter explores how countries set foreign policy and how they can promote internationalism through
foreign policy. International law and agreements are investigated as well as the ways Canada tries to balance
national interest and internationalism.

Chapter Issue: To what extent can foreign policy promote internationalism?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That foreign policy affects us in our everyday lives;
• That, when setting foreign policy goals, most countries try to balance their national and international
interests; and,
• That humanitarianism is often the main motive for providing aid to other countries.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. How do countries set foreign policy? (influences on foreign policy decisions, foreign policy goals, foreign
policy in a globalizing world)
2. How states can promote internationalism through foreign policy. (promoting peace, economic sanctions,
collective security, international law and agreements, foreign aid, gross national income, tied aid)
3. How does Canadian foreign policy try to balance national interest and internationalism? (Canada and
peacekeeping — myth and reality, landmines, the Ottawa Treaty)

Chapter 11: Internationalism and Nationalism

This chapter investigates how changing world conditions promote the need for internationalism as well as how
the United Nations’ changing international responses has affected nationalism. Various international
organizations also affect nationalism; this chapter focuses on the World Trade Organization and the European
Union.

Chapter Issue: To what extent do efforts to promote internationalism through world organizations affect
nationalism?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

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• That as the world becomes more globalized, many challenges can no longer be confined within the borders of
a single country;
• That not everyone agrees that internationalism is the key to bringing peace to the world;
• That the forces that shape globalization — trade, transportation, and communications — also shape the
growth of both governmental and non-governmental levels; and,
• That the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) agrees that an attack on one member nation would be
considered an attack on all.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. How have changing world conditions promoted the need for internationalism? (global communication,
voluntary balkanization, effects of technology on citizenship and democracy)
2. How the United Nations’ changing international responses have affected nationalism. (responsibility to
protect, Iran’s conflict with the UN, the common human heritage)
3. How do the responses of various international organizations affect nationalism? (the World Trade
Organization, the European Union, Indigenous peoples’ initiatives, security)

Chapter 12: Internationalism and Global Issues

This chapter investigates contemporary global issues such as climate change, the spread of disease, as well as
access to water and control over water. Internationalism has been used to address contemporary global issues;
for example, in 2000 the United Nations established eight international targets, or millennium goals, to be
achieved by 2015.

Chapter Issue: To what extent can internationalism effectively address contemporary global issues?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That people are more connected than ever before and that this has fostered an awareness in global issues;
• That poverty continues to be a widespread issue; more than a billion are deprived of basic human needs; and,
• That the UN established eight international targets, or millennium goals, to be achieved by 2015.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What are some contemporary global issues? (climate change, the spread of disease, access to water, control
over water)
2. How internationalism has been used to address contemporary global issues. (internationalism and poverty,
hunger, disease, debt, climate change, human rights, and conflict)
3. Is internationalism always the most effective way of addressing contemporary global issues? (international
trade, internationalism and nation-states)

Chapter 13: Visions of Canada

This chapter explores Canada’s identity, specifically differing visions of Canada as well as the history of
emerging visions. The extent that the early visions of Canada met the needs of a diverse population is also
investigated as well as how the early visions are reflected in Canada today.

Chapter Issue: To what extent have visions of Canadian identity evolved?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That Canadians have been trying to define Canada’s identity since before Confederation;
• That Canada evolved from a desire for independence, freedom, and self-determination;
• That the path towards multiculturalism is not always smooth and that some groups believe that their needs are
not being met; and,
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• That the visions of Canadian identity change as circumstances change.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What is Canada? (differing visions)
2. How and why early visions of Canada emerged. (responsible government, Confederation, evolving visions
of Canada)
3. To what extent did various early visions of Canada meet people’s needs? (challenges and opportunities for
Francophones, immigration, asserting Aboriginal rights)
4. How is the evolution of various visions of Canada reflected in the country today? (the founding nations and
multiculturalism debates)

Chapter 14: Canadian Identity

This chapter investigates the symbols, myths, and national institutions that have been used to promote the
national identity of Canada. Government programs and initiatives also promote a national identity as do
individuals such as musicians and artists.

Chapter Issue: To what extent have attempts to promote national identity been successful?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That people and governments often use symbols to portray what they think is important about their country’s
history, nationhood, and role in the world;
• That institutions often use national symbols and stories to define identity and promote a sense of belonging;
• That federal government programs are often used to promote national unity and a sense of Canadian identity;
and,
• That musicians, painters, writer, and others have often used symbols of Canada and drawn on national myths
for inspiration.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. How symbols and myths have been used to promote a national identity. (national symbols)
2. How have institutions been used to promote a national identity in Canada? (cultural, educational, economic,
and commercial institutions, institutions that seek influence)
3. How can government programs and initiatives be used to promote a national identity? (arts and cultural
programs, educational programs, programs that promote peace, order, and good government, economic
programs)
4. How individuals promote a national identity. (musicians and artists, greatest Canadians)

Chapter 15: The Quest for Canadian Unity

This chapter investigates the meaning of unity and forces affecting national unity. How the changing face of
Canada affects national unity is also investigated, specifically emerging trends in immigration, urbanization,
Aboriginal peoples, and economic globalization.

Chapter Issue: To what extent should Canadian national unity be promoted?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That people’s feelings of unity — oneness — with others is often closely tied to their sense of identity;
• That maintaining unity in any group is often a challenge;
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• That increasing globalization, ease and speed of travel, new technologies, and world events mean that today’s
Canada is very different from the country that was created in 1867.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What is national unity? (forces affecting national unity, Canadian national unity)
2. How the nature of Canada affects national unity. (geography of Canada, Western alienation, the federal
system, equlity and fairness in a federal system, Québec sovereignty)
3. How has the changing face of Canada affected national unity? (immigration, urbanization, aboriginal
peoples, inherent right, economic globalization)

Chapter 16: Visions of National Identity

This concluding chapter explores possible visions of nation including the concepts of pluralism and diversity.
Some possible visions of Canada are explored such as a pluralistic country, a nation among nations, North
American integration, and globalization.

Chapter Issue: To what extent should I embrace a national identity?

In this chapter you will learn about the following concepts:

• That national identity is, in general, a collective or group identity that is based on linguistic, ethnic, cultural,
religious, geographic, spiritual, or political understandings of nation;
• That even before Confederation, Canada was visualized as a country that embraced a degree of pluralism;
and,
• That many people base their vision on understandings that include a combination of religion, language,
geography, ethnicity, spirituality, and civic ideals.

Topics covered in this chapter include:

1. What are some possible visions of nation? (pluralism and diversity)
2. Some possible visions of Canada. (a pluralistic country, a nation of many nations, implications of a nation
of nations, asymmetrical federalism, North American integration, Canada and globalization)
3. What is your vision of national identity? (defining your vision,)

Curriculum Study Guide

Define the following terms and explain why each concept might be important?
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1. Nationalist 43. WWI 87. Regional alienation

2. Loyalty 44. WWII (Western, Newfoundland
3. Nation-state vs. Nation 45. Internationalism and Labrador, Quebec,
(Examine the differences 46. Internationalists Nova Scotia)
between these concepts) 47. Globalization 88. Equalization Payments
4. Civic nationalism/Civic 48. Foreign Policy 89. Federalism
Nation 49. Dictatorship 90. Sovereignty (Royal
5. Linguistic nationalism 50. Tied Aid Commission on
6. Ethnic nationalism 51. United Nations Bilingualism and
7. Alienation 52. NATO Biculturalism)
8. Segregation 53. Voluntary Balkanization 91. Bilingualism
9. Patriotism 54. Peace and Security 92. Land Claims
10. Sovereignty movement 55. Economic Stability 93. Urbanization
(Quebec) 56. Self-determination 94. Globalization
11. Federalist movement 57. Humanitarianism (Economics)
(Quebec) 58. WHO 95. Pluralism and Diversity
12. Self-determination 59. WTO 96. North American
13. reasonable 60. INGOs/NGOs Integration/Union
accommodation 61. Isolationism
14. conscientious objection 62. Bilateralism
15. Nationalism 63. Supranationalism
16. National Interests 64. UN
17. Arctic Sovereignty 65. Multilateralism
18. Domestic Policy 66. Sovereignty
19. Foreign Policy 67. Collective Security
20. Domestic and 68. Pluralism
International Events 69. Multiculturalism
21. Peacekeepers 70. Responsible government
22. Peacemakers 71. Confederation
23. Ultranationalism 72. Clifford Sifton
24. Crimes against humanity 73. Francophones
25. Genocide 74. French Canadian
26. Ethnic Cleansing Nationalism
27. Internment 75. Wilfred Laurier
28. Propaganda 76. Rene Levesque
29. Appeasement 77. Quiet Revolution
30. Consensus Building 78. Official Languages Act
31. Treaty of Versailles 79. Immigration
32. Sudetenland 80. Metis
33. Rhineland 81. The Indian Act (Treaties)
34. War Guilt Clause 82. Self-determination
35. Wilson’s 14 Points (inherent right)
36. Yugoslavia 83. Founding Nations
37. Successor States 84. National Symbols,
38. Self-determination Myths, Institutions
39. Franz Ferdinand 85. National Programs for
40. Hirohito Identity Promotion
41. Conscription 86. National Unity
42. League of Nations
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Key Questions/Outcomes
To what extent should nation be the foundation of identity?
Explore the relationships among identity, nation and nationalism.

1. Appreciate that understandings of identity, nation and nationalism continue to evolve.

2. Appreciate the existence of alternative views on the meaning of nation.

3. Appreciate how the forces of nationalism have shaped, and continue to shape, Canada and the world.

4. Appreciate why peoples seek to promote their identity through nationalism.

5. Explore a range of expressions of nationalism.

6. Develop understandings of nation and nationalism (relationship to land, geographic, collective, civic,
ethnic, cultural, linguistic, political, spiritual, religious, patriotic).

7. Analyze the relationship between nation and nation-state.

8. Analyze how the development of nationalism is shaped by historical, geographic, political, economic and
social factors (French Revolution and Napoleonic era, contemporary examples).

9. Analyze nationalism as an identity, internalized feeling and/or collective consciousness shared by a people
(French Revolution and Napoleonic era, Canadian nationalism, Québécois nationalism, American
nationalism, First Nations and Métis nationalism, Inuit perspectives).

10. Evaluate the importance of reconciling contending nationalist loyalties (Canadian nationalism, First
Nations and Métis nationalism, ethnic nationalism in Canada, civic nationalism in Canada, Québécois
nationalism, Inuit perspectives on nationalism).

11. Evaluate the importance of reconciling nationalism with contending non-nationalist loyalties (religion,
region, culture, race, ideology, class, other contending loyalties).

To what extent should national interest be pursued?

What are the impacts of nationalism, ultranationalism and the pursuit of national interest?

1. Appreciate that nations and states pursue national interest and that the pursuit of national interest has
positive and negative consequences (Be sure to examine multiple perspectives)

2. What is the relationship between nationalism and the pursuit of national interest?

3. Analyze how the pursuit of national interest shapes foreign policy (First World War peace settlements, the
interwar period)

4. Analyze the relationship between nationalism and ultranationalism

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5. Analyze nationalism and ultranationalism during times of conflict (causes of the First and Second World
Wars, examples of nationalism and ultranationalism from the First and Second World Wars,
ultranationalism in Japan, internments in Canada, conscription crises)

6. Analyze ultranationalism as a cause of genocide (the Holocaust, 1932–1933 famine in Ukraine,

contemporary examples)

7. Analyze impacts of the pursuit of national self-determination (successor states; decolonization; Québécois
nationalism and sovereignty movement; First Nations, Métis and Inuit self-government; contemporary
examples)
---

To what extent should internationalism be pursued?

What are the impacts of the pursuit of internationalism in contemporary global affairs?

1. Appreciate that nations and states engage in regional and global affairs for a variety of reasons.

2. Appreciate the impacts of nation and state involvement in regional and global affairs on individual and
collective identities.

3. Demonstrate a global consciousness with respect to the human condition and global affairs

4. Analyze the motives of nation and state involvement or noninvolvement in international affairs (Be sure to
analyze the motives of economic stability, self-determination, peace, security, and humanitarianism)

5. Explore the different understandings/conceptions/definitions of internationalism.

6. Analyze how internationalism can be promoted through foreign policy (Be sure to examine foreign policy
goals driven by multilateralism, supranationalism, peacekeeping, foreign aid, and international laws and
agreements)

7. Evaluate the extent to which organizations promote internationalism ( Be sure to evaluate the effectiveness
of the United Nations, World Council of Indigenous Peoples, European Union, l’Organisation internationale de
la Francophonie, and Arctic Council)

8. Analyze impacts of the pursuit of internationalism in addressing contemporary global issues (Be sure to
examine how effectively internationalism can combat issues dealing with conflict, poverty, debt, disease,
environmental concerns, and human rights)

9. Evaluate the extent to which nationalism must be sacrificed in the interest of internationalism

To what extent should individuals and groups in Canada embrace a national identity?
What are the strategies for negotiating the complexities of nationalism within the Canadian context?

1. Reflect on and Appreciate historical and contemporary attempts to develop a national identity
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2. Reflect on and Appreciate contrasting historical and contemporary narratives associated with national
identity.

3. Respect the views of others on alternative visions of national identity.

4. Explore multiple perspectives on national identity in Canada.

5. Analyze methods used by individuals, groups and governments in Canada to promote a national identity
(symbolism, mythology, institutions, government programs and initiatives).

6. Examine historical perspectives of Canada as a nation (Louis LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, the Fathers
of Confederation, First Nations treaties and the Indian Act, Métis and Inuit self-governance, Louis Riel, Sir
Clifford Sifton, Henri Bourassa, French-Canadian nationalism, Pierre Trudeau, National Indian Brotherhood).

7. Evaluate the challenges and opportunities associated with the promotion of Canadian national unity
(Québec sovereignty, federal–provincial–territorial relations, Aboriginal self-determination and land claims,
bilingualism, multiculturalism).

8. Evaluate various perspectives of future visions of Canada (pluralism, multination model, separatism,
Aboriginal self-determination, global leadership, North American integration).

9. Develop personal and collective visions of national identity.