Elon Musk

Elon Reeve Musk (/ˈiːlɒn/ EE-lon; born June

28, 1971) is a businessman and investor.
He is the founder, chairman, CEO, and CTO
of SpaceX; angel investor, CEO, product
architect and former chairman of Tesla, Inc.;
owner, chairman and CTO of X Corp.;
founder of the Boring Company and xAI; co-
founder of Neuralink and OpenAI; and
president of the Musk Foundation. He is the
wealthiest person in the world, with an
estimated net worth of US$232 billion as of
December 2023, according to the
Bloomberg Billionaires Index, and
$254 billion according to Forbes, primarily
from his ownership stakes in Tesla and
SpaceX.[5][6]

A member of the wealthy South African

Musk family, Elon was born in Pretoria and
briefly attended the University of Pretoria
before immigrating to Canada at age 18,
acquiring citizenship through his Canadian-
born mother. Two years later, he
matriculated at Queen's University at
Kingston in Canada. Musk later transferred
to the University of Pennsylvania, and
received bachelor's
Elon Musk
degrees in
FRS
economics and
physics. He moved to
California in 1995 to
attend Stanford
University. However,
Musk dropped out
after two days and, Musk in 2022

with his brother Born Elon

Kimbal, co-founded Reeve

Musk
online city guide
June 28,
software company
1971
Zip2. The startup was
Pretoria,
acquired by Compaq Transvaal,
for $307 million in
1999, and, that same South
year Musk co- Africa

founded X.com, a Citizenship South

direct bank. X.com Africa

merged with Canada

United
Confinity in 2000 to
States
form PayPal.
Education University
In October 2002, Pennsylva
eBay acquired PayPal (BA, BS)
for $1.5 billion, and Title Founder,
that same year, with CEO, and
$100 million of the chief

money he made, engineer of

SpaceX
Musk founded
CEO and
SpaceX, a spaceflight
product
services company. In architect
2004, he became an of Tesla,

early investor in Inc.

Owner and
electric vehicle
CTO of X,
manufacturer Tesla
formerly
Motors, Inc. (now
Twitter
Tesla, Inc.). He President of
became its chairman the Musk
and product Foundation
architect, assuming Founder of
the position of CEO in The Boring

2008. In 2006, Musk Company,

X Corp.,
helped create
and xAI
SolarCity, a solar-
Co-founder
energy company that
of
was acquired by Neuralink,
Tesla in 2016 and OpenAI,
became Tesla Energy. Zip2, and

In 2013, he proposed X.com

(part of
a hyperloop high-
PayPal)
speed vactrain
Spouses Justine Wils
transportation ​
​(m. 2000; d
system. In 2015, he
Talulah Rile
co-founded OpenAI, a ​
​(m. 2010; d
nonprofit artificial ​
​(m. 2013; d
intelligence research
Partners Amber
company. The Heard
following year, Musk (2015–
co-founded Neuralink 2017)[1]
—a neurotechnology Grimes
company developing (2018–

brain–computer 2021)[2]
interfaces—and the Children 11[a][4]
Boring Company, a Parents Errol
tunnel construction Musk
company. In 2022, he Maye
acquired Twitter for Musk

$44 billion. He Relatives Kimbal

subsequently merged Musk
the company into (brother)

newly created X Corp. Tosca

Musk
and rebranded the
(sister)
service as X the
Lyndon
following year. In
Rive
March 2023, he (cousin)
founded xAI, an
Family Musk
artificial intelligence
family
company.
Musk has expressed Signature
views that have made
him a polarizing
figure.[7] He has been criticized for making
unscientific and misleading statements,
including COVID-19 misinformation, and
antisemitic conspiracy theories.[7][8][9][10]
His ownership of Twitter has been similarly
controversial, being marked by the laying
off of a large number of employees, an
increase in hate speech and misinformation
and disinformation on the website, as well
as changes to Twitter Blue verification. In
2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) sued him for falsely
tweeting that he had secured funding for a
private takeover of Tesla. To settle the case,
Musk stepped down as the chairman of
Tesla and paid a $20 million fine.

Early life and education

Childhood and family

Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28,

1971, in Pretoria, South Africa's
administrative capital.[11][12] He is of British
and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[13][14] His
mother, Maye Musk (née Haldeman), is a
model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan,
Canada, and raised in South Africa.[15][16][17]
His father, Errol Musk, is a South African
electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor,
consultant, and property developer, who
partly owned a Zambian emerald mine near
Lake Tanganyika, as well as a rental lodge
at the Timbavati Private Nature
Reserve.[18][19][20][21] Musk has a younger
brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister,
Tosca.[17][22]

Musk's family was wealthy during his

youth.[21] His father was elected to the
Pretoria City Council as a representative of
the anti-apartheid Progressive Party and
has said that his children shared their
father's dislike of apartheid.[11] His maternal
grandfather, Joshua N. Haldeman, was an
American-born Canadian who took his
family on record-breaking journeys to Africa
and Australia in a single-engine Bellanca
airplane.[23][24][25][26] After his parents
divorced in 1980, Musk chose to live
primarily with his father.[13][18] Musk later
regretted his decision and became
estranged from his father.[27] He has a
paternal half-sister and a half-brother.[23][28]

In one incident, after having called a boy

whose father had committed suicide
"stupid", Musk was severely beaten and
thrown down concrete steps. His father
derided Elon for his behavior and showed
no sympathy for him despite his
injuries.[29][30] He was also an enthusiastic
reader of books, later attributing his
success in part to having read Benjamin
Franklin: An American Life, Lord of the Flies,
the Foundation series, and The Hitchhiker's
Guide to the Galaxy.[31][32] At age ten, he
developed an interest in computing and
video games, teaching himself how to
program from the VIC-20 user manual.[33] At
age twelve, Musk sold his BASIC-based
game Blastar to PC and Office Technology
magazine for approximately $500.[34][35]
Education

Musk graduated from Pretoria Boys

High School in South Africa

Musk attended Waterkloof House

Preparatory School, Bryanston High School,
and then Pretoria Boys High School, where
he graduated.[36] Musk was a good but not
exceptional student, earning a 61 in
Afrikaans and a B on his senior math
certification.[37] Musk applied for a
Canadian passport through his Canadian-
born mother,[38][39] knowing that it would be
easier to immigrate to the United States this
way.[40] While waiting for his application to
be processed, he attended the University of
Pretoria for five months.[41]

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989 and

lived with a second cousin in Saskatchewan
for a year,[42] working odd jobs at a farm
and lumber mill.[43] In 1990, he entered
Queen's University in Kingston,
Ontario.[44][45]

Two years later, he transferred to the

University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League
university in Philadelphia, where he earned
two degrees, a Bachelor of Arts in physics,
and a Bachelor of Science degree in
economics from the university's Wharton
School.[46][47][48][49] Although Musk said he
earned the degrees in 1995, the University
of Pennsylvania maintains that they were
awarded in 1997.[50] He reportedly hosted
large, ticketed house parties to help pay for
tuition, and wrote a business plan for an
electronic book-scanning service similar to
Google Books.[51]

In 1994, Musk held two internships in

Silicon Valley: one at energy storage startup
Pinnacle Research Institute, which
investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors for
energy storage, and another at Palo Alto–
based startup Rocket Science Games.[52][53]
In 1995, he was accepted to a PhD program
in materials science at Stanford
University.[54][55] However, Musk decided to
join the Internet boom, dropping out two
days after being accepted and applied for a
job at Netscape, to which he reportedly
never received a response.[56][38]

Business career

Zip2

In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg

Kouri founded Global Link Information
Network, later renamed to Zip2.[57][58] The
company was financed mainly through a
financing round of US$200,000, of which
10% was contributed by his father Errol
Musk.[59] The
External videos
company developed
Musk speaks of
an Internet city guide
his early business
with maps, directions,
experience during a
and yellow pages,
2014
and marketed it to commencement
newspapers.[60] They speech at USC (http
worked at a small s://www.youtube.co
rented office in Palo m/watch?v=e7Qh-v
Alto,[61] with Musk wpYH8) on

coding the website YouTube

every night.[61]
Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with The
New York Times and the Chicago Tribune.[51]
The brothers persuaded the board of
directors to abandon a merger with
CitySearch;[62] however, Musk's attempts to
become CEO were thwarted.[63] Compaq
acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in
February 1999,[64][65] and Musk received
$22 million for his 7-percent share.[66]

X.com and PayPal

Later in 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an

online financial services and e-mail
payment company with $12 million of the
money he made from the Compaq
acquisition.[67] X.com was one of the first
federally insured online banks, and over
200,000 customers joined in its initial
months of operation.[68] Even though Musk
founded the company, investors regarded
him as inexperienced and replaced him with
Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the
year.[69]

In 2000, X.com merged with online bank

Confinity to avoid competition,[61][69][70] as
the latter's money-transfer service PayPal
was more popular than X.com's service.[71]
Musk then returned as CEO of the merged
company. His preference for Microsoft over
Unix-based software caused a rift among
the company's employees, and eventually
led Confinity co-founder Peter Thiel to
resign.[72] With the company suffering from
compounding technological issues and the
lack of a cohesive business model, the
board ousted Musk and replaced him with
Thiel in September 2000.[73][b] Under Thiel,
the company focused on the money-
transfer service and was renamed PayPal in
2001.[75][76]

In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for

$1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—
PayPal's largest shareholder with 11.72% of
shares—received $175.8 million.[77][78] In
2017, more than 15 years later, Musk
purchased the X.com domain from PayPal
for its "sentimental value".[79][80] In 2022,
Musk discussed a goal of creating "X, the
everything app".[81]
SpaceX

Then-NASA Administrator
Charles Bolden
congratulating Musk by the
SpaceX Dragon following its
2012 mission

In early 2001, Musk became involved with

the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed
funding plans to place a growth-chamber
for plants on Mars.[82] In October of the
same year, he traveled to Moscow with Jim
Cantrell and Adeo Ressi to buy refurbished
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
that could send the greenhouse payloads
into space. He met with the companies
NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however,
Musk was seen as a novice[83] and the
group returned to the United States empty-
handed. In February 2002, the group
returned to Russia with Mike Griffin
(president of In-Q-Tel) to look for three
ICBMs. They had another meeting with
Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for
$8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead
decided to start a company that could build
affordable rockets.[83] With $100 million of
his own money,[84] Musk founded SpaceX in
May 2002 and became the company's CEO
and Chief Engineer.[85][86]
SpaceX attempted its first launch of the
Falcon 1 rocket in 2006.[87] Though the
rocket failed to reach Earth orbit, it was
awarded a Commercial Orbital
Transportation Services program contract
from NASA Administrator (and former
SpaceX consultant[88]) Mike Griffin later that
year.[89][90] After two more failed attempts
that nearly caused Musk and his companies
to go bankrupt,[87] SpaceX succeeded in
launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[91]
Later that year, SpaceX received a
$1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services
contract from NASA for 12 flights of its
Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to
the International Space Station, replacing
the Space Shuttle after its 2011
retirement.[92] In 2012, the Dragon vehicle
docked with the ISS, a first for a commercial
spacecraft.[93]

Musk examining F9R Dev1 debris in

2014

Working towards its goal of reusable

rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully
landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on an
inland platform.[94] Later landings were
achieved on autonomous spaceport drone
ships, an ocean-based recovery platform.[95]
In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy;
the inaugural mission carried Musk's
personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy
payload.[96][97] Since 2019,[98] SpaceX has
been developing Starship, a fully-reusable,
super-heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to
replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon
Heavy.[99] In 2020, SpaceX launched its first
crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the
first private company to place astronauts
into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft
with the ISS.[100]

Starlink

50 Starlink satellites shortly before

deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019
In 2015, SpaceX began development of the
Starlink constellation of low-Earth-orbit
satellites to provide satellite Internet
access,[101] with the first two prototype
satellites launched in February 2018. A
second set of test satellites, and the first
large deployment of a piece of the
constellation, occurred in May 2019, when
the first 60 operational satellites were
launched.[102] The total cost of the decade-
long project to design, build, and deploy the
constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be
about $10 billion.[103][c] Some critics,
including the International Astronomical
Union, have alleged that Starlink blocks the
view of the sky and poses a collision threat
to spacecraft.[106][107][108]

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine,

Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to
provide Internet access and
communication.[109] In October 2022, Musk
stated that about 20,000 satellite terminals
had been donated to Ukraine, together with
free data transfer subscriptions, which cost
SpaceX $80 million. After asking the United
States Department of Defense to pay for
further units and future subscriptions on
behalf of Ukraine,[110] Musk publicly stated
that SpaceX would continue to provide
Starlink to Ukraine for free, at a yearly cost
to itself of $400 million.[111][112][113] At the
same time, Musk refused to block Russian
state media on Starlink, declaring himself "a
free speech absolutist".[114][115]

Tesla

Musk next to a Tesla Model S, 2011

Tesla, Inc., originally Tesla Motors, was

incorporated in July 2003 by Martin
Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who
financed the company until the Series A
round of funding. Both men played active
roles in the company's early development
prior to Musk's involvement.[116] Musk led
the Series A round of investment in
February 2004; he invested $6.5 million,
became the majority shareholder, and
joined Tesla's board of directors as
chairman.[117] Musk took an active role
within the company and oversaw Roadster
product design,but was not deeply involved
in day-to-day business operations.[118]

Following a series of escalating conflicts in

2007, and the financial crisis of 2007–2008,
Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[119][120]
Musk assumed leadership of the company
as CEO and product architect in 2008.[121] A
2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard
designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder,
along with Tarpenning and two
others.[122][123] As of 2019, Musk was the
longest-tenured CEO of any automotive
manufacturer globally.[124] In 2021, Musk
nominally changed his title to "Technoking"
while retaining his position as CEO.[125]

Musk before a Model X at the 2014

Tesla Inc. annual shareholder meeting

Tesla began delivery of an electric sports

car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of
about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial
production all-electric car to use lithium-ion
battery cells.[126] Tesla began delivery of its
four-door Model S sedan in 2012.[127] A
cross-over, the Model X was launched in
2015.[128] A mass-market sedan, the Model
3, was released in 2017.[129] The Model 3 is
the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car
worldwide, and in June 2021 it became the
first electric car to sell 1 million units
globally.[130][131] A fifth vehicle, the Model Y
crossover, was launched in 2020.[132] The
Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was
unveiled in 2019.[133] Under Musk, Tesla has
also constructed multiple lithium-ion
battery and electric vehicle factories,
named Gigafactories.[134]
Since its initial public offering in 2010,[135]
Tesla stock has risen significantly; it
became the most valuable carmaker in
summer 2020,[136][137] and it entered the
S&P 500 later that year.[138][139] In October
2021, it reached a market capitalization of
$1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history
to do so.[140] In November 2021, Musk
proposed, on Twitter, to sell 10% of his
Tesla stock, since "much is made lately of
unrealized gains being a means of tax
avoidance".[141] After more than 3.5 million
Twitter accounts supported the sale, Musk
sold $6.9 billion of Tesla stock within a
week,[141] and a total of $16.4 billion by year
end, reaching the 10% target.[142] In
February 2022, The Wall Street Journal
reported that both Elon and Kimbal Musk
were under investigation by the SEC for
possible insider trading related to the
sale.[143] In 2022, Musk unveiled a robot
developed by Tesla, Optimus.[144] On June
20, 2023, Musk met with Indian Prime
Minister Narendra Modi in New York City,
suggesting that he might be interested in
investing in India "as soon as humanly
possible".[145]

SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding

tweets

In 2018, Musk was sued by the SEC for a

tweet stating that funding had been secured
for potentially taking Tesla private.[146][d]
The lawsuit characterized the tweet as
false, misleading, and damaging to
investors, and sought to bar Musk from
serving as CEO of publicly traded
companies.[146][150][151] Two days later,
Musk settled with the SEC, without
admitting or denying the SEC's allegations.
As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined
$20 million each, and Musk was forced to
step down for three years as Tesla
chairman but was able to remain as
CEO.[152] Musk has stated in interviews that
he does not regret posting the tweet that
triggered the SEC investigation.[153][154] In
April 2022, the shareholder who sued Musk
over the tweet, along with several Tesla
shareholders, said that a federal judge had
ruled that the tweet was false, although the
ruling in question has not been
unsealed.[155] In February 2023, the jury
found Musk and Tesla not liable.[156]

In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla

would build half a million cars that year.[157]
The SEC reacted to Musk's tweet by filing in
court, asking the court to hold him in
contempt for violating the terms of a
settlement agreement with such a tweet;
the accusation was disputed by Musk. This
was eventually settled by a joint agreement
between Musk and the SEC clarifying the
previous agreement details.[158] The
agreement included a list of topics that
Musk would need preclearance before
tweeting about.[159] In 2020, a judge
prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that
claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla
stock price ("too high imo") violated the
agreement.[160][161] FOIA-released records
showed that the SEC itself concluded Musk
has subsequently violated the agreement
twice by tweeting regarding "Tesla's solar
roof production volumes and its stock
price".[162]
SolarCity and Tesla Energy

SolarCity solar-panel installation vans

in 2009

Musk provided the initial concept and

financial capital for SolarCity, which his
cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive founded in
2006.[163] By 2013, SolarCity was the
second largest provider of solar power
systems in the United States.[164] In 2014,
Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity
building an advanced production facility in
Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the
largest solar plant in the United States.[165]
Construction of the factory started in 2014
and was completed in 2017. It operated as
a joint venture with Panasonic until early
2020.[166][167]

Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion

in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit
to create Tesla Energy. The deal's
announcement resulted in a more than 10%
drop in Tesla's stock price. At the time,
SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[168]
Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit
against Musk and Tesla's directors, stating
that the purchase of SolarCity was done
solely to benefit Musk and came at the
expense of Tesla and its
shareholders.[169][170] Tesla directors settled
the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk
the sole remaining defendant.[171][172] Two
years later, the court ruled in Musk's
favor.[173]

Neuralink

Musk discussing a Neuralink device

during a live demonstration in 2020

In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a

neurotechnology startup company, with an
investment of $100 million.[174][175]
Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain
with artificial intelligence (AI) by creating
devices that are embedded in the brain to
facilitate its merging with machines. Such
technology could enhance memory or allow
the devices to communicate with
software.[175][176] The company also hopes
to develop devices with which to treat
neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's
disease, dementia, and spinal cord
injuries.[177]

In 2019, Musk announced work on a device

akin to a sewing machine that could embed
threads into a human brain.[174] He is listed
as the sole author of an October 2019 paper
that details some of Neuralink's
research,[178] although Musk's being listed
as such rankled the Neuralink team's
researchers.[179] At a 2020 live
demonstration, Musk described one of their
early devices as "a Fitbit in your skull" that
could soon cure paralysis, deafness,
blindness, and other disabilities. Many
neuroscientists and publications criticized
these claims,[180][181][182] with MIT
Technology Review describing them as
"highly speculative" and "neuroscience
theater".[180] During the demonstration,
Musk revealed a pig with a Neuralink
implant that tracked neural activity related
to smell.[177] In 2022, Neuralink announced
that clinical trials would begin by the end of
the year.[183]

Neuralink has conducted further animal

testing on macaque monkeys at the
University of California, Davis' Primate
Research Center. In 2021, the company
released a video in which a Macaque played
the video game Pong via a Neuralink
implant. The company's animal trials—
which have caused the deaths of some
monkeys—have led to claims of animal
cruelty. The Physicians Committee for
Responsible Medicine has alleged that
Neuralink's animal trials have violated the
Animal Welfare Act.[184] Employees have
complained that pressure from Musk to
accelerate development has led to botched
experiments and unnecessary animal
deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was
launched into possible animal welfare
violations by Neuralink.[185]

In September 2023, the company was

approved to intitiate human trials; the
company will conduct a six-year study.[186]

The Boring Company

Musk during the 2018 inauguration of

the Boring Test Tunnel in Hawthorne,
California
In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company
to construct tunnels, and revealed plans for
specialized, underground, high-occupancy
vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles
per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent
above-ground traffic in major cities.[187][188]
Early in 2017, the company began
discussions with regulatory bodies and
initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m)
wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot
(4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises
of SpaceX's offices, as that required no
permits.[189] The Los Angeles tunnel, less
than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted
to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model
Xs and was reported to be a rough ride
while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[190]

Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in

Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been
canceled.[191][192] However, a tunnel
beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center
was completed in early 2021.[193] Local
officials have approved further expansions
of the tunnel system.[194] In 2021, tunnel
construction was approved for Fort
Lauderdale, Florida.[195]
Twitter / X

Musk expressed interest in Elon Musk Twitte

@elonmusk
buying Twitter as early as
2017,[197] and had I made an

questioned the platform's offer

https://sec.go
commitment to freedom of
v/Archives/ed
speech.[198][199]
gar... (https://
Additionally, his ex-wife
www.sec.gov/
Talulah Riley had urged him Archives/edga
to buy Twitter to stop the r/data/00014
"woke-ism".[200] In January 18091/00011

2022, Musk started 04659220456

purchasing Twitter shares, 41/tm221274

8d1_sc13da.h
reaching a 9.2% stake by
tm)
April,[201] making him the
largest shareholder.[202][e] April 14,

When this was publicly 2022[196]

disclosed, Twitter shares

experienced the largest intraday price surge
since the company's 2013 IPO.[204] On April
4, Musk agreed to a deal that would appoint
him to Twitter's board of directors and
prohibit him from acquiring more than
14.9% of the company.[205][206] However, on
April 13, Musk made a $43 billion offer to
buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy
100% of Twitter's stock at $54.20 per
share.[202][207] In response, Twitter's board
adopted a "poison pill" shareholder rights
plan to make it more expensive for any
single investor to own more than 15% of the
company without board approval.[208]
Nevertheless, by the end of the month Musk
had successfully concluded his bid for
approximately $44 billion.[209] This included
about $12.5 billion in loans against his
Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity
financing.[210][211]

Tesla's stock market value sank by over

$100 billion the next day in reaction to the
deal.[212][213] He subsequently tweeted
criticism of Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde's
policies to his 86 million followers, which
led to some of them engaging in sexist and
racist harassment against her.[214] Exactly a
month after announcing the takeover, Musk
stated that the deal was "on hold" following
a report that 5% of Twitter's daily active
users were spam accounts.[215] Although he
initially affirmed his commitment to the
acquisition,[216] he sent notification of his
termination of the deal in July; Twitter's
Board of Directors responded that they
were committed to holding him to the
transaction.[217] On July 12, 2022, Twitter
formally sued Musk in the Chancery Court
of Delaware for breaching a legally binding
agreement to purchase Twitter.[218] In
October 2022, Musk reversed again,
offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per
share.[219] The acquisition was officially
completed on October 27.[220]
Immediately after the acquisition, Musk
fired several top Twitter executives
including CEO Parag Agrawal;[220][221] Musk
became the CEO instead.[222] He instituted
a $7.99 monthly subscription for a "blue
check",[223][224][225] and laid off a significant
portion of the company's staff.[226][227]
Musk lessened content moderation,
including reinstating accounts like the
Bee,[228][229] and in December, Musk
released internal documents relating to
Twitter's moderation of Hunter Biden's
laptop controversy in the leadup to the 2020
presidential election.[230]
Comments on these internal documents by
journalists, Matt Taibbi, Bari Weiss, Michael
Shellenberger and others were posted at
Twitter as the Twitter Files. The United
States House Committee on the Judiciary
held hearings on the Twitter Files on March
9, 2023, at which Taibbi and Shellenberger
gave testimony.[231]

The Southern Poverty Law Center noted

that Twitter has verified numerous
extremists;[232] hate speech also increased
on the platform after his takeover.[233][234]

In late 2022, Musk promised to step down

as CEO after a Twitter poll posted by Musk
found that majority of user wanted him to
do so.[235][236] Five months later, Musk
stepped down from CEO and placed former
NBCUniversal executive Linda Yaccarino in
the position and transitioned his role to
executive chairman and chief technology
officer.[237]

On November 20, 2023, in a U.S. District

Court in Texas, X filed a lawsuit stating that
Media Matters "manipulated" the X
platform. X stated that Media Matters used
accounts that followed accounts for major
brands, and "resorted to endlessly scrolling
and refreshing" the feed until it found ads
next to extremist posts.[238]
Leadership style

Musk giving a speech to SpaceX

employees in 2012

Musk is often described as a micromanager

and has called himself a "nano-
manager".[239] The New York Times has
characterized his approach as
absolutist.[240] Musk does not make formal
business plans;[240] instead, he says he
prefers to approach engineering problems
with an "iterative design methodology" and
"tolerance for failures".[241] He has forced
employees to adopt the company's own
jargon and launched ambitious, risky, and
costly projects against his advisors'
recommendations, such as removing front-
facing radar from Tesla Autopilot. His
insistence on vertical integration causes his
companies to move most production in-
house. While this resulted in saved costs
for SpaceX's rocket,[242] vertical integration
has caused many usability problems for
Tesla's software.[239]

Musk's handling of employees—whom he

communicates with directly through mass
emails—has been characterized as "carrot
and stick", rewarding those "who offer
constructive criticism" while also being
known to impulsively threaten, swear at,
and fire his employees.[243][244][245] Musk
said he expects his employees to work for
long hours, sometimes for 80 hours per
week.[246] He has his new employees sign
strict non-disclosure agreements and often
fires in sprees,[247][248] such as during the
Model 3 "production hell" in 2018.[248] In
2022, Musk revealed plans to fire 10
percent of Tesla's workforce, due to his
concerns about the economy.[249] That
same month, he suspended remote work at
SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire
employees who do not work 40 hours per
week in the office.[250]
Musk's leadership has been praised by
some, who credit it with the success of
Tesla and his other endeavors,[239] and
criticized by others, who see him as callous
and his managerial decisions as "show[ing]
a lack of human understanding."[245][251] The
2021 book Power Play contains anecdotes
of Musk berating employees.[252] The Wall
Street Journal reported that, after Musk
insisted on branding his vehicles as "self-
driving", he faced criticism from his
engineers for putting customer "lives at
risk", with some employees resigning in
consequence.[253]
Other activities

Musk Foundation

Musk is president of the Musk Foundation

he founded in 2001,[254][255] whose stated
purpose is to: provide solar-power energy
systems in disaster areas; support
research, development, and advocacy (for
interests including human space
exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy
and "safe artificial intelligence"); and
support science and engineering
educational efforts.[256]
As of 2020, the foundation has made 350
donations. Around half of them were made
to scientific research or education
nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include
the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater
the University of Pennsylvania, and his
brother Kimbal's nonprofit Big Green.[257]
From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave
$25 million directly to nonprofit
organizations, nearly half of which went to
Musk's OpenAI,[258] which was a nonprofit
at the time.[259]

In 2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge,

thereby committing to give the majority of
his wealth to charitable causes either
during his lifetime or in his will.[260] He has
endowed prizes at the X Prize Foundation,
including $100 million to reward improved
carbon capture technology.[261]

Vox said "the Musk Foundation is almost

entertaining in its simplicity and yet is
strikingly opaque", noting that its website
was only 33 words in plain-text.[258] The
foundation has been criticized for the
relatively small amount of wealth
donated.[262] In 2020, Forbes gave Musk a
philanthropy score of 1, because he had
given away less than 1% of his net
worth.[257] In November 2021, Musk
donated $5.7 billion of Tesla's shares to
charity, according to regulatory filings.[263]
However, Bloomberg News noted that all of
it went to his own foundation, bringing
Musk Foundation's assets up to $9.4 billion
at the end of 2021. The foundation
disbursed $160 million to nonprofits that
year.[264]

The Foundation also allocated $100 million

of donations to be used to establish a new
higher education university,[265] which Musk
jokingly called the Texas Institute of
Technology and Science.[266]
Hyperloop

A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop

pod competition sponsored by
SpaceX

In August 2013, Musk announced plans for

a version of a vactrain—a vacuum tube train
—and assigned a dozen engineers from
SpaceX and Tesla to establish the
conceptual foundations and create initial
designs.[267] Later that year, Musk unveiled
the concept, which he dubbed the
hyperloop.[268] The alpha design for the
system was published in a whitepaper
posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[269]
The document scoped out the technology
and outlined a notional route where such a
transport system could be built between the
Greater Los Angeles Area and the San
Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of
$6 billion.[270] The proposal, if
technologically feasible at the costs cited,
would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than
any other mode of transport for such long
distances.[271]

In 2015, Musk announced a design

competition for students and others to build
Hyperloop pods, to operate on a SpaceX-
sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017
Hyperloop pod competition. The track was
used in January 2017, and Musk also
announced that the company had started a
tunnel project, with Hawthorne Municipal
Airport as its destination.[272] In July 2017,
Musk said that he had received "verbal
government approval" to build a hyperloop
from New York City to Washington, D.C.,
with stops in both Philadelphia and
Baltimore.[273] Mention of the projected DC-
to-Baltimore leg was removed from the
Boring Company website in 2021.[274] The
tunnel project to Hawthorne was
discontinued in 2022 and is cited to be
converted into parking spots for SpaceX
workers.[275]
Biographer Ashlee Vance has noted that
Musk hoped Hyperloop would "make the
public and legislators rethink the high-
speed train" proposal current in California at
the time and consider more "creative"
ideas.[276]

OpenAI and xAI

In December 2015, Musk co-founded

OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence
(AI) research company aiming to develop
artificial general intelligence intended to be
safe and beneficial to humanity.[277] A
particular focus of the company is to
democratize artificial superintelligence
systems, against governments and
corporations.[27] Musk pledged $1 billion of
funding to OpenAI.[278] In 2023, Musk
tweeted that he had ended up giving a total
of $100 million to OpenAI. TechCrunch later
reported that, according to its own
investigation of public records, "only $15
million" of OpenAI's funding could be
definitively traced to Musk. Musk
subsequently stated that he had donated
about $50 million.[279]

In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to

avoid possible future conflicts with his role
as CEO of Tesla as the latter company
increasingly became involved in AI through
Tesla Autopilot.[280] Since then, OpenAI has
made significant advances in machine
learning, producing neural networks such as
GPT-3 (producing human-like text),[281] and
DALL-E (generating digital images from
natural language descriptions).[282]

On July 12, 2023, Elon Musk launched an

artificial intelligence company called xAI,
which aims to develop a generative AI
program that competes with existing
offerings like ChatGPT. The company has
reportedly hired engineers from Google and
OpenAI.[283] The company, which is
incorporated in Nevada, purchased 10,000
graphics processing units. Musk was
reportedly obtaining funding from investors
in SpaceX and Tesla.[284]

Tham Luang cave rescue and

defamation case

In July 2018, Musk arranged for his

employees to build a mini-submarine to
assist the rescue of children trapped in a
flooded cavern in Thailand.[285] Richard
Stanton, leader of the international rescue
diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the
construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in
case flooding worsened.[286] Engineers at
SpaceX and the Boring Company built the
mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid
oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and
personally delivered it to Thailand.[287][288]
By this time, however, eight of the 12
children, had already been rescued, the
rescuers employing full face masks,
oxygen, and anesthesia; consequently, Thai
authorities declined to use the
submarine.[285] In March 2019, Musk was
later one of the 187 people who received
various honors conferred by the King of
Thailand for involvement in the rescue
effort.[289]

Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a

British recreational caver who had been
exploring the cave for the previous six years
and played a key advisory role in the
operation, criticized the submarine on CNN
as amounting to nothing more than a public
relations effort with no chance of success,
maintaining that Musk "had no conception
of what the cave passage was like" and
"can stick his submarine where it hurts".
Musk asserted on Twitter that the device
would have worked and referred to
Unsworth as a "pedo guy".[290] He deleted
the tweets,[290] and apologized,[291] and he
deleted his responses to critical tweets
from Cher Scarlett, a software engineer,
which had caused his followers to harass
her.[292] In an email to BuzzFeed News,
Musk later called Unsworth a "child rapist"
and said that he had married a child.[293][294]

In September, Unsworth filed a defamation

suit in the District Court for the Central
District of California.[295][296] In his defense,
Musk argued that " 'pedo guy' was a
common insult used in South Africa when I
was growing up ... synonymous with 'creepy
old man' and is used to insult a person's
appearance and demeanor".[36] The
defamation case began in December 2019,
with Unsworth seeking $190 million in
damages.[297] During the trial Musk
apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet.
On December 6, the jury found in favor of
Musk and ruled he was not liable.[298][299]

2018 cannabis incident

In September 2018, Musk was interviewed

on an episode of The Joe Rogan Experience
podcast, during which he sampled a cigar
laced with cannabis.[300] In 2022, Musk said
that he and other SpaceX employees had
subsequently been required to undergo
random drug tests for about a year
following the incident, as required by the
Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 for
Federal contractors.[301] In a 2019 60
Minutes interview, Musk had said, "I do not
smoke pot. As anybody who watched that
podcast could tell, I have no idea how to
smoke pot."[302]

Music

In April 2019, Musk, through Emo G

Records, released a rap track, "RIP
Harambe", on SoundCloud.[303] The track,
which refers to the killing of Harambe the
gorilla and the subsequent Internet
sensationalism surrounding the event, was
performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung
Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced
by BloodPop.[304] The following year, Musk
released an EDM track, "Don't Doubt Ur
Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and
vocals.[305] While Guardian critic Alexi
Petridis described it as "indistinguishable...
from umpteen competent but unthrilling
bits of bedroom electronica posted
elsewhere on SoundCloud",[306] TechCrunch
said it was "not a bad representation of the
genre".[305]

Private jet

In 2003, Musk said his favorite plane he

owned was an L-39 Albatros.[307] He uses a
private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a
SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a
second jet in August 2020.[308][309] His
heavy use of the jet—which flew over
150,000 miles in 2018 alone—and the
consequent fossil fuel usage has received
criticism.[308][310]

His flight usage is tracked on social media

through ElonJet. The Twitter version of the
account was blocked in December 2022,
after Musk said that his son X AE A-XII had
been harassed by a stalker after the
account posted the airport at which his jet
had landed.[311][312][313] This led to Musk
banning the ElonJet account on Twitter, as
well as the accounts of journalists that
posted stories regarding the incident,
including Donie O'Sullivan, Keith Olbermann,
and journalists from The New York Times,
The Washington Post, CNN, and The
Intercept.[314] Musk equated the reporting to
doxxing.[315] Police do not believe there is a
link between the account and alleged
stalker.[316] Musk later took a Twitter poll on
whether the journalists' accounts should be
reinstated, which resulted in reinstating the
accounts.[317]
Wealth

Net worth

Musk's net worth from 2013 to 2023 as estimated by

Forbes magazine

Musk made $175.8 million when PayPal

was sold to eBay in October 2002.[318] He
was first listed on the Forbes Billionaires List
in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.[319]

At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth

of $27 billion.[320] By the end of the year his
net worth had increased by $150 billion,
mostly driven by his ownership of around
20% of Tesla stock.[321] During this period,
Musk's net worth was often volatile. For
example, it dropped $16.3 billion on
September 8, the largest single-day plunge
in Bloomberg Billionaires Index 's history at
the time.[322] In November of that year,
Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark
Zuckerberg to become the third-richest
person in the world; a week later he passed
Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become
the second-richest.[323]

In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of

$185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder
Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in
the world.[324] Bezos reclaimed the top spot
the following month.[325] On September 27,
2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes
announced that Musk had a net worth of
over $200 billion, and was the richest
person in the world.[326] In November 2021,
Musk became the first person to have a net
worth of more than $300 billion.[327]

On December 30, 2022, it was reported that

Musk had lost $200 billion from his net
worth due to declining stock values in Tesla,
becoming the first person in history to lose
such a large sum of money.[328][329] In
January 2023, Musk was recognized by
Guinness World Records for experiencing
the "largest loss of personal fortune in
history" with regards to his financial losses
since November 2021, which Guinness
quoted a Forbes estimate of $182
billion.[330]

Musk's personal wealth is managed by his

family office called Excession LLC, formed
in 2016 and run by Jared Birchall.[331][255]

Sources of wealth

Around 75% of Musk's wealth was derived

from Tesla stock in November 2020,[323] a
proportion that fell to about 37% as of
December 2022,[f] after selling nearly $40
billion in company shares since late
2021.[332] Musk does not receive a salary
from Tesla; he agreed with the board in
2018 to a compensation plan that ties his
personal earnings to Tesla's valuation and
revenue.[321] The deal stipulated that Musk
only received the compensation if Tesla
reached certain market values.[333] It was
the largest such deal ever done between a
CEO and a company board.[334] In the first
award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to
purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about
1% of the company) at below-market prices,
which was worth about
$800 million.[334][333]
Musk paid $455 million in taxes on
$1.52 billion of income between 2014 and
2018.[335] According to ProPublica, Musk
paid no federal income taxes in 2018.[336]
He stated his 2021 tax bill was estimated at
$12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion
worth of Tesla stock.[335]

Musk has repeatedly described himself as

"cash poor",[337][338] and has "professed to
have little interest in the material trappings
of wealth".[337] In May 2020, he pledged to
sell almost all physical possessions.[338]
Musk has defended his wealth by saying he
is accumulating resources for humanity's
outward expansion to space.[339]
Personal views and Twitter
usage

Since joining Twitter (now known as X) in

2009,[340] Musk has been an active user and
has over 163 million followers as of
November 2023.[341] He posts memes,
promotes business interests, and
comments on contemporary political and
cultural issues.[342] Musk's statements have
provoked controversy, such as for mocking
preferred gender pronouns[343][344] and
comparing Canadian Prime Minister Justin
Trudeau to Adolf Hitler.[345] The New York
Times describes his contributions to
international relations as "chaotic", and
critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of
separation between his opinions and his
business interests.[346] As CEO of Twitter,
Musk emerged as a source of
misinformation and right-wing conspiracy
theories, for example by suggesting online
details about mass murderer Mauricio
Garcia's apparent interest in Nazism could
have been planted as part of a psyop.[347]
Allegations of him being transphobic
appeared as well in response to actions
taken by Twitter under his guidance.[348][349]
Finance

Musk said that the U.S. government should

not provide subsidies to companies, but
impose a carbon tax to discourage poor
behavior.[350][351] The free market, in his
view, would achieve the best solution, and
producing environmentally unfriendly
vehicles should have consequences.[352]
Tesla has received billions of dollars in
subsidies.[353] In addition, Tesla made large
sums from government-initiated systems of
zero-emissions credits offered in California
and at the United States federal level, which
facilitated initial consumer adoption of
Tesla vehicles, as the tax credits given by
governments enabled Tesla's battery
electric vehicles to be price-competitive, in
comparison with existing lower-priced
internal combustion engine vehicles.[354]
Tesla generates some of its revenue from
its sales of carbon credits granted to the
company, by both the European Union
Emissions Trading System and the Chinese
national carbon trading
scheme.[355][356][357][358]

Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling,

has repeatedly criticized the practice and
argued it should be illegal.[359][360] Wired
magazine speculated that Musk's
opposition to short-selling stems from how
short sellers have an incentive to find and
promote unfavorable information about his
companies.[361] In early 2021, he
encouraged the GameStop short
squeeze.[362][363]

In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of

his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares
in the company,[364] despite pledging earlier
in the year that he would not sell any
additional shares.[365]

Technology

Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and

supports them over traditional government-
issued fiat currencies.[366] Given the
influence of Musk's tweets in moving
cryptocurrency markets,[367] his statements
about cryptocurrencies have been viewed
as market manipulation by some, such as
economist Nouriel Roubini.[368] Musk's
social media praising of Bitcoin and
Dogecoin was credited for increasing their
prices. Consequently, Tesla's 2021
announcement, against the backdrop of
Musk's social media behavior, that it bought
$1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised
questions.[369] Tesla's announcement that it
would accept Bitcoin for payment was
criticized by environmentalists and
investors, due to the environmental impact
of cryptocurrency mining. A few months
later, in response to the criticism, Musk
announced on Twitter that Tesla would no
longer accept payments in Bitcoin and
would not engage in any Bitcoin
transactions until the environmental issues
are solved.[370][371]

Despite the Boring Company's involvement

in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk
has criticized public transport and
promoted individualized transport (private
vehicles).[372][373][374] His comments have
been called "elitist" and have sparked
widespread criticism from both
transportation and urban planning experts,
who have pointed out that public
transportation in dense urban areas is more
economical, more energy efficient, and
requires much less space than private
cars.[373][375][374]

Existential threats

Musk giving details about Falcon 9

and Dragon spacecraft at the 2006
Mars Society Conference

Musk has been described as believing in

longtermism, emphasizing the needs of
future populations.[376] Accordingly, Musk
has stated that artificial intelligence poses
the greatest existential threat to
humanity.[377][378] He has warned of a
"Terminator-like" AI apocalypse and
suggested that the government should
regulate its safe development.[379][380] In
2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with
Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others,
of the Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence,
which called for the ban of autonomous
weapons.[381] Musk's AI stances have been
called alarmist and sensationalist by critics
such as computer scientist Yann LeCun and
Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg,[382][383] and led
the think tank Information Technology and
Innovation Foundation to award Musk its
Annual Luddite Award in 2016.[384]
Musk has described climate change as the
greatest threat to humanity after AI,[385] and
has advocated for a carbon tax.[386] Musk
was a critic of President Donald Trump's
stance on climate change,[387][388] and
resigned from two presidential business
advisory councils following Trump's 2017
decision to withdraw the United States from
the Paris Agreement.[389]

Musk has long promoted the colonization

of Mars and argues that humanity should
become a "multiplanetary species".[390] He
has suggested the use of nuclear weapons
to terraform Mars.[391][392] He envisioned
establishing a direct democracy on Mars,
with a system in which more votes would
be required to create laws than remove
them.[393] Musk has also voiced concerns
about human population decline,[394][395]
saying that "Mars has zero human
population. We need a lot of people to
become a multiplanet civilization."[396]
Speaking at The Wall Street Journal 's CEO
Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a
declining birth rate, and consequent
population decline, is one of the biggest
risks to human civilization.[397]

Politics
Musk with Senator Dianne Feinstein at the opening of the Tesla Fremont Factory in 2010 (left), and with Vice President Mike
Pence alongside then-NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine at the Kennedy Space Center before SpaceX's Crew Dragon Demo-
2 launch in 2020 (right)

While often described as libertarian, Musk

has called himself "politically moderate"
and was a registered independent voter
when he lived in California. The New York
Times wrote that Musk "expresses views
that don't fit neatly into [the American]
binary, left-right political framework".[398]
Historically, Musk has donated to both
Democrats and Republicans,[399] many of
whom are in states in which he has a
vested interest.[398] Beginning in the late
2010s, Musk's political contributions have
shifted almost entirely to supporting
Republicans.[400]

Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016

U.S. presidential election.[401] In the 2020
Democratic Party presidential primaries,
Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and
expressed support for his proposed
universal basic income.[402] He also
endorsed Kanye West's 2020 presidential
campaign.[403] He said he voted for Joe
Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential
election.[404] In 2022, Musk said that he
could "no longer support" the Democrats
because they are the "party of division &
hate",[405][406] and wrote a tweet
encouraging "independent-minded voters"
to vote Republican in the 2022 U.S.
elections, which was an outlier among
social media executives who typically avoid
partisan political advocacy.[407][408] He has
supported Republican Ron DeSantis for the
2024 U.S. presidential election, and Twitter
hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement
on a Twitter Spaces event.[409][410][411] In
August 2023, Musk hosted Vivek
Ramaswamy on Twitter Spaces, and shared
his support.[412] As of May 2023, Musk was
declining to endorse any specific
candidate.[410]
 Meeting of Musk and Indian Prime
Minister Narendra Modi in New York
City, June 20, 2023

Musk opposes a "billionaire's tax",[413] and

has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning
Democratic politicians such as Bernie
Sanders,[414][415] Alexandria Ocasio-
Cortez,[416] and Elizabeth Warren.[417] He
has raised questions about the Black Lives
Matter protests, partially based on the fact
that the phrase "Hands up, don't shoot" was
made up.[418][419] Musk also promoted a
baseless theory relating to the attack of
Speaker Nancy Pelosi's husband, but Musk
deleted his tweet.[420] In May 2022, Musk
traveled to Brazil to discuss projects to
protect the Amazon rainforest with Brazilian
President Jair Bolsonaro.[421][422]

Musk has praised China and has been

described as having a close relationship
with the Chinese government, allowing
access to its markets for Tesla.[423] After
Gigafactory Shanghai produced its first
batch of vehicles, Musk thanked the
Chinese government and Chinese people
while criticizing the United States and its
people.[424]: 207–208 In 2022, Musk wrote an
article for China Cyberspace, the official
publication of Cyberspace Administration of
China, which enforces Internet censorship
in China. His writing the article was
described as conflicting with his advocacy
for free speech.[425][426] Musk later
advocated for Taiwan to become a "special
administrative zone" of China which drew
cross-party criticism from Taiwanese
lawmakers.[427][428][429]

In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll

and "peace plan" to resolve the Russian
invasion of Ukraine by allowing Russia to
keep the Crimea Peninsula, while Ukraine
would adopt a neutral status and drop the
bid to join NATO.[430][431] It was reported
that Musk allegedly spoke with Russian
President Vladimir Putin prior to the
proposal, which Musk denied.[432][433][434]
Musk has repeatedly expressed concern
that a protracted war between Russia and
Ukraine could lead to the use of nuclear
weapons and the outbreak of World War
III.[435][436][437][438]

Musk with Israeli President Isaac

Herzog in Jerusalem, Israel,
November 27, 2023

In a YouTube podcast interview on

November 10, 2023, Musk criticized Israel's
retaliatory actions in the Gaza Strip during
the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, saying that
Hamas "wanted to commit the worst
atrocities that they could in order to provoke
the most aggressive response possible
from Israel." He added that "if you kill
somebody’s child in Gaza, you have made at
least a few Hamas members who will die
just to kill an Israeli."[439] On November 17,
2023, Musk announced a policy change on
the X platform, stating that X users who use
terms such as "decolonization" and "from
the river to the sea," or similar expressions
that imply genocide of the Jewish people in
Israel, will be suspended.[440] Several weeks
later, Musk traveled to Israel by visiting the
kibbutz Kfar Aza with Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu, which had been part
of the aftermath of the 2023 Hamas-led
attack on Israel, and described it as
"jarring."[441]

Accusations of antisemitism

The Israeli government and several media

outlets accused Musk of sowing
antisemitism due to him spreading George
Soros conspiracy theories,[442] although
some Israeli officials defended Musk and
denied his criticism of Soros was
antisemitic.[443]

On November 15, Twitter user Charles

Weber, who identifies as a Jewish
conservative, posted a video from
StopJewishHate.org condemning the
phrase "Hitler was right"; Weber captioned
the video: "To the cowards hiding behind
the anonymity of the internet and posting
'Hitler was right': You got something you
want to say? Why don't you say it to our
faces".[444][445] In response, a second user
posted "Okay. Jewish communities have
been pushing the exact kind of dialectical
hatred against whites that they claim to
want people to stop using against them. I'm
deeply disinterested in giving the tiniest shit
now about western Jewish populations
coming to the disturbing realization that
those hordes of minorities that support
flooding their country don't exactly like them
too much. You want truth said to your face,
there it is." To this second user, Musk
replied "You have said the actual
truth."[444][445][446]

The tweet was widely regarded as echoing

white nationalist sentiments[447] and
affirmed another antisemitic conspiracy
theory that Jews push "hatred against
Whites."[448][449] The following day, Musk
made a tweet supporting white
pride.[450][451] Advertisers distanced
themselves from his tweets.[452] Musk
wrote that he doesn't believe that "all
Jewish communities" hate white people, but
specifically took aim at the Anti-Defamation
League.[453] He also tweeted that his
criticism of Jews applies to more groups
than just the ADL, “You right that this does
not extend to all Jewish communities, but it
is also not just limited to ADL”.[454]

At the DealBook Summit on November 29,

2023, after comments from Disney CEO
Bob Iger explaining his decision to stop
advertising on X after Musk's recent post,
journalist Andrew Ross Sorkin questioned
Musk about the withdrawal of advertisers.
Musk responded, "I hope they stop. Don’t
advertise" and "If somebody is going to try
to blackmail me with advertising, blackmail
me with money, go fuck yourself. Go fuck
yourself. Is that clear? I hope it is."; Musk
singled out Iger, saying "Hey Bob, if you’re in
the audience."[455][456] Musk acknowledged
to Sorkin that one of his tweets—the one
affirming an antisemitic conspiracy theory—
was a mistake, saying "I handed a loaded
gun to those who hate me and to those who
are antisemitic and for that I am quite
sorry."[457] Musk described his tweet as "one
of the most foolish, if not the most foolish,
thing I’ve done."[458][459]
COVID-19

Musk wearing a bandana as a face

mask during the COVID-19 pandemic

Musk was criticized for his public

comments and conduct related to the
COVID-19 pandemic.[460][461] He spread
misinformation about the virus, including
promoting a widely discredited paper on the
benefits of chloroquine and claiming that
COVID-19 death statistics were inflated.[462]

In March 2020, Musk stated, "The

coronavirus panic is dumb."[463][464] In an
email to Tesla employees, Musk referred to
COVID-19 as a "specific form of the
common cold" and predicted that confirmed
COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of
the U.S. population.[460] On March 19, 2020,
Musk predicted that there would be
"probably close to zero new cases in [the
U.S.] by end of April".[461] Politico labeled
this statement one of "the most audacious,
confident, and spectacularly incorrect
prognostications [of 2020]".[465] Musk also
falsely stated that children "are essentially
immune" to COVID-19.[466][467]

Musk condemned COVID-19 lockdowns and

initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont
Factory in March 2020, defying the local
shelter-in-place order.[460][468][469] In May
2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, defying
the local stay-at-home order,[470][471] and
warned workers that they would be unpaid,
and their unemployment benefits might be
jeopardized, if they did not report to
work.[471] In December 2022, Musk called
for prosecution of former National Institute
of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director
Anthony Fauci.[472][473]

In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla

would make ventilators for COVID-19
patients if there were a shortage.[474] After
figures like New York City mayor Bill de
Blasio responded to Musk's offer,[475] Musk
offered to donate ventilators which Tesla
would build or buy from a third party.[474]
However, Musk ended up buying and
donating BiPAP and CPAP machines, which
are devices that support respirations of
someone able to breathe on their own,
rather than the much more expensive and
sought-after mechanical ventilator
machines that are able to breathe for a
patient entirely.[476][477]

In September 2020, Musk stated that he

would not get the COVID-19 vaccine,
because he and his children were "not at
risk for COVID".[478][479] Two months later,
Musk contracted COVID-19 but suggested
his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were
dubious, as he had been tested four times
on the same device with the same nurse
but had received equal numbers of positive
and negative results.[480] Following this, a
postdoctoral fellow at the Princess
Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto
explained in a Tweet why this result does
not undermine the value of the test,
referring to Musk as "Space Karen", which
then trended on Twitter.[480][481] In
December 2021, Musk said that he and his
eligible children had received the vaccine,
saying that the science behind the COVID
vaccines was "unequivocal" but expressing
his opposition to COVID vaccine
mandates.[482]

Personal life

From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk

resided in California, where both Tesla and
SpaceX were founded.[483] He then
relocated to Texas, saying that California
had become "complacent" about its
economic success.[483][484] While hosting
Saturday Night Live in 2021, Musk stated
that he has Asperger syndrome, although
he has never been medically
diagnosed.[485][486] Musk trained in Brazilian
jiu-jitsu while preparing for the proposed
fight between himself and Mark
Zuckerberg.[487] In his leisure time, he plays
video games including Quake, Diablo IV,
Elden Ring, and Polytopia.[488][489]

Relationships and children

Musk has 10 surviving children.[490] He met

his first wife, Canadian author Justine
Wilson, while attending Queen's University
in Ontario, Canada; they married in
2000.[491] In 2002, their first child died of
sudden infant death syndrome at the age of
10 weeks.[492] After his death, the couple
used IVF to continue their family;[493] they
had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in
2006.[493] The couple divorced in 2008 and
shared custody.[494][495] In 2022, the eldest
twin officially changed her name to reflect
her gender identity as a trans woman and to
use Wilson as her last name because she
no longer wished to be associated with
Musk.[496] Musk blamed the estrangement
of his daughter on what the Financial Times
characterized as "the supposed takeover of
elite schools and universities by neo-
Marxists."[497]

In 2008, Musk began dating English actress

Talulah Riley.[498] They married two years
later at Dornoch Cathedral in
Scotland.[499][500] In 2012, the couple
divorced, before remarrying the following
year.[501] After briefly filing for divorce in
2014,[501] Musk finalized a second divorce
from Riley in 2016.[502] Musk then dated
Amber Heard for several months in
2017;[503] he had reportedly been pursuing
her since 2012.[504]

In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician

Grimes said that they were dating.[505]
Grimes gave birth to their son in May
2020.[506][507] According to Musk and
Grimes, his name was "X Æ A-12" (/ɛks æʃ
eɪ ˈtwɛlv/); however, the name would have
violated California regulations as it
contained characters that are not in the
modern English alphabet,[508][509] and was
then changed to "X Æ A-Xii". This drew
more confusion, as Æ is not a letter in the
modern English alphabet.[510] The child was
eventually named X AE A-XII Musk, with "X"
as a first name, "AE A-XII" as a middle name,
and "Musk" as surname.[511]

In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a

second child, a daughter named Exa Dark
Sideræl Musk (nicknamed "Y"), born via
surrogacy.[2] Despite the pregnancy, Musk
confirmed reports that the couple were
"semi-separated" in September 2021; in an
interview with Time in December 2021, he
said he was single.[512][513] In March 2022,
Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: "I
would probably refer to him as my
boyfriend, but we're very fluid."[2] Later that
month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk
had broken up again.[514] In September
2023 it was reported that the pair had a
third child, a son named Techno
Mechanicus "Tau" Musk.[4] In October 2023,
Grimes sued Musk over parental rights and
custody of their eldest son.[515][516][517]

In July 2022, Insider published court

documents revealing that Musk had had
twins with Shivon Zilis, director of
operations and special projects at
Neuralink, in November 2021.[518] They were
born weeks before Musk and Grimes had
their second child via surrogate in
December. The news "raise[d] questions
about workplace ethics", given that Zilis
directly reported to Musk.[519] Also in July
2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that
Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole
Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder
Sergey Brin, in 2021, leading to their divorce
the following year.[520] Musk denied the
report.[521]

Musk has also had a relationship with

Australian actress Natasha Bassett, who
has been described as “an occasional
girlfriend.”[522]
Legal matters

In May 2022, Business Insider cited an

anonymous friend of an unnamed SpaceX
contract flight attendant, alleging that Musk
engaged in sexual misconduct in 2016. The
source stated that in November 2018,
Musk, SpaceX, and the former flight
attendant entered into a severance
agreement granting the attendant a
$250,000 payment in exchange for a
promise not to sue over the claims.[523]
Musk responded, "If I were inclined to
engage in sexual harassment, this is
unlikely to be the first time in my entire 30-
year career that it comes to light". He
accused the article from Business Insider of
being a "politically motivated hit
piece".[524][525] After the release of the
Business Insider article, Tesla's stock fell by
more than 6%,[526] decreasing Musk's net
worth by $10 billion.[527] Barron 's wrote
"...some investors considered key-man risk
– the danger that a company could be badly
hurt by the loss of one individual."[528]

In April 2023, the government of the U.S.

Virgin Islands sought to subpoena Musk for
documents in a lawsuit alleging that
JPMorgan Chase profited from Jeffrey
Epstein's sex trafficking operation.[529] In
May, a judge granted the U.S. Virgin Islands'
request to serve Musk electronically
through Tesla after the U.S. territory had
difficulty locating him.[529] The efforts to
subpoena Musk for documents do not
implicate him in any wrongdoing and do not
seek to have Musk testify under oath.[529]

Musk's former girlfriend Grimes filed a

parental relationship petition in late
September 2023 as part of a custody
dispute. The petition came a month after
Grimes openly accused him in a social
media post of blocking her access to the
youngest of their three children.[530][531]

Ben Brody, a 22-year-old Los Angeles-based

college graduate, initiated a lawsuit in
October 2023 against Musk for over $1
million. He alleged Musk had falsely
identified him as a participant "in a violent
street brawl on behalf of a neo-Nazi
extremist group" near Portland,
Oregon.[532][533][534] According to Brody's
complaint, one of Musk's X posts promoted
conspiracy theories that "Ben Brody's
alleged participation in the extremist brawl
meant the incident was probably a 'false
flag' operation to deceive the American
public".[532] The complaint also alleged that
Musk's accusations led to Brody and his
family being subjected to harassment and
threats.[532][533][535]
In October 2023, the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk,
alleging that he was refusing to testify in an
investigation into whether he violated
federal law by purchasing Twitter stock in
2022.[536][537][538] According to the lawsuit,
Musk testified twice in 2022 but refused to
testify a third time in 2023, claiming the
SEC was harassing him.[536][538] In
December 2023, Judge Laurel Beeler ruled
that Musk must testify again for the
SEC.[539][540] [541] [542]
Public perception

Musk (right) and then President

Barack Obama at the Cape Canaveral
Space Launch Complex 40, launch
site of the SpaceX Falcon 9, 2010

Though his ventures were influential within

their own industries in the 2000s, Musk only
became a public figure in the early 2010s.
He has been described as an eccentric who
makes spontaneous and controversial
statements, contrary to other billionaires
who prefer reclusiveness to protect their
businesses. Vance described people's
opinions of Musk as polarized due to his
"part philosopher, part troll" role on
Twitter.[543]

Musk was a partial inspiration for the

characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel
film Iron Man (2008).[544] Musk also had a
cameo appearance in the film's 2010
sequel, Iron Man 2.[545] Musk has made
cameos and appearances in other films
such as Machete Kills (2013),[546] Why Him?
(2016),[547] and Men in Black: International
(2019).[548] Television series in which he
has appeared include The Simpsons ("The
Musk Who Fell to Earth", 2015),[549] The Big
Bang Theory ("The Platonic Permutation",
2015),[550] South Park ("Members Only",
2016),[551][552] Young Sheldon ("A Patch, a
Modem, and a Zantac®", 2017),[553] Rick
and Morty ("One Crew over the Crewcoo's
Morty", 2019),[554][555] and Saturday Night
Live (2021).[556] He contributed interviews
to the documentaries Racing Extinction
(2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed Lo
and Behold (2016).[557][558]

Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal

Society (FRS) in 2018.[559] In 2015, he
received an honorary doctorate in
engineering and technology from Yale
University[560] and IEEE Honorary
Membership.[561] Awards for his
contributions to the development of the
Falcon rockets include the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
George Low Transportation Award in
2008,[562] the Fédération Aéronautique
Internationale Gold Space Medal in
2010,[563] and the Royal Aeronautical
Society Gold Medal in 2012.[564] Time has
listed Musk as one of the most influential
people in the world on four occasions in
2010,[565] 2013,[566] 2018,[567] and 2021.[568]
Musk was selected as Time 's "Person of
the Year" for 2021. Then Time editor-in-chief
Edward Felsenthal wrote that "Person of the
Year is a marker of influence, and few
individuals have had more influence than
Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off
Earth too".[569][570] In February 2022, Musk
was elected to the National Academy of
Engineering.[571] Following a tumultuous
year of changes and controversies at X, The
New Republic labeled Musk its 2023
Scoundrel of the Year.[572]

Notes and references

Notes

a. One child is deceased.[3]

b. Musk remained on the board and served as
an advisor.[74][75]

c. SpaceX received nearly $900 million in

Federal Communications Commission
subsidies for Starlink.[104][105]
 d. Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla
private at a price of $420 a share, an alleged
reference to marijuana.[147] Members of
Tesla's board and rapper Azealia Banks
alleged that Musk may have been under the
influence of recreational drugs when he
wrote the tweet.[148][149]

e. He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork

within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a
violation of U.S. securities laws.[203]

f. According to the Wall Street Journal, he was

worth $140 billion, with $52 billion of that
attributable to his ownership of Tesla stock.

Citations

1. "Elon Musk Reflects on "Brutal" Relationship

With Amber Heard in New Biography" (http
s://www.eonline.com/news/1385474/elon-m
usk-reflects-on-brutal-relationship-with-ambe
r-heard-in-new-biography) . E! Online.
September 13, 2023. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20231020235543/https://w
ww.eonline.com/news/1385474/elon-musk-r
eflects-on-brutal-relationship-with-amber-hea
rd-in-new-biography) from the original on
October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 17,
2023.
2. Gordon, Devin (March 10, 2022). " "Infamy Is
Kind Of Fun": Grimes on Music, Mars, and—
Surprise!—Her Secret New Baby With Elon
Musk" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/202
2/03/grimes-cover-story-on-music-and-mar
s) . Vanity Fair. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20220521235459/https://www.va
nityfair.com/style/2022/03/grimes-cover-sto
ry-on-music-and-mars) from the original on
May 21, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.

3. Berger (2021), pp. 182.

4. Szalai, Jennifer (September 9, 2023). "Elon
Musk Wants to Save Humanity. The Only
Problem: People" (https://www.nytimes.co
m/2023/09/09/books/review/elon-musk-wal
ter-isaacson.html) . The New York Times.
Archived (https://archive.today/2023090916
3003/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/0
9/books/review/elon-musk-walter-isaacson.
html) from the original on September 9,
2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023. "The
musician Grimes, the mother of three of
Musk's children (the existence of the third,
Techno Mechanicus, nicknamed Tau, has
been kept private until now), calls his roiling
anger 'demon mode' — a mind-set that
'causes a lot of chaos.' "
5. "Bloomberg Billionaires Index" (https://www.
bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/elon-r-
musk/) . Bloomberg L.P. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20170708045857/https://
www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/el
on-r-musk/) from the original on July 8,
2017. Retrieved July 25, 2022.

6. "Real Time Billionaires" (https://www.forbes.

com/profile/elon-musk/) . Forbes. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201402101126
24/http://www.forbes.com/profile/elon-mus
k/) from the original on February 10, 2014.
Retrieved August 27, 2017.
7. Ghaffary, Shirin (May 20, 2023). "Elon Musk
won't stop tweeting his way into trouble" (htt
ps://www.vox.com/technology/2023/5/20/2
3730607/elon-musk-conspiracy-twitter-texas
-shooting-bellingcat-taylor-lorenz-psyops) .
Vox. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20231027100923/https://www.vox.com/tec
hnology/2023/5/20/23730607/elon-musk-co
nspiracy-twitter-texas-shooting-bellingcat-tay
lor-lorenz-psyops) from the original on
October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 28,
2023.
8. "Disney, Apple among major companies to
pull business from X after Elon Musk's
antisemitic post" (https://www.nbcnews.co
m/tech/tech-news/antisemites-are-saying-el
on-musk-side-latest-tweets-jews-rcna12561
7) . NBC News. November 18, 2023.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1118025459/https://www.nbcnews.com/tec
h/tech-news/antisemites-are-saying-elon-mu
sk-side-latest-tweets-jews-rcna125617)
from the original on November 18, 2023.
Retrieved November 18, 2023.
9. Hatmaker, Taylor (November 17, 2023).
"Backlash builds after Elon Musk called an
antisemitic conspiracy theory the 'actual
truth' " (https://techcrunch.com/2023/11/17/
elon-musk-x-antisemitic-conspiracy-theory-a
ctual-truth/) . Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20231118032427/https://techcrun
ch.com/2023/11/17/elon-musk-x-antisemitic
-conspiracy-theory-actual-truth/) from the
original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved
November 18, 2023.
10. "Another Day, Another Antisemitic
Conspiracy Theory for Elon Musk and X" (htt
ps://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/11/ano
ther-day-another-antisemitic-conspiracy-theo
ry-elon-musk-x) . Vanity Fair. November 16,
2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20231117000336/https://www.vanityfair.c
om/news/2023/11/another-day-another-anti
semitic-conspiracy-theory-elon-musk-x)
from the original on November 17, 2023.
Retrieved November 18, 2023.
11. Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022).
"Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife
With Misinformation and White Privilege" (htt
ps://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/a
frica/elon-musk-south-africa.html) . The
New York Times. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20221111015804/https://www.n
ytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-
musk-south-africa.html) from the original on
November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.

12. Vance (2017), pp. 25, 31.

13. Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). "Rocket Man: The
otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk" (http://
www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541
126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-
musk) . The Mercury News. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20140414070701/h
ttp://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25
541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-e
lon-musk) from the original on April 14,
2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
14. Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). "At Home
With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor
Billionaire" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/h
annahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-
musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/) .
Forbes. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20120527053447/http://www.forbes.com/
sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-wit
h-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionai
re/) from the original on May 27, 2012.
Retrieved May 30, 2015.

15. His biography author Ashlee Vance (https://t

wit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/203/)
interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on
the TWiT.tv network, discussion of his family
starts around the 15th minute
16. Vargas, Chanel (March 6, 2018). "11 Things
to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model
Maye Musk" (https://www.townandcountrym
ag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-fact
s/) . Town & Country. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20180307023138/https://w
ww.townandcountrymag.com/style/a182057
69/maye-musk-facts/) from the original on
March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
17. Usborne, Simon (February 21, 2018). "Meet
the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended
family?" (https://www.theguardian.com/tech
nology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-m
usk-family) . The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-307
7) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0200527001143/https://www.theguardian.c
om/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/mee
t-elon-musk-family) from the original on
May 27, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.

18. Isaacson (2023), p. 23.

19. Hull, Dana; May, Patrick. "Exploring the
otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk" (http
s://buffalonews.com/business/local/explori
ng-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/
article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4
f4f3.html) . The Buffalo News. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220926055648/h
ttps://buffalonews.com/business/local/expl
oring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-mus
k/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48
a4f4f3.html) from the original on September
26, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
20. Friend, Tad (August 17, 2009). "Plugged In" (h
ttps://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/
08/24/plugged-in) . The New Yorker.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0308155550/https://www.newyorker.com/m
agazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in) from the
original on March 8, 2022.

21. Smith, Adam (June 28, 2021). "50 years of

Elon Musk's huge wealth, from emeralds to
SpaceX and Tesla" (https://www.independen
t.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-mus
k-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html) . The
Independent. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20211125034322/https://www.indep
endent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elo
n-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html)
from the original on November 25, 2021.
Retrieved December 20, 2021.
22. Lieberman, Hallie. "The Musk of Romance" (h
ttps://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-ro
mance-passionflix/) . Wired. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20200902072608/h
ttps://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-ro
mance-passionflix/) from the original on
September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 2,
2020.
23. Hull, Dana; May, Patrick (April 10, 2014).
"2014: Rocket Man: The otherworldly
ambitions of Elon Musk" (https://www.mercu
rynews.com/2014/04/10/2014-rocket-man-t
he-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/) .
The Mercury News. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20160906062154/http://www.
mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/ro
cket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk)
from the original on September 6, 2016.
Retrieved April 7, 2021.

24. Keating, Joseph C. Jr. (September 1995).

"Joshua N Haldeman, DC: the Canadian
Years, 1926–1950". The Journal of the
Canadian Chiropractic Association.
PMC 2485067 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/pmc/articles/PMC2485067) .
25. Vance (2017), pp. 26–30.
26. Isaacson (2023), p. 16.
27. Strauss, Neil (November 15, 2017). "Elon
Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20200817165150/http
s://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-fea
tures/elon-musk-the-architect-of-tomorrow-1
20850/) . Rolling Stone. Archived from the
original (https://www.rollingstone.com/cultur
e/features/elon-musk-inventors-plans-for-out
er-space-cars-finding-love-w511747) on
August 17, 2020. Retrieved November 15,
2017.
28. Crilly, Rob (March 25, 2018). "Elon Musk's
father has baby with step-daughter he has
known since she was four" (https://www.tele
graph.co.uk/news/2018/03/25/elon-musks-f
ather-has-baby-step-daughter-has-known-sin
ce-four/) . The Daily Telegraph. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20210426231132/
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/
25/elon-musks-father-has-baby-step-daughte
r-has-known-since-four/) from the original
on April 26, 2021.

29. Isaacson (2023), pp. 2—3.

30. Bhaimiya, Sawdah. "Errol Musk denies
berating his son after an attack at school put
Elon Musk in hospital" (https://www.busines
sinsider.com/elon-musk-dad-errol-denies-ber
ating-him-after-attack-school-2023-9) .
Business Insider. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20231205050228/https://www.b
usinessinsider.com/elon-musk-dad-errol-deni
es-berating-him-after-attack-school-2023-9)
from the original on December 5, 2023.
Retrieved December 5, 2023.
31. "Elon Musk shares the science fiction book
series that inspired him to start SpaceX" (htt
ps://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/elon-musk-
recommends-science-fiction-book-series-tha
t-inspired-spacex.html) . CNBC. February 22,
2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20231104000623/https://www.cnbc.com/
2020/02/21/elon-musk-recommends-scienc
e-fiction-book-series-that-inspired-spacex.ht
ml) from the original on November 4, 2023.
Retrieved November 9, 2023.
32. "Billionaire Elon Musk says he was 'raised by
books' and credits his success to these 8" (ht
tps://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/16/tesla-ceo-
elon-musk-says-he-was-raised-by-books.htm
l) . CNBC. November 16, 2017. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20231109233536/
https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/16/tesla-ce
o-elon-musk-says-he-was-raised-by-books.ht
ml) from the original on November 9, 2023.
Retrieved November 9, 2023.

33. Vance (2017), p. 38.

34. O'Kane, Sean (June 9, 2015). "Play the PC
game Elon Musk wrote as a pre-teen" (http
s://www.theverge.com/2015/6/9/8752333/e
lon-musk-blastar-pc-game) . The Verge.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018
0207202036/https://www.theverge.com/201
5/6/9/8752333/elon-musk-blastar-pc-gam
e) from the original on February 7, 2018.
Retrieved January 12, 2019.

35. Belfiore (2007), pp. 166–95.

36. Mak, Aaron (December 4, 2019). "Elon Musk
Says 'Pedo Guy' Was a Common Insult in His
Youth. We Checked With His Schoolmates"
(https://web.archive.org/web/202010060452
04/https://slate.com/technology/2019/12/el
on-musk-trial-pedo-guy-diver-lawsuit.html) .
Slate. Archived from the original (https://slat
e.com/technology/2019/12/elon-musk-trial-
pedo-guy-diver-lawsuit.html) on October 6,
2020. Retrieved December 7, 2019.

37. Isaacson (2023), p. 26.

38. Clifford, Catherine (June 12, 2018). "Multi-
billionaire Elon Musk: 'I arrived in North
America at 17 with $2,000' " (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20200802083529/https://ww
w.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-t
weets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-
2000.html) . CNBC. Archived from the
original (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/1
2/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-nort
h-america-at-17-with-2000.html) on August
2, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.

39. Vance (2017), p. 44.

40. Junod, Tom (November 15, 2012). "Elon
Musk: Triumph of His Will" (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20200818171231/https://www.e
squire.com/news-politics/a16681/elon-musk
-interview-1212/) . Esquire. Archived from
the original (https://www.esquire.com/news-
politics/a16681/elon-musk-interview-1212/)
on August 18, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.

41. Vance (2017), pp. 43–44.

42. Vance (2017), p. 45.
43. Vance (2017), p. 46.
44. Vance (2017), pp. 46–47.
45. Locke, Taylor (December 20, 2019). "Elon
Musk's college pal: This is what
'differentiates Elon from the rest of
humanity' " (https://www.cnbc.com/2019/1
2/20/elon-musks-college-friend-on-why-hes-
different-from-everyone-else.html) . CNBC.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
1214162910/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/1
2/20/elon-musks-college-friend-on-why-hes-
different-from-everyone-else.html) from the
original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved
January 8, 2021.
46. "Encyclopedia Britannica Elon Musk" (https://
www.britannica.com/biography/Elon-Musk) .
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015
0904013505/https://www.britannica.com/bi
ography/Elon-Musk) from the original on
September 4, 2015. Retrieved January 11,
2023.

47. Vance (2017), Appendix 1

48. Meisenzahl, Elizabeth. "SpaceX, founded by
Penn graduate Elon Musk, launches U.S.
astronauts into space" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20200807065913/https://www.thed
p.com/article/2020/05/penn-elon-musk-spa
ce-x-rocket-launch) . The Daily
Pennsylvanian. Archived from the original (ht
tps://www.thedp.com/article/2020/05/penn-
elon-musk-space-x-rocket-launch) on
August 7, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.

49. McCray, Patrick W. (June 11, 2012). "A

pioneer in space and on Earth" (https://editio
n.cnn.com/2012/06/10/opinion/mccray-elon
-musk) . CNN. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20221128042147/https://edition.cn
n.com/2012/06/10/opinion/mccray-elon-mu
sk) from the original on November 28, 2022.
Retrieved November 19, 2022.
50. Kasprak, Alex (December 21, 2022). "Does
Elon Musk Have an Undergraduate Degree in
Physics?" (https://www.snopes.com/fact-ch
eck/musk-physics-degree/) . Snopes.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1223061035/https://www.snopes.com/fact-
check/musk-physics-degree/) from the
original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved
December 23, 2022.

51. Hern, Alex (February 9, 2018). "Elon Musk:

the real-life Iron Man" (https://www.theguardi
an.com/technology/2018/feb/09/elon-musk-
the-real-life-iron-man) . The Guardian.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0611112311/https://www.theguardian.com/t
echnology/2018/feb/09/elon-musk-the-real-li
fe-iron-man) from the original on June 11,
2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
52. "How internships helped Elon Musk figure
out his future" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20191228213526/https://www.cnbc.com/20
18/07/09/how-internships-helped-elon-musk
-figure-out-his-future.html) . CNBC. July 16,
2018. Archived from the original (https://ww
w.cnbc.com/2018/07/09/how-internships-he
lped-elon-musk-figure-out-his-future.html)
on December 28, 2019. Retrieved
December 28, 2019.
53. Soni, Jimmi (February 22, 2022). "The little-
known story about Elon Musk's first post-
grad internship" (https://fortune.com/longfor
m/book-excerpt-paypal-founders-elon-musk-
max-levchin/) . Fortune. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220307163632/https://
fortune.com/longform/book-excerpt-paypal-f
ounders-elon-musk-max-levchin/) from the
original on March 7, 2022.

54. Vance (2017), p. 368.

55. Feeley, Jef (August 31, 2022). "Stanford
Pulled Into Dropout Musk's Legal Fight With
Twitter" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/
articles/2022-08-31/stanford-sucked-into-dr
opout-musk-s-legal-fight-with-twitter) .
Bloomberg. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20220903120509/https://www.bloom
berg.com/news/articles/2022-08-31/stanfor
d-sucked-into-dropout-musk-s-legal-fight-wit
h-twitter) from the original on September 3,
2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
56. Maidment, Paul (March 15, 2016). "7 college
dropouts who made millions" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20200515143817/https://ww
w.cnbc.com/2014/11/03/college-dropouts-w
ho-made-millions.html) . CNBC. Archived
from the original (https://www.cnbc.com/20
14/11/03/college-dropouts-who-made-millio
ns.html) on May 15, 2020. Retrieved
September 3, 2020.
57. Delevett, Peter; Hull, Dana (August 13, 2012).
"Greg Kouri, early investor in PayPal, dies in
New York" (https://www.mercurynews.com/2
012/08/13/greg-kouri-early-investor-in-paypa
l-dies-in-new-york-2/) . The Mercury News.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1006104534/https://www.mercurynews.co
m/2012/08/13/greg-kouri-early-investor-in-p
aypal-dies-in-new-york-2/) from the original
on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 1,
2022.
58. Huddleston, Tom Jr. (June 19, 2018). "How
Elon Musk founded Zip2 with his brother
Kimbal" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/1
9/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brot
her-kimbal.html) . CNBC. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20221109004141/http
s://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-m
usk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.ht
ml) from the original on November 9, 2022.
Retrieved October 1, 2022.
59. @elonmusk (December 28, 2019). "We
started Zip2 with ~$2k from me plus my
overclocked home-built PC, ~$5k from my
bro & ~$8k from Greg Kouri (such a good
guy — he is greatly missed). My Dad provided
10% of a ~$200k angel funding round much
later, but by then risk was reduced & round
would've happened anyway" (https://twitter.c
om/elonmusk/status/121106493700458905
6) (Tweet) – via Twitter.
60. Chafkin, Max (December 1, 2007).
"Entrepreneur of the Year, 2007: Elon Musk"
(http://www.inc.com/magazine/20071201/e
ntrepreneur-of-the-year-elon-musk.html) .
Inc. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0071228171523/http://www.inc.com/magaz
ine/20071201/entrepreneur-of-the-year-elon-
musk.html) from the original on December
28, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
61. Huddleston, Tom Jr. (June 19, 2018). "Elon
Musk slept on his office couch and
'showered at the YMCA' while starting his
first company" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20200818205314/https://www.cnbc.com/20
18/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-
his-brother-kimbal.html) . CNBC. Archived
from the original (https://www.cnbc.com/20
18/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-
his-brother-kimbal.html) on August 18,
2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020.

62. Kidder (2013), pp. 224–228.

63. Vance (2017), p. 67.
64. Vance (2017), p. 14.
65. Junnarkar, Sandeep (February 16, 1999).
"Compaq buys Zip2" (http://news.cnet.com/
Compaq+buys+Zip2/2100-1023_3-221675.ht
ml) . CNET. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20141021004422/http://news.cnet.c
om/Compaq+buys+Zip2/2100-1023_3-2216
75.html) from the original on October 21,
2014. Retrieved December 13, 2020.

66. Vance (2017), p. 109.

67. Vance (2017), p. 78.
68. Vance (2017), p. 84.
69. Vance (2017), p. 86.
70. Jackson (2004), pp. 40, 69, 130, 163.
71. Vance (2017), pp. 85–86.
72. Vance (2017), pp. 85–87.
73. Vance (2017), pp. 87–88.
74. "The PayPal Mafia" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20170523114437/http://fortune.com/2
007/11/13/paypal-mafia/) . Fortune.
Archived from the original (http://fortune.co
m/2007/11/13/paypal-mafia/) on May 23,
2017. Retrieved July 4, 2015.

75. Vance (2017), p. 89.

76. Odell, Mark (September 30, 2014). "Timeline:
The rise of PayPal" (https://www.ft.com/cont
ent/86432398-4897-11e4-9d04-00144feab7d
e) . Financial Times. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20200622163106/https://ww
w.ft.com/content/86432398-4897-11e4-9d0
4-00144feab7de) from the original on June
22, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
77. "SEC 10-K" (https://web.archive.org/web/202
00825231531/https://www.sec.gov/Archive
s/edgar/data/1103415/0000912057020098
34/a2073071z10-k405.htm) . PayPal.
December 31, 2001. Archived from the
original (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edga
r/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a20
73071z10-k405.htm) on August 25, 2020.

78. Vance (2017), pp. 116.

79. Huang, Echo. "Elon Musk bought a web
domain worth millions with 'sentimental
value' to him" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0200625174509/https://qz.com/1026167/el
on-musk-just-bought-x-com-the-domain-he-o
nce-owned-from-paypal/) . Quartz. Archived
from the original (https://qz.com/1026167/el
on-musk-just-bought-x-com-the-domain-he-o
nce-owned-from-paypal/) on June 25, 2020.
Retrieved April 3, 2020.
80. Statt, Nick (July 10, 2017). "Elon Musk now
owns X.com, the defunct domain of his
second startup" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200625193958/https://www.theverge.c
om/2017/7/10/15949862/elon-musk-x-com-
paypal-tesla-spacex-domain-name) . The
Verge. Archived from the original (https://ww
w.theverge.com/2017/7/10/15949862/elon-
musk-x-com-paypal-tesla-spacex-domain-na
me) on June 25, 2020. Retrieved
September 3, 2020.
81. Kleinman, Zoe (October 5, 2022). "Elon Musk,
Twitter and the mysterious X app" (https://w
ww.bbc.com/news/technology-63141272) .
BBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20221021182811/https://www.bbc.com/ne
ws/technology-63141272) from the original
on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 27,
2022.

82. Vance (2017), pp. 99, 102–103.

83. Vance, Ashlee (May 14, 2015). "Elon Musk's
space dream almost killed Tesla" (https://ww
w.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-elon-musk
-spacex/) . Bloomberg L.P. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20170223011256/http
s://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-elon
-musk-spacex/) from the original on
February 23, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
84. Wayne, Leslie (February 5, 2006). "A Bold
Plan to Go Where Men Have Gone Before" (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2020041213071
8/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/bu
siness/yourmoney/a-bold-plan-to-go-where-
men-have-gone-before.html) . The New York
Times. Archived from the original (https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/business/your
money/05rocket.html) on April 12, 2020.
Retrieved February 16, 2015.

85. California Business Search (C2414622 –

Space Exploration Technologies Corp) (http
s://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/) , archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201802231342
14/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/)
from the original on February 23, 2018,
retrieved December 13, 2020
86. Koren, Marina (May 6, 2021). "Elon Musk Is
Maybe, Actually, Strangely, Going to Do This
Mars Thing" (https://www.theatlantic.com/sc
ience/archive/2021/05/elon-musk-spacex-st
arship-launch/618781/) . The Atlantic.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0531065250/https://www.theatlantic.com/s
cience/archive/2021/05/elon-musk-spacex-s
tarship-launch/618781/) from the original
on May 31, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.

87. Berger (2021), pp. 178–182.

88. Friedman, Josh (April 22, 2003).
"Entrepreneur Tries His Midas Touch in
Space, Los Angeles Times" (https://www.lati
mes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-22-fi-sp
acex22-story.html) . Los Angeles Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1029184256/https://www.latimes.com/archi
ves/la-xpm-2003-apr-22-fi-spacex22-story.ht
ml) from the original on October 29, 2022.
Retrieved October 29, 2022.
89. Malik, Tariq (November 21, 2005). "Griffin
Reiterates NASA's Commitment to
Commercial Cargo, Space News" (https://spa
cenews.com/griffin-reiterates-commitment-c
ommercial-services/) . Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220619022231/https://
spacenews.com/griffin-reiterates-commitme
nt-commercial-services/) from the original
on June 19, 2022. Retrieved October 29,
2022.
90. Dunbar, Brian. "NASA Invests in Private
Sector Space Flight with SpaceX,
Rocketplane-Kistler" (https://www.nasa.gov/
exploration/news/COTS_selection.html) .
nasa.gov (Press release). Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20210908075306/http
s://www.nasa.gov/exploration/news/COTS_s
election.html) from the original on
September 8, 2021. Retrieved December 2,
2021.
91. Ledur, Júlia (May 1, 2019). "Falcon Flights" (h
ttps://graphics.reuters.com/SPACE-EXPLOR
ATION-SPACEX/010091Q82NF/index.html) .
Reuters. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20210210212334/https://graphics.reuter
s.com/SPACE-EXPLORATION-SPACEX/0100
91Q82NF/index.html) from the original on
February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 10,
2021.
92. Chang, Kenneth (May 22, 2012). "Big Day for
a Space Entrepreneur Promising More" (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/science/
space/spacexs-private-cargo-rocket-heads-t
o-space-station.html) . The New York Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2017
0701083413/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/
05/23/science/space/spacexs-private-cargo
-rocket-heads-to-space-station.html) from
the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved
January 11, 2021.
93. Harwood, William (May 31, 2012). "SpaceX
Dragon returns to Earth, ends historic trip" (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2016042217593
1/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-dr
agon-returns-to-earth-ends-historic-trip/) .
CBS News. Archived from the original (http
s://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57444
590/spacex-dragon-returns-to-earth-ends-his
toric-trip/?tag=cbsnewsSectionContent.10)
on April 22, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2013.

94. "SpaceX rocket in historic upright landing" (ht

tps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environ
ment-35157782) . BBC News. December 22,
2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20190831131922/https://www.bbc.co.uk/
news/science-environment-35157782) from
the original on August 31, 2019. Retrieved
June 30, 2016.
95. O'Kane, Sean (May 27, 2016). "SpaceX
successfully lands a Falcon 9 rocket at sea
for the third time" (https://www.theverge.co
m/2016/5/27/11787532/spacex-falcon-9-ro
cket-landing-success-sea-drone-ship) . The
Verge. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20160627232003/http://www.theverge.co
m/2016/5/27/11787532/spacex-falcon-9-ro
cket-landing-success-sea-drone-ship) from
the original on June 27, 2016. Retrieved
June 30, 2016.
96. Drake, Nadia (February 25, 2018). "Elon
Musk's Tesla in Space Could Crash into
Earth" (https://web.archive.org/web/202102
10212336/https://www.nationalgeographic.c
om/news/2018/02/spacex-falcon-heavy-tesl
a-roadster-orbit-earth-sun-space/) . National
Geographic. Archived from the original (http
s://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/201
8/02/spacex-falcon-heavy-tesla-roadster-orbi
t-earth-sun-space/) on February 10, 2021.
Retrieved February 10, 2021.
97. Chow, Denise (November 6, 2019).
" 'Starman' and the Tesla Roadster that
SpaceX launched into orbit have now cruised
beyond Mars" (https://www.nbcnews.com/m
ach/science/starman-tesla-roadster-spacex-l
aunched-orbit-have-now-cruised-beyond-ncn
a931731) . NBC News. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20210210212335/https://
www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/starman-
tesla-roadster-spacex-launched-orbit-have-no
w-cruised-beyond-ncna931731) from the
original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved
February 10, 2021.
98. Berger, Eric (August 28, 2019). "Starhopper
aces test, sets up full-scale prototype flights
this year" (https://arstechnica.com/science/
2019/08/starhopper-aces-test-sets-up-full-sc
ale-prototype-flights-this-year/) . Ars
Technica. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20210121210349/https://arstechnica.c
om/science/2019/08/starhopper-aces-test-s
ets-up-full-scale-prototype-flights-this-year/)
from the original on January 21, 2021.
Retrieved December 15, 2021.
99. Roulette, Joey (March 28, 2022). "SpaceX
ending production of flagship crew capsule"
(https://web.archive.org/web/202203291801
39/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/scienc
e/exclusive-spacex-ending-production-flagsh
ip-crew-capsule-executive-2022-03-28/) .
Reuters. Archived from the original (https://w
ww.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/exclusive-s
pacex-ending-production-flagship-crew-caps
ule-executive-2022-03-28/) on March 29,
2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
100. Wattles, Jackie (May 30, 2020). "SpaceX and
NASA launch Crew Dragon in Florida: Live
updates" (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
0829112802/https://www.cnn.com/busines
s/live-news/spacex-launch-today-may-30/ind
ex.html) . CNN. Archived from the original (h
ttps://www.cnn.com/business/live-news/spa
cex-launch-today-may-30/index.html) on
August 29, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
101. Johnson, Eric M.; Roulette, Joey (October 31,
2018). "Musk shakes up SpaceX in race to
make satellite launch window: sources" (http
s://www.reuters.com/article/us-spacex-starli
nk-insight/musk-shakes-up-spacex-in-race-to
-make-satellite-launch-window-sources-idUS
KCN1N50FC) . Reuters. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20200518170500/https://
www.reuters.com/article/us-spacex-starlink-i
nsight/musk-shakes-up-spacex-in-race-to-ma
ke-satellite-launch-window-sources-idUSKCN
1N50FC) from the original on May 18, 2020.
Retrieved March 28, 2021.
102. Hall, Shannon (June 1, 2019). "After SpaceX
Starlink Launch, a Fear of Satellites That
Outnumber All Visible Stars – Images of the
Starlink constellation in orbit have rattled
astronomers around the world" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20200821011421/https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/science/starli
nk-spacex-astronomers.html) . The New
York Times. Archived from the original (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/science/
starlink-spacex-astronomers.html) on
August 21, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
103. Shepardson, David; Roulette, Joey (July 30,
2020). "Taking on SpaceX, Amazon to invest
$10 billion in satellite broadband plan" (http
s://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-amazon-
broadband/taking-on-spacex-amazon-to-inve
st-10-billion-in-satellite-broadband-plan-idUS
KCN24V3F2) . Reuters. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20210107200559/https://
www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-amazon-bro
adband/taking-on-spacex-amazon-to-invest-
10-billion-in-satellite-broadband-plan-idUSKC
N24V3F2) from the original on January 7,
2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
104. Sheetz, Michael (December 7, 2020).
"SpaceX's Starlink wins nearly $900 million in
FCC subsidies to bring internet to rural
areas" (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/07/
spacex-starlink-wins-nearly-900-million-in-fcc
-subsidies-auction.html) . CNBC. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/2020121618550
1/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/07/space
x-starlink-wins-nearly-900-million-in-fcc-subsi
dies-auction.html) from the original on
December 16, 2020. Retrieved January 12,
2021.
105. Wattles, Jackie (December 8, 2020). "SpaceX
gets almost $900 million in federal subsidies
to deliver broadband to rural America" (http
s://www.cnn.com/2020/12/08/tech/spacex-
starlink-subsidies-fcc-scn/index.html) . CNN.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
1218204918/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/
12/08/tech/spacex-starlink-subsidies-fcc-sc
n/index.html) from the original on
December 18, 2020. Retrieved January 12,
2021.
106. Griffin, Andrew (December 30, 2021). "Elon
Musk rejects criticism that his satellite fleet
is dangerous" (https://www.independent.co.u
k/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-spa
cex-starlink-nasa-b1984423.html) . The
Independent. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20211230210301/https://www.indep
endent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elo
n-musk-spacex-starlink-nasa-b1984423.htm
l) from the original on December 30, 2021.
Retrieved December 31, 2021.
107. "Elon Musk rejects claims that his satellites
are hogging space" (https://www.bbc.com/n
ews/business-59824404) . BBC News.
December 30, 2021. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20211231031521/https://ww
w.bbc.com/news/business-59824404) from
the original on December 31, 2021. Retrieved
December 31, 2021.
108. Smith, Adam (February 7, 2021).
"Astronomers create new global force to stop
Elon Musk's internet satellites hiding killer
asteroids" (https://www.independent.co.uk/s
pace/astronomers-elon-musk-satellites-aster
oids-b2009163.html) . The Independent.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0527013943/https://www.independent.co.u
k/space/astronomers-elon-musk-satellites-a
steroids-b2009163.html) from the original
on May 27, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
109. Sheetz, Michael (March 22, 2022). "Elon
Musk's SpaceX sent thousands of Starlink
satellite internet dishes to Ukraine,
company's president says" (https://www.cnb
c.com/2022/03/22/elon-musk-spacex-thous
ands-of-starlink-satellite-dishes-sent-to-ukrai
ne.html) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20220327034400/https://www.c
nbc.com/2022/03/22/elon-musk-spacex-tho
usands-of-starlink-satellite-dishes-sent-to-ukr
aine.html) from the original on March 27,
2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
110. Marquardt, Alex (October 13, 2022).
"Exclusive: Musk's SpaceX says it can no
longer pay for critical satellite services in
Ukraine, asks Pentagon to pick up the tab" (h
ttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/politics/
elon-musk-spacex-starlink-ukraine/) . CNN.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1024113222/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/
10/13/politics/elon-musk-spacex-starlink-ukr
aine) from the original on October 24, 2022.
Retrieved October 27, 2022.
111. Capoot, Ashley (October 15, 2022). " 'The hell
with it': Elon Musk tweets SpaceX will 'keep
funding Ukraine govt for free' amid Starlink
controversy" (https://www.cnbc.com/2022/1
0/15/elon-musk-tweets-on-starlink-well-just-
keep-funding-ukraine-govt-for-free.html) .
CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20221103145419/https://www.cnbc.com/
2022/10/15/elon-musk-tweets-on-starlink-w
ell-just-keep-funding-ukraine-govt-for-free.ht
ml) from the original on November 3, 2022.
Retrieved October 27, 2022.
112. Hern, Alex (October 15, 2022). "Musk says
SpaceX will keep funding Ukraine Starlink
internet" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-
us-canada-63266142) . BBC News. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202212050439
12/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-can
ada-63266142) from the original on
December 5, 2022. Retrieved October 27,
2022.
113. "Elon Musk says SpaceX will keep funding
Starlink internet in Ukraine" (https://www.the
guardian.com/world/2022/oct/15/the-hell-wi
th-it-elon-musk-says-spacex-will-fund-starlink
-internet-in-ukraine) . The Guardian. October
16, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20221024192858/https://www.theguar
dian.com/world/2022/oct/15/the-hell-with-it-
elon-musk-says-spacex-will-fund-starlink-inte
rnet-in-ukraine) from the original on October
24, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
114. "SpaceX's Musk says Starlink has been told
by some governments to block Russian
news" (https://www.reuters.com/business/m
edia-telecom/spacexs-musk-says-starlink-ha
s-been-told-by-some-governments-block-russ
ian-news-2022-03-05/) . Reuters. March 6,
2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20220404103321/https://www.reuters.co
m/business/media-telecom/spacexs-musk-s
ays-starlink-has-been-told-by-some-governm
ents-block-russian-news-2022-03-05/) from
the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved
April 5, 2022.
115. Porter, Jon (April 4, 2022). "Elon Musk buys
9.2 percent of Twitter amid complaints about
free speech" (https://www.theverge.com/202
2/4/4/23009622/elon-musk-twitter-shares-fr
ee-speech) . The Verge. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220404232458/https://
www.theverge.com/2022/4/4/23009622/elo
n-musk-twitter-shares-free-speech) from the
original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 5,
2022.

116. Reed, Eric (February 4, 2020). "History of

Tesla: Timeline and Facts" (https://www.thes
treet.com/technology/history-of-tesla-15088
992) . TheStreet.com. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20211220161321/https://w
ww.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-tesl
a-15088992) from the original on December
20, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
117. Vance (2017), pp. 153–154.
118. Vance (2017), p. 159.
119. Schilling, Melissa (2018). Quirky: The
remarkable story of the traits, foibles, and
genius of breakthrough innovators who
changed the world. PublicAffairs.
ISBN 9781610397926.
120. Morrison, Chris (October 15, 2008). "Musk
steps in as CEO" (https://www.nytimes.com/
external/venturebeat/2008/10/15/15venture
beat-elon-musk-steps-in-as-ceo-at-tesla-lays-
off-99182.html) . The New York Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2016
0204120521/http://www.nytimes.com/exter
nal/venturebeat/2008/10/15/15venturebeat-
elon-musk-steps-in-as-ceo-at-tesla-lays-off-9
9182.html) from the original on February 4,
2016. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
121. "Elon Musk: The Story of a Maverick" (http
s://interestingengineering.com/elon-musk-th
e-story-of-a-maverick) .
interestingengineering.com. August 13,
2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210316052411/https://interestingengin
eering.com/elon-musk-the-story-of-a-maveric
k) from the original on March 16, 2021.
Retrieved April 3, 2021.
122. LaMonica, Martin (September 2009). "Tesla
Motors founders: Now there are five" (http
s://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-found
ers-now-there-are-five/) . CNET. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20201115134134/
https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-fo
unders-now-there-are-five/) from the original
on November 15, 2020. Retrieved April 17,
2020. "Tesla Motors and co-founder Martin
Eberhard announced an agreement over who
can claim to be a founder of the company on
Monday."
123. Schwartz, Ariel (September 21, 2009). "Tesla
Lawsuit Drama Ends as Five Company
Founders Emerge" (https://www.fastcompan
y.com/1367866/tesla-lawsuit-drama-ends-fiv
e-company-founders-emerge) . Fast
Company. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20150606120247/https://www.fastcom
pany.com/1367866/tesla-lawsuit-drama-end
s-five-company-founders-emerge) from the
original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved April 14,
2020. "Eberhard and Musk have reached a
rather unexpected resolution–instead of
agreeing to share the title of "founder", the
pair has designated five people as company
founders, including Musk, Eberhard, JB
Straubel, Mark Tarpenning, and Ian Wright."
124. Royse, Dave (July 8, 2019). "Industry Shift:
With Four Departures This Year, Who Is The
Longest-Tenured Automotive CEO?" (https://f
inance.yahoo.com/news/industry-shift-four-
departures-longest-190424759.html) .
Yahoo. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20191229014127/https://finance.yahoo.c
om/news/industry-shift-four-departures-long
est-190424759.html) from the original on
December 29, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
125. Shead, Sam (March 15, 2021). "Elon Musk
has officially been made the 'Technoking of
Tesla' " (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/15/
elon-musk-officially-made-the-technoking-of-
tesla.html) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20220112073406/https://ww
w.cnbc.com/2021/03/15/elon-musk-officiall
y-made-the-technoking-of-tesla.html) from
the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved
January 28, 2022.
126. Wilson, Kevin A. (March 15, 2018). "Worth
the Watt: A Brief History of the Electric Car,
1830 to Present" (https://www.caranddriver.c
om/features/g15378765/worth-the-watt-a-br
ief-history-of-the-electric-car-1830-to-presen
t) . Car and Driver. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20210317062346/https://ww
w.caranddriver.com/features/g15378765/wo
rth-the-watt-a-brief-history-of-the-electric-car-
1830-to-present/) from the original on
March 17, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
127. Boudreau, John (June 22, 2012). "In a Silicon
Valley milestone, Tesla Motors begins
delivering Model S electric cars" (http://www.
mercurynews.com/business/ci_20919722/si
licon-valley-milestone-tesla-motors-begins-d
elivering-model?refresh=no) . The Mercury
News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20121124040454/http://www.mercurynew
s.com/business/ci_20919722/silicon-valley-
milestone-tesla-motors-begins-delivering-mo
del?refresh=no) from the original on
November 24, 2012. Retrieved June 22,
2012.
128. Ruddick, Graham (September 30, 2015).
"Tesla's Model X electric car spreads falcon
wings at U.S. launch" (https://www.theguardi
an.com/business/2015/sep/30/tesla-model-
x-electric-car-launch-falcon-wings-suv) . The
Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20170602175211/https://www.theguar
dian.com/business/2015/sep/30/tesla-mod
el-x-electric-car-launch-falcon-wings-suv)
from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved
November 4, 2015.
129. Vlasic, Bill (July 29, 2017). "In Pivotal
Moment, Tesla Unveils Its First Mass-Market
Sedan" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/
29/business/tesla-model-3-elon-musk.htm
l) . The New York Times. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20210209235116/http
s://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/29/busines
s/tesla-model-3-elon-musk.html) from the
original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved
February 9, 2021.
130. Shahan, Zachary (August 26, 2021). "Tesla
Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales" (https://
cleantechnica.com/2021/08/26/tesla-model
-3-has-passed-1-million-sales/) .
CleanTechnica. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210904115030/https://cleante
chnica.com/2021/08/26/tesla-model-3-has-
passed-1-million-sales/) from the original
on September 4, 2021. Retrieved August 26,
2021.
131. Holland, Maximilian (March 10, 2020). "Tesla
Passes 1 Million EV Milestone & Model 3
Becomes All Time Best Seller" (https://cleant
echnica.com/2020/03/10/tesla-passes-1-mil
lion-ev-milestone-and-model-3-becomes-all-ti
me-best-seller/) . CleanTechnica. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202004120459
11/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/03/10/t
esla-passes-1-million-ev-milestone-and-mod
el-3-becomes-all-time-best-seller/) from the
original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 20,
2020.
132. O'Kane, Sean (March 16, 2020). "Tesla Model
Y deliveries begin in the US" (https://www.the
verge.com/2020/3/16/21182033/tesla-mod
el-y-suv-us-deliveries-begin-price-range) .
The Verge. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200317145544/https://www.thever
ge.com/2020/3/16/21182033/tesla-model-y
-suv-us-deliveries-begin-price-range) from
the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved
February 14, 2021.
133. Huddleston, Tom Jr. (November 22, 2019).
"This is the James Bond sports car Elon
Musk bought for nearly $1 million that
inspired Tesla Cybertruck" (https://www.cnb
c.com/2019/11/22/james-bond-lotus-sports-
car-elon-musk-bought-inspired-tesla-cybertru
ck.html) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20191127225950/https://www.c
nbc.com/2019/11/22/james-bond-lotus-spor
ts-car-elon-musk-bought-inspired-tesla-cyber
truck.html) from the original on November
27, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
134. Eddy, Melissa (March 4, 2022). "Tesla Wins
Approval to Open European Assembly Plant"
(https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/worl
d/europe/tesla-germany-assembly-plant.htm
l) . The New York Times. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20220904082019/http
s://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/world/eu
rope/tesla-germany-assembly-plant.html)
from the original on September 4, 2022.
Retrieved September 4, 2022.
135. "With First Share Offering, Tesla Bets on
Electric Car's Future" (https://www.nytimes.c
om/2010/06/28/business/28tesla.html) .
The New York Times. Associated Press.
June 28, 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20210210000410/https://www.nyti
mes.com/2010/06/28/business/28tesla.htm
l) from the original on February 10, 2021.
Retrieved February 9, 2021.

136. "Tesla overtakes Toyota to become world's

most valuable carmaker" (https://www.bbc.c
om/news/business-53257933) . BBC News.
July 1, 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20210210000414/https://www.bbc.c
om/news/business-53257933) from the
original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved
February 9, 2021.
137. Boudette, Neal E. (July 2, 2020). "Tesla
Shines During the Pandemic as Other
Automakers Struggle" (https://www.nytimes.
com/2020/07/02/business/tesla-sales-seco
nd-quarter.html) . The New York Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0210000501/https://www.nytimes.com/202
0/07/02/business/tesla-sales-second-quarte
r.html) from the original on February 10,
2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
138. Li, Yun (December 20, 2021). "Tesla shares
fall 6% as it enters the S&P 500 with 1.69%
weighting, fifth largest" (https://www.cnbc.co
m/2020/12/20/tesla-enters-the-sp-500-with-
1point69percent-weighting-in-the-benchmark
-fifth-largest.html) . CNBC. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20210210000314/http
s://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/20/tesla-enters-
the-sp-500-with-1point69percent-weighting-i
n-the-benchmark-fifth-largest.html) from the
original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved
February 9, 2021.
139. "Tesla Stock Joins the S&P 500: A Game
Changer" (https://www.wsj.com/graphics/te
sla-stock-joins-the-sp500/) . The Wall Street
Journal. December 21, 2020. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20210210000316/h
ttps://www.wsj.com/graphics/tesla-stock-joi
ns-the-sp500/) from the original on
February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 9,
2021.
140. Isidore, Chris (October 26, 2021). "Tesla is
now worth more than $1 trillion" (https://ww
w.cnn.com/2021/10/25/investing/tesla-stoc
k-trillion-dollar-market-cap/index.html) .
CNN. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20211114001754/https://www.cnn.com/202
1/10/25/investing/tesla-stock-trillion-dollar-
market-cap/index.html) from the original on
November 14, 2021. Retrieved November 14,
2021.
141. Haselton, Todd (November 13, 2021). "Elon
Musk sold about $6.9 billion in Tesla stock
this week" (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/
13/elon-musk-sells-another-1point2-billion-of
-tesla-stock.html) . CNBC. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20220608183425/http
s://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/13/elon-musk-s
ells-another-1point2-billion-of-tesla-stock.ht
ml) from the original on June 8, 2022.
Retrieved November 15, 2021.
142. Jin, Hyunjoo (December 30, 2021). "Tesla's
Musk exercises all of his stock options
expiring next year" (https://www.reuters.co
m/business/teslas-musk-completes-option-r
elated-sales-plan-filing-2021-12-29/) .
Reuters. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20220531045409/https://www.reuters.co
m/business/teslas-musk-completes-option-r
elated-sales-plan-filing-2021-12-29/) from
the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved
June 8, 2022.
143. Michaels, Dave (February 24, 2022). "WSJ
News Exclusive | SEC Probes Trading by Elon
Musk and Brother in Wake of Tesla CEO's
Sales" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-pr
obes-trading-by-elon-musk-and-brother-in-wa
ke-of-tesla-ceos-sales-11645730528) . The
Wall Street Journal. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20220303031115/https://ww
w.wsj.com/articles/sec-probes-trading-by-elo
n-musk-and-brother-in-wake-of-tesla-ceos-sal
es-11645730528) from the original on
March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
144. Siddiqui, Faiz (September 30, 2022). "Elon
Musk debuts Tesla robot, Optimus, calling it
a 'fundamental transformation' " (https://ww
w.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/0
9/30/elon-musk-tesla-bot/) . The
Washington Post. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20221022003146/https://www.
washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/3
0/elon-musk-tesla-bot/) from the original on
October 22, 2022.
145. " 'I am a fan of Modi': Tesla CEO Elon Musk
after meeting PM in New York" (https://www.
hindustantimes.com/india-news/i-am-a-fan-o
f-modi-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-after-meeting-p
m-in-new-york-101687304891831-amp.htm
l) . Hindustan Times. June 21, 2023.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
0621101631/https://www.hindustantimes.co
m/india-news/i-am-a-fan-of-modi-tesla-ceo-e
lon-musk-after-meeting-pm-in-new-york-1016
87304891831-amp.html) from the original
on June 21, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
146. Goldstein, Matthew (September 27, 2018).
"S.E.C. Sues Tesla's Elon Musk for Fraud and
Seeks to Bar Him From Running a Public
Company" (https://web.archive.org/web/202
00623023744/https://www.nytimes.com/20
18/09/27/business/elon-musk-sec-lawsuit-t
esla.html) . The New York Times. Archived
from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/
2018/09/27/business/elon-musk-sec-lawsuit
-tesla.html) on June 23, 2020. Retrieved
September 27, 2018.
147. Choudhury, Saheli Roy (September 28, 2018).
"SEC says Musk chose $420 price for Tesla
shares because it's a pot reference" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20201006010407/http
s://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/28/sec-says-elo
n-musk-at-tesla-chose-420-price-as-pot-refer
ence.html) . CNBC. Archived from the
original (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/2
8/sec-says-elon-musk-at-tesla-chose-420-pri
ce-as-pot-reference.html) on October 6,
2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
148. Swisher, Kara (August 23, 2018). "How and
Why Silicon Valley Gets High" (https://www.n
ytimes.com/2018/08/23/opinion/elon-musk-
burning-man-drugs-lsd.html) . The New York
Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20180824014428/https://www.nytimes.co
m/2018/08/23/opinion/elon-musk-burning-
man-drugs-lsd.html) from the original on
August 24, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
149. Woodyard, Chris (August 30, 2018). "Elon
Musk's tweet on taking Tesla private now
dogged by drugs claim from rapper Azealia
Banks" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/tec
h/talkingtech/2018/08/22/elon-musks-tweet
-taking-tesla-private-now-dogged-drugs-claim
s-rapper-azealia-banks/1057815002/) . USA
Today. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210512060023/https://www.usatoday.c
om/story/tech/talkingtech/2018/08/22/elon
-musks-tweet-taking-tesla-private-now-dogge
d-drugs-claims-rapper-azealia-banks/105781
5002/) from the original on May 12, 2021.
Retrieved May 11, 2021.
150. Patnaik, Subrat; Kalia, Shubham (September
28, 2018). "Factbox – 'Funding secured': SEC
gives timeline surrounding tweet from Tesla's
Musk" (https://web.archive.org/web/201911
23175743/https://www.reuters.com/article/
us-tesla-musk-factbox/factbox-funding-secur
ed-sec-gives-timeline-surrounding-tweet-fro
m-teslas-musk-idUSKCN1M8139) . Reuters.
Archived from the original (https://www.reute
rs.com/article/us-tesla-musk-factbox/factbo
x-funding-secured-sec-gives-timeline-surroun
ding-tweet-from-teslas-musk-idUSKCN1M81
39) on November 23, 2019. Retrieved
November 23, 2018.
151. O'Kane, Sean; Lopatto, Elizabeth (September
27, 2018). "Elon Musk sued by SEC for
securities fraud" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200730025451/https://www.theverge.c
om/2018/9/27/17911428/sec-lawsuit-elon-
musk-tesla-funding-tweet) . The Verge.
Archived from the original (https://www.thev
erge.com/2018/9/27/17911428/sec-lawsuit-
elon-musk-tesla-funding-tweet) on July 30,
2020. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
152. "Elon Musk forced to step down as chairman
of Tesla, remains CEO" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20200527131445/https://www.theve
rge.com/2018/9/29/17918252/elon-musk-te
sla-sec-securities-fraud-lawsuit-settlement-fi
ne-penalty) . The Verge. Archived from the
original (https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/
29/17918252/elon-musk-tesla-sec-securities
-fraud-lawsuit-settlement-fine-penalty) on
May 27, 2020. Retrieved September 29,
2018.
153. "Tesla's Elon Musk says tweet that led to
$20 million fine 'Worth It' " (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20200522093710/https://www.r
euters.com/article/us-tesla-musk-tweet-idUS
KCN1N10K2) . Reuters. October 27, 2018.
Archived from the original (https://www.reute
rs.com/article/us-tesla-musk-tweet-idUSKCN
1N10K2) on May 22, 2020. Retrieved
December 9, 2018.
154. Youn, Soo; Katersky, Aaron (October 11,
2018). "Elon Musk commits to SEC
settlement despite mocking tweets" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20191023054443/http
s://abcnews.go.com/Business/elon-musk-co
mmits-sec-settlement-mocking-tweets/stor
y?id=58437587) . ABC News. Archived from
the original (https://abcnews.go.com/Busine
ss/elon-musk-commits-sec-settlement-mock
ing-tweets/story?id=58437587) on October
23, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
155. Brodkin, Jon (April 18, 2022). "Musk keeps
falsely claiming 'Funding secured' tweet was
accurate, judge is told" (https://arstechnica.c
om/tech-policy/2022/04/judge-ruled-elon-m
usks-funding-secured-tweet-was-false-plainti
ffs-say/) . Ars Technica. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220909181731/https://
arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2022/04/judge-
ruled-elon-musks-funding-secured-tweet-was
-false-plaintiffs-say/) from the original on
September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9,
2022.
156. Godoy, Jody; Jin, Hyunjoo (February 3, 2023).
"Tesla's Elon Musk found not liable in trial
over 2018 'funding secured' tweets" (https://
www.reuters.com/legal/securities-fraud-trial-
over-elon-musks-2018-tweets-draws-close-2
023-02-03/) . Reuters. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20230204033538/https://w
ww.reuters.com/legal/securities-fraud-trial-o
ver-elon-musks-2018-tweets-draws-close-20
23-02-03/) from the original on February 4,
2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
157. Ohnsman, Alan (February 25, 2019). "Elon
Musk's Tesla Tweet Puts CEO Role at Risk
Again" (https://web.archive.org/web/202005
28012956/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ala
nohnsman/2019/02/25/elon-musks-tesla-tw
eet-puts-ceo-role-at-risk-again/) . Forbes.
Archived from the original (https://www.forb
es.com/sites/alanohnsman/2019/02/25/elo
n-musks-tesla-tweet-puts-ceo-role-at-risk-aga
in/) on May 28, 2020. Retrieved February 26,
2019.
158. Wattles, Jackie (April 27, 2019). "Elon Musk
and SEC reach an agreement over tweeting"
(https://web.archive.org/web/202006080138
59/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/26/tec
h/elon-musk-sec-settlement/index.html) .
CNN Business. Archived from the original (ht
tps://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/26/tech/elon
-musk-sec-settlement/index.html) on June
8, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
159. Marino-Nachison, David (April 26, 2019).
"Tesla CEO Elon Musk Gets a Long Do-Not-
Tweet List From the SEC" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20200122145614/https://www.ba
rrons.com/articles/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-sec-
settlement-list-51556317578?mod=article_in
line) . Barrons. Archived from the original (ht
tps://www.barrons.com/articles/tesla-ceo-el
on-musk-sec-settlement-list-51556317578?
mod=article_inline) on January 22, 2020.
Retrieved November 25, 2019.
160. Bursztynsky, Jessica (May 1, 2020). "Tesla
shares tank after Elon Musk tweets the stock
price is 'too high' " (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20200818102755/https://www.cnbc.co
m/2020/05/01/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-says-sto
ck-price-is-too-high-shares-fall.html) . CNBC.
Archived from the original (https://www.cnb
c.com/2020/05/01/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-say
s-stock-price-is-too-high-shares-fall.html) on
August 18, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
161. "Court Rules That No One Can Stop Elon
Musk From Tweeting Tesla News—For Now"
(https://observer.com/2020/05/tesla-shareh
older-lawsuit-stop-elon-musk-tweeting-on-hol
d/) . Observer. May 20, 2020. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20201030161912/h
ttps://observer.com/2020/05/tesla-sharehol
der-lawsuit-stop-elon-musk-tweeting-on-hol
d/) from the original on October 30, 2020.
Retrieved December 1, 2020.
162. Elliott, Dave; Michaels, Rebecca (June 2,
2021). "WSJ News Exclusive: Tesla Failed to
Oversee Elon Musk's Tweets, SEC Argued in
Letters" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/tesla-
failed-to-oversee-elon-musk-s-tweets-sec-arg
ued-in-letters-11622582765) . The Wall
Street Journal. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20210610030929/https://www.wsj.
com/articles/tesla-failed-to-oversee-elon-mu
sk-s-tweets-sec-argued-in-letters-116225827
65) from the original on June 10, 2021.
Retrieved June 10, 2021.
163. Kanellos, Michael (February 15, 2008). "Elon
Musk on rockets, sports cars, and solar
power" (https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/ne
ws/elon-musk-on-rockets-sports-cars-and-so
lar-power/) . CNET. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20140129063308/http://news.
cnet.com/Elon-Musk-on-rockets,-sports-cars,
-and-solar-power---page-2/2008-11389_3-623
0661-2.html) from the original on January
29, 2014.

164. "2013 Top 250 Solar Contractors" (http://ww

w.solarpowerworldonline.com/top-250-solar-
contractors) . Solar Power World. September
13, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20171010112825/https://www.solarpo
werworldonline.com/top-250-solar-contracto
rs/) from the original on October 10, 2017.
Retrieved December 13, 2020.
165. Smith, Aaron (June 17, 2014). "Elon Musk's
sunny plans for Buffalo" (https://money.cnn.c
om/2014/06/17/news/companies/solarcity-
silevo) . CNNMoney. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20171009194551/http://mon
ey.cnn.com/2014/06/17/news/companies/s
olarcity-silevo) from the original on October
9, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
166. Kolodny, Lora (February 26, 2020). "Tesla,
Panasonic will reportedly stop joint solar cell
production at Gigafactory 2 in Buffalo" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20200808130532/h
ttps://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/tesla-pan
asonic-said-to-end-joint-solar-cell-production-
at-buffalo-factory.html) . CNBC. Archived
from the original (https://www.cnbc.com/20
20/02/26/tesla-panasonic-said-to-end-joint-s
olar-cell-production-at-buffalo-factory.html)
on August 8, 2020. Retrieved September 1,
2020.
167. "The highs, lows and legacy of Panasonic's
doomed project in Buffalo" (https://www.bizj
ournals.com/buffalo/news/2020/11/23/lead
ers-of-doomed-panasonic-project-look-back.
html) . The Business Journals. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20201123121014/
https://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/news/
2020/11/23/leaders-of-doomed-panasonic-p
roject-look-back.html) from the original on
November 23, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
168. Kolodny, Lora; Bursztynsky, Jessica (April 27,
2022). "Elon Musk wins shareholder lawsuit
over Tesla's $2.6 billion SolarCity acquisition"
(https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/27/elon-m
usk-wins-shareholder-lawsuit-over-the-comp
anys-2point6-billion-solarcity-acquisition.htm
l) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220524153414/https://www.cnbc.co
m/2022/04/27/elon-musk-wins-shareholder-l
awsuit-over-the-companys-2point6-billion-sol
arcity-acquisition.html) from the original on
May 24, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
"According to emails that were part of
evidence in the trial, Musk wrote an e-mail to
SolarCity CFO Brad Buss on Sept. 18, 2016,
saying that to get Tesla investors on board
with the deal, SolarCity needed to get a
 handle on its liquidity problem and sign a
letter of intent for a contract with Panasonic."

169. Strong, Michael (March 16, 2020).

"Shareholder $2.2B Lawsuit Against Tesla
CEO Musk Halted After Trial Postponed Due
to Coronavirus" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200914204415/https://www.thedetroitb
ureau.com/2020/03/shareholder-2-2b-lawsui
t-against-tesla-ceo-musk-halted-after-trial-po
stponed-due-to-coronavirus/) . The Detroit
Bureau. Archived from the original (https://w
ww.thedetroitbureau.com/2020/03/sharehol
der-2-2b-lawsuit-against-tesla-ceo-musk-halt
ed-after-trial-postponed-due-to-coronaviru
s/) on September 14, 2020. Retrieved
September 1, 2020.
170. Mitchell, Russ (September 23, 2019). "Elon
Musk knew SolarCity was going broke before
merger with Tesla, lawsuit alleges" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20200730152927/http
s://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-0
9-23/solarcity-tesla-merger-shareholder-laws
uit) . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the
original (https://www.latimes.com/business/
story/2019-09-23/solarcity-tesla-merger-shar
eholder-lawsuit) on July 30, 2020. Retrieved
September 1, 2020.
171. Hals, Tom (January 30, 2020). "Tesla
directors settle, isolating Musk as SolarCity
trial looms" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
200728215010/https://www.reuters.com/art
icle/us-tesla-solarcity-lawsuit/tesla-directors-
settle-isolating-musk-as-solarcity-trial-looms-
idUSKBN1ZT2HF) . Reuters. Archived from
the original (https://www.reuters.com/articl
e/us-tesla-solarcity-lawsuit/tesla-directors-se
ttle-isolating-musk-as-solarcity-trial-looms-id
USKBN1ZT2HF) on July 28, 2020. Retrieved
September 1, 2020.
172. Chase, Randall (August 17, 2020). "Judge
OKs $60M settlement over Tesla buyout of
SolarCity" (https://web.archive.org/web/202
00825103031/https://abcnews.go.com/Tech
nology/wireStory/judge-oks-60m-settlement-
tesla-buyout-solarcity-72425974) . ABC.
Archived from the original (https://abcnews.
go.com/Technology/wireStory/judge-oks-60
m-settlement-tesla-buyout-solarcity-7242597
4) on August 25, 2020. Retrieved
September 1, 2020.
173. Kolodny, Lora; Bursztynsky, Jessica (April 27,
2022). "Elon Musk wins shareholder lawsuit
over Tesla's $2.6 billion SolarCity acquisition"
(https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/27/elon-m
usk-wins-shareholder-lawsuit-over-the-comp
anys-2point6-billion-solarcity-acquisition.htm
l) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220524153414/https://www.cnbc.co
m/2022/04/27/elon-musk-wins-shareholder-l
awsuit-over-the-companys-2point6-billion-sol
arcity-acquisition.html) from the original on
May 24, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
174. Markoff, John (July 16, 2019). "Elon Musk's
Neuralink Wants 'Sewing Machine-Like'
Robots to Wire Brains to the Internet" (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/technolo
gy/neuralink-elon-musk.html) . The New
York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20220720213845/https://www.nytim
es.com/2019/07/16/technology/neuralink-el
on-musk.html) from the original on July 20,
2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
175. Statt, Nick (March 27, 2017). "Elon Musk
launches Neuralink, a venture to merge the
human brain with AI" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200803182502/https://www.thever
ge.com/2017/3/27/15077864/elon-musk-ne
uralink-brain-computer-interface-ai-cyborg
s) . The Verge. Archived from the original (htt
ps://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/150778
64/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-inter
face-ai-cyborgs) on August 3, 2020.
Retrieved April 10, 2017.
176. Winkler, Rolfe (March 27, 2017). "Elon Musk
Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With
Computers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
201002205615/https://www.wsj.com/article
s/elon-musk-launches-neuralink-to-connect-b
rains-with-computers-1490642652) . The
Wall Street Journal. Archived from the
original (https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-
musk-launches-neuralink-to-connect-brains-
with-computers-1490642652) on October 2,
2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
177. "Elon Musk's Neuralink puts computer chips
in pigs' brains in bid to cure diseases" (http
s://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/elon-
musk-s-neuralink-puts-computer-chips-pigs-b
rains-bid-n1238782) . NBC News. Reuters.
August 29, 2020. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20220426143430/https://www.n
bcnews.com/tech/tech-news/elon-musk-s-n
euralink-puts-computer-chips-pigs-brains-bid-
n1238782) from the original on April 26,
2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
178. Zhavoronkov, Alex. "Elon Musk's Big
Neuralink Paper: Should We Prepare For The
Digital Afterlife?" (https://www.forbes.com/si
tes/alexzhavoronkov/2021/06/17/elon-musk
s-big-neuralink-paper-should-we-prepare-for-t
he-digital-afterlife/) . Forbes. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220817174400/h
ttps://www.forbes.com/sites/alexzhavoronk
ov/2021/06/17/elon-musks-big-neuralink-pa
per-should-we-prepare-for-the-digital-afterlif
e/) from the original on August 17, 2022.
Retrieved August 17, 2022.
179. Kahn, Jeremy; Vanian, Jonathan (January 27,
2022). "Inside Neuralink, Elon Musk's
mysterious brain chip startup: A culture of
blame, impossible deadlines, and a missing
CEO" (https://fortune.com/longform/neuralin
k-brain-computer-interface-chip-implant-elon-
musk/) . Fortune. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20220925142727/https://fortun
e.com/longform/neuralink-brain-computer-in
terface-chip-implant-elon-musk/) from the
original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved
August 17, 2022.
180. Regalado, Antonio (August 30, 2020). "Elon
Musk's Neuralink is neuroscience theater" (ht
tps://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/3
0/1007786/elon-musks-neuralink-demo-upd
ate-neuroscience-theater/) . MIT Technology
Review. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20201213224951/https://www.technology
review.com/2020/08/30/1007786/elon-mus
ks-neuralink-demo-update-neuroscience-thea
ter/) from the original on December 13,
2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
181. Cellan-Jones, Rory (September 1, 2020). "Is
Elon Musk over-hyping his brain-hacking
Neuralink tech?" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200912010226/https://www.bbc.com/n
ews/technology-53987919) . BBC News.
Archived from the original (https://www.bbc.
com/news/technology-53987919) on
September 12, 2020. Retrieved
September 14, 2020.
182. Rogers, Adam (September 4, 2020).
"Neuralink Is Impressive Tech, Wrapped in
Musk Hype" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
200906074207/https://www.wired.com/stor
y/neuralink-is-impressive-tech-wrapped-in-m
usk-hype/) . Wired. Archived from the
original (https://www.wired.com/story/neural
ink-is-impressive-tech-wrapped-in-musk-hyp
e/) on September 6, 2020. Retrieved
September 14, 2020.
183. Neate, Rupert (January 20, 2022). "Elon
Musk's brain chip firm Neuralink lines up
clinical trials in humans" (https://www.thegu
ardian.com/technology/2022/jan/20/elon-m
usk-brain-chip-firm-neuralink-lines-up-clinical-
trials-in-humans) . The Guardian. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/2022071216454
3/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/
2022/jan/20/elon-musk-brain-chip-firm-neura
link-lines-up-clinical-trials-in-humans) from
the original on July 12, 2022. Retrieved
July 26, 2022.
184. Ryan, Hannah (February 17, 2022). "Elon
Musk's Neuralink confirms monkeys died in
the project, denies animal cruelty claims" (htt
ps://www.cnn.com/2022/02/17/business/el
on-musk-neuralink-animal-cruelty-intl-scli/ind
ex.html) . CNN Business. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20220711203824/http
s://www.cnn.com/2022/02/17/business/elo
n-musk-neuralink-animal-cruelty-intl-scli/inde
x.html) from the original on July 11, 2022.
185. Levy, Rachel (December 5, 2022). "Musk's
Neuralink faces federal probe, employee
backlash over animal tests" (https://www.reu
ters.com/technology/musks-neuralink-faces-
federal-probe-employee-backlash-over-anima
l-tests-2022-12-05/) . Reuters. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20221206012000/h
ttps://www.reuters.com/technology/musks-n
euralink-faces-federal-probe-employee-backl
ash-over-animal-tests-2022-12-05/) from
the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved
December 5, 2022.
186. Singh, Maanvi (September 19, 2023). "Elon
Musk's Neuralink approved to recruit humans
for brain-implant trial" (https://www.theguard
ian.com/technology/2023/sep/19/elon-mus
k-neuralink-human-trials-brain-implant) . The
Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20230924074223/https://www.theguar
dian.com/technology/2023/sep/19/elon-mu
sk-neuralink-human-trials-brain-implant)
from the original on September 24, 2023.
Retrieved September 24, 2023.
187. Petrova, Magdalena (July 20, 2021). "Why
Elon Musk's Boring Company is finding that
traffic is tough to fix" (https://www.cnbc.co
m/2021/07/20/why-elon-musks-boring-com
pany-is-finding-that-traffic-is-tough-to-fix.htm
l) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220614005426/https://www.cnbc.co
m/2021/07/20/why-elon-musks-boring-com
pany-is-finding-that-traffic-is-tough-to-fix.htm
l) from the original on June 14, 2022.
Retrieved June 13, 2022.
188. McFarland, Matt (July 6, 2022). "Elon Musk's
Boring Company will let you pay for a ride
with Dogecoin" (https://www.cnn.com/2022/
07/06/business/boring-company-dogecoin-v
egas/index.html) . CNN. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20220726194550/http
s://www.cnn.com/2022/07/06/business/bori
ng-company-dogecoin-vegas/index.html)
from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved
July 26, 2022.

189. Heathman, Amelia. "Elon Musk's boring

machine has already built a 'test trench' in
LA" (https://www.wired.co.uk/article/elon-mu
sk-tunnel-boring) . Wired. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20170718214211/http://
www.wired.co.uk/article/elon-musk-tunnel-b
oring) from the original on July 18, 2017.
Retrieved February 19, 2017.
190. Romero, Dennis (December 19, 2018). "Elon
Musk unveils his test car tunnel as a fix for
traffic in Los Angeles" (https://www.nbcnew
s.com/mach/tech/elon-musk-puts-his-electri
c-car-tunnel-calls-it-future-ncna949686) .
NBC News. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20220704132024/https://www.nbcne
ws.com/mach/tech/elon-musk-puts-his-elect
ric-car-tunnel-calls-it-future-ncna949686)
from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved
July 26, 2022.
191. Farivar, Cyrus (June 8, 2021). "Fort
Lauderdale officials say Elon Musk's new
tunnel to the beach can't come fast enough"
(https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/
urban-tunnels-musk-s-boring-co-draw-industr
y-skepticism-n1269677) . NBC News.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0703130707/https://www.nbcnews.com/tec
h/tech-news/urban-tunnels-musk-s-boring-co
-draw-industry-skepticism-n1269677) from
the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved
July 27, 2022.
192. Heater, Brian (November 28, 2018). "Elon
Musk's Boring Co. drops LA Westside tunnel
plan" (https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/28/e
lon-musks-boring-co-drops-la-westside-tunne
l-plan/) . TechCrunch. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20181128133124/https://te
chcrunch.com/2018/11/28/elon-musks-bori
ng-co-drops-la-westside-tunnel-plan/) from
the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved
July 27, 2022.
193. "Boring Co. underground loop to be put to the
test" (https://www.reviewjournal.com/busine
ss/tourism/boring-co-underground-loop-to-b
e-put-to-the-test-2358258/) . Las Vegas
Review-Journal. May 20, 2021. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20210521225002/h
ttps://www.reviewjournal.com/business/tour
ism/boring-co-underground-loop-to-be-put-to
-the-test-2358258/) from the original on
May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
194. McBride, Sarah (December 16, 2020). "Elon
Musk's Proposed Vegas Strip Transit System
Advanced by City Council Vote" (https://ww
w.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-1
6/the-boring-company-las-vegas-loop-project
s-eyes-major-expansion) . Bloomberg L.P.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0111092533/https://www.bloomberg.com/n
ews/articles/2020-12-16/the-boring-compan
y-las-vegas-loop-projects-eyes-major-expansi
on) from the original on January 11, 2021.
Retrieved January 8, 2021.
195. McFarland, Matt (July 7, 2021). "Fort
Lauderdale accepts proposal for Elon Musk's
Tesla beach tunnel" (https://www.cnn.com/2
021/07/07/tech/musk-boring-fort-lauderdal
e/index.html) . CNN Business. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220724095514/h
ttps://www.cnn.com/2021/07/07/tech/musk
-boring-fort-lauderdale/index.html) from the
original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved July 26,
2022.

196. Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (April 14, 2022). "I

made an offer
[http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/00
01418091/000110465922045641/tm221274
8d1_sc13da.htm
https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar...]" (https://t
witter.com/elonmusk/status/151456496656
4651008) (Tweet) – via Twitter.
197. Paul, Kari (April 26, 2022). "Chaotic and
crass: a brief timeline of Elon Musk's history
with Twitter" (https://www.theguardian.com/
technology/2022/apr/25/timeline-elon-musk
s-history-twitter) . The Guardian. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2022042605030
1/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/
2022/apr/25/timeline-elon-musks-history-twi
tter) from the original on April 26, 2022.
Retrieved April 26, 2022.

198. "Elon Musk snaps up $3bn Twitter stake" (htt

ps://www.bbc.com/news/business-6097965
6) . BBC News. April 4, 2022. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220404110529/h
ttps://www.bbc.com/news/business-609796
56) from the original on April 4, 2022.
Retrieved April 4, 2022.
199. Jones, Callum. "Elon Musk becomes
Twitter's biggest shareholder after taking
9.2% stake" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/arti
cle/elon-musk-becomes-twitters-biggest-sha
reholder-after-taking-9-2-stake-p57b9wbs2) .
The Times. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20220404124750/https://www.theti
mes.co.uk/article/elon-musk-becomes-twitte
rs-biggest-shareholder-after-taking-9-2-stake-
p57b9wbs2) from the original on April 4,
2022. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
200. Hull, Dana; Fleisher, Lisa (October 4, 2022).
"Twitter texts released in court case reveal
Elon Musk's ex-wife asked him to 'Please do
something to fight woke-ism' " (https://fortun
e.com/2022/10/04/twitter-texts-released-co
urt-case-reveal-elon-musk-ex-wife-talulah-rile
y-asked-him-fight-wokeism/) . Fortune.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
0530185341/https://fortune.com/2022/10/0
4/twitter-texts-released-court-case-reveal-elo
n-musk-ex-wife-talulah-riley-asked-him-fight-
wokeism/) from the original on May 30,
2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
201. Elder, Bryce (April 6, 2022). "Musk and
Twitter: the timeline" (https://www.ft.com/co
ntent/d95f6255-010d-4f1b-93db-1cc26bf405
38) . Financial Times. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20220530220017/https://w
ww.ft.com/content/d95f6255-010d-4f1b-93d
b-1cc26bf40538) from the original on May
30, 2022. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
202. Adler, Maxwell; Turner, Giles (April 14, 2022).
"Elon Musk Makes $43 Billion Unsolicited Bid
to Take Twitter Private" (https://www.bloomb
erg.com/news/articles/2022-04-14/elon-mu
sk-launches-43-billion-hostile-takeover-of-twi
tter) . Bloomberg L.P. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20220414102231/https://w
ww.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-
14/elon-musk-launches-43-billion-hostile-tak
eover-of-twitter) from the original on April
14, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
203. "Elon Musk delayed filing a form and made
$156 million" (https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/technology/2022/04/06/musk-twitter-se
c/) . The Washington Post. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20220408004816/http
s://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2
022/04/06/musk-twitter-sec/) from the
original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 8,
2022.
204. Imbert, Fred (April 4, 2022). "Twitter shares
close up 27% after Elon Musk takes 9% stake
in social media company" (https://www.cnb
c.com/2022/04/04/twitter-shares-soar-more
-than-25percent-after-elon-musk-takes-9perc
ent-stake-in-social-media-company.html) .
CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20220404102019/https://www.cnbc.com/
2022/04/04/twitter-shares-soar-more-than-2
5percent-after-elon-musk-takes-9percent-sta
ke-in-social-media-company.html) from the
original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 19,
2022. "Twitter shares close up 27% after Elon
Musk takes 9% stake in social media
company"
205. Corfield, Gareth (April 5, 2022). "Elon Musk to
join Twitter board" (https://www.telegraph.c
o.uk/business/2022/04/05/elon-musk-floats
-idea-editing-tweets-stock-swoop/) . The
Daily Telegraph. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20220405113704/https://www.tel
egraph.co.uk/business/2022/04/05/elon-mu
sk-floats-idea-editing-tweets-stock-swoop/)
from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved
April 5, 2022.
206. McLean, Rob (April 11, 2022). "Twitter CEO:
Elon Musk will not join Twitter board" (http
s://www.cnn.com/2022/04/11/tech/elon-mu
sk-twitter-board/index.html) . CNN. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202204111742
37/https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/11/tech/
elon-musk-twitter-board/index.html) from
the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved
April 11, 2022.
207. "Elon Musk launches hostile takeover bid for
Twitter" (https://www.france24.com/en/live-
news/20220414-elon-musk-launches-hostile-
takeover-bid-for-twitter) . Agence France-
Presse. April 14, 2022. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20220414113219/https://w
ww.france24.com/en/live-news/20220414-el
on-musk-launches-hostile-takeover-bid-for-tw
itter) from the original on April 14, 2022.
Retrieved April 14, 2022.
208. Feiner, Lauren (April 15, 2022). "Twitter board
adopts 'poison pill' after Musk's $43 billion
bid to buy company" (https://www.cnbc.co
m/2022/04/15/twitter-board-adopts-poison-
pill-after-musks-43-billion-offer-to-buy-compa
ny.html) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20220417235155/https://www.c
nbc.com/2022/04/15/twitter-board-adopts-p
oison-pill-after-musks-43-billion-offer-to-buy-
company.html) from the original on April 17,
2022. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
209. Stahl, George. "Musk-Twitter Deal Values
Company at Around $44 Billion" (https://ww
w.wsj.com/livecoverage/twitter-elon-musk-la
test-news/card/musk-twitter-deal-values-co
mpany-at-around-44-billion-MdEXkyNxU0GbJ
1kqBc1M) . The Wall Street Journal.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0425191453/https://www.wsj.com/livecover
age/twitter-elon-musk-latest-news/card/mus
k-twitter-deal-values-company-at-around-44-
billion-MdEXkyNxU0GbJ1kqBc1M) from the
original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved April 25,
2022.
210. Isaac, Mike; Hirsch, Lauren (April 25, 2022).
"With Deal for Twitter, Musk Lands a Prize
and Pledges Fewer Limits" (https://www.nyti
mes.com/2022/04/25/technology/musk-twit
ter-sale.html?searchResultPosition=19) .
The New York Times. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20220427044712/https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2022/04/25/technology/m
usk-twitter-sale.html?searchResultPosition=
19) from the original on April 27, 2022.
Retrieved April 26, 2022.
211. MacMillan, Douglas; Siddiqui, Faiz; Lerman,
Rachel; Telford, Taylor (April 25, 2022). "Elon
Musk acquires Twitter for roughly $44 billion"
(https://www.washingtonpost.com/technolo
gy/2022/04/25/twitter-elon-musk-deal/) .
The Washington Post. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20220425201853/https://w
ww.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/0
4/25/twitter-elon-musk-deal/) from the
original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved April 26,
2022.
212. Siddiqui, Faiz (April 26, 2022). "Tesla's value
dropped Tuesday by more than double the
cost of Twitter" (https://www.washingtonpos
t.com/technology/2022/04/26/elon-musk-te
sla-twitter-stock/) . The Washington Post.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0427050151/https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/technology/2022/04/26/elon-musk-tesla
-twitter-stock/) from the original on April 27,
2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
213. Gura, David (April 26, 2022). "Tesla shares
sink, wipe out over $125 billion in value, as
Musk scores Twitter deal" (https://www.npr.o
rg/2022/04/26/1094870412/tesla-shares-si
nk-twitter-elon-musk) . NPR. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220427002421/h
ttps://www.npr.org/2022/04/26/109487041
2/tesla-shares-sink-twitter-elon-musk) from
the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved
April 26, 2022.
214. Woo, Erin; Isaac, Mike (April 27, 2022). "In
tweets, Musk takes aim at Twitter
executives, creating outrage" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20220428030308/https://ww
w.nytimes.com/live/2022/04/27/technolog
y/twitter-elon-musk-news) . The New York
Times. Archived from the original (https://w
ww.nytimes.com/live/2022/04/27/technolog
y/twitter-elon-musk-news/in-tweets-musk-ta
kes-aim-at-twitter-executives-creating-outrag
e?smid=url-copy) on April 28, 2022.
Retrieved April 27, 2022.
215. Balu, Nivedita; Li, Kenneth (May 13, 2022).
"Musk says $44 bln Twitter deal on hold over
fake account data" (https://www.reuters.co
m/technology/musk-says-44-billion-twitter-d
eal-hold-2022-05-13) . Reuters. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20220513111305/
https://www.reuters.com/technology/musk-s
ays-44-billion-twitter-deal-hold-2022-05-13)
from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved
May 13, 2022.
216. Seal, Dean; Needleman, Sarah E.; Lombardo,
Cara (May 13, 2022). "Elon Musk Says His
$44 Billion Twitter Deal Is 'On Hold' " (https://
www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-tweets-tha
t-twitter-deal-is-temporarily-on-hold-1165243
6335) . The Wall Street Journal. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20220513100952/
https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-tw
eets-that-twitter-deal-is-temporarily-on-hold-1
1652436335) from the original on May 13,
2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
217. Feiner, Lauren (July 8, 2022). "Elon Musk
notifies Twitter he is terminating deal" (http
s://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/08/elon-musk-n
otifies-twitter-he-is-terminating-deal.html) .
CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20221024105503/https://www.cnbc.com/
2022/07/08/elon-musk-notifies-twitter-he-is-t
erminating-deal.html) from the original on
October 24, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
218. Conger, Kate; Hirsch, Lauren (July 12, 2022).
"Twitter Sues Musk After He Tries Backing
Out of $44 Billion Deal" (https://www.nytime
s.com/2022/07/12/technology/twitter-lawsu
it-musk-acquisition.html) . The New York
Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20221024114511/https://www.nytimes.co
m/2022/07/12/technology/twitter-lawsuit-m
usk-acquisition.html) from the original on
October 24, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2022.
219. Conger, Kate; Hirsch, Lauren; Sorkin, Andrew
Ross (October 4, 2022). "Elon Musk
Suggests Buying Twitter at His Original
Price" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/0
4/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal.html) .
The New York Times. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20221024192040/https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/technology/el
on-musk-twitter-deal.html) from the original
on October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 8,
2022.
220. Klar, Rebecca (October 27, 2022). "Musk
officially closes Twitter deal: reports" (http
s://thehill.com/policy/technology/3708424-
musk-officially-closes-twitter-deal-reports/) .
The Hill. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20221028015632/https://thehill.com/poli
cy/technology/3708424-musk-officially-close
s-twitter-deal-reports/) from the original on
October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 27,
2022.
221. "Musk Said to Begin Firing Twitter's Top
Executives" (https://www.nytimes.com/202
2/10/27/technology/musk-twitter.html) .
The New York Times. October 27, 2022.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1028015154/https://www.nytimes.com/202
2/10/27/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal-
complete.html) from the original on October
28, 2022.
222. Mehta, Chavi; Dang, Sheila; Ghosh, Sayantani
(October 31, 2022). "Elon Musk, who runs
four other companies, will now be Twitter
CEO" (https://www.reuters.com/technology/
elon-musk-says-he-will-be-twitter-ceo-2022-1
0-31/) . Reuters. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20221101010029/https://www.r
euters.com/technology/elon-musk-says-he-
will-be-twitter-ceo-2022-10-31/) from the
original on November 1, 2022.

223. "Elon Musk says $8 monthly fee for Twitter

blue tick" (https://www.bbc.com/news/busin
ess-63478854) . BBC. November 2, 2022.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1102095601/https://www.bbc.com/news/bu
siness-63478854) from the original on
November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 2,
2022.
224. Korn, Jennifer (November 2, 2022). "Musk
says Twitter will charge $8 a month for
account verification after criticism for $19.99
plan" (https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/01/tec
h/musk-twitter-verification-price) . CNN.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1102023742/https://www.cnn.com/2022/1
1/01/tech/musk-twitter-verification-price)
from the original on November 2, 2022.
Retrieved November 2, 2022.
225. Binoy, Rhea (November 5, 2022). "Musk's
Twitter updates app to start charging $8 for
blue checkmark" (https://www.reuters.com/t
echnology/twitter-launches-8-monthly-subsc
ription-with-blue-checkmark-2022-11-05/) .
Reuters. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20221105220639/https://www.reuters.co
m/technology/twitter-launches-8-monthly-su
bscription-with-blue-checkmark-2022-11-0
5/) from the original on November 5, 2022.
Retrieved November 5, 2022.
226. Conger, Kate; Mac, Ryan (November 4, 2022).
"Elon Musk Begins Layoffs at Twitter" (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/03/technolo
gy/twitter-layoffs-elon-musk.html) . The New
York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20221104135035/https://www.nytim
es.com/2022/11/03/technology/twitter-layof
fs-elon-musk.html) from the original on
November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 4,
2022.
227. Picchi, Aimee (November 4, 2022). "Elon
Musk set to fire roughly half of Twitter's
workers" (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/e
lon-musk-3700-twitter-job-cuts-half-of-emplo
yees/) . CBS News. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20221103225020/https://ww
w.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-3700-twitt
er-job-cuts-half-of-employees/) from the
original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved
November 4, 2022.
228. Zakrewski, Siddiqui; Faiz, Siddiqui; Menn,
Joseph (November 22, 2022). "Musk's 'free
speech' agenda dismantles safety work at
Twitter, insiders say" (https://www.washingto
npost.com/technology/2022/11/22/elon-mu
sk-twitter-content-moderations/) . The
Washington Post. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20221122180848/https://www.
washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/2
2/elon-musk-twitter-content-moderations/)
from the original on November 22, 2022.
Retrieved January 19, 2023.
229. Ecarma, Caleb (November 21, 2022). "We're
Officially in the Elon Musk Era of Content
Moderation" (https://www.vanityfair.com/ne
ws/2022/11/elon-musk-twitter-content-mod
eration) . Vanity Fair. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20230110185916/https://w
ww.vanityfair.com/news/2022/11/elon-musk
-twitter-content-moderation) from the
original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved
December 12, 2022.
230. Marshall, Aarian; Hoover, Amanda
(December 3, 2022). "The Twitter Files
Revealed One Thing: Elon Musk Is Trapped"
(https://www.wired.com/story/the-twitter-file
s-revealed-one-thing-elon-musk-is-trapped/) .
Wired. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20221213125850/https://www.wired.com/
story/the-twitter-files-revealed-one-thing-elon
-musk-is-trapped/) from the original on
December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 3,
2022.
231. Brooks, Emily and Rebecca Klar (2023).
‘Weaponization’ subcommittee members
spar over ‘Twitter Files (https://thehill.com/h
omenews/3892219-weaponization-subcom
mittee-members-spar-over-twitter-files/)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
1122045018/https://thehill.com/homenews/
3892219-weaponization-subcommittee-mem
bers-spar-over-twitter-files/) November 22,
2023, at the Wayback Machine’ The Hill
(March 9).
232. Wilson, Jason (November 16, 2022). "Twitter
Blesses Extremists With Paid 'Blue Checks' "
(https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2022/
11/16/twitter-blesses-extremists-paid-blue-c
hecks) . Southern Poverty Law Center.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1127180046/https://www.splcenter.org/hate
watch/2022/11/16/twitter-blesses-extremist
s-paid-blue-checks) from the original on
November 27, 2022. Retrieved November 29,
2022.
233. Knight, Will (November 25, 2022). "Here's
Proof Hate Speech Is More Viral on Elon
Musk's Twitter" (https://www.wired.com/stor
y/heres-proof-hate-speech-is-more-viral-on-el
on-musks-twitter/) . Wired. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20221213125832/http
s://www.wired.com/story/heres-proof-hate-s
peech-is-more-viral-on-elon-musks-twitter/)
from the original on December 13, 2022.
Retrieved November 25, 2022.
234. "Elon Musk promotes transphobic content as
hate speech surges on his far-right platform"
(https://www.independent.co.uk/news/worl
d/americas/elon-musk-twitter-transgender-h
ate-speech-b2351923.html) . The
Independent. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20230807120600/https://www.indep
endent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-mu
sk-twitter-transgender-hate-speech-b235192
3.html) from the original on August 7, 2023.
Retrieved August 5, 2023.
235. Da Silva, Chantal (December 19, 2022).
"Twitter users vote for Elon Musk to step
down as CEO in poll he launched" (https://w
ww.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/twitter-
users-vote-elon-musk-quit-ceo-poll-rcna6233
2) . NBC News. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20230911062931/https://www.nb
cnews.com/tech/social-media/twitter-users-
vote-elon-musk-quit-ceo-poll-rcna62332)
from the original on September 11, 2023.
Retrieved September 24, 2023.
236. Allyn, Bobby (December 20, 2022). "Elon
Musk says he will resign as Twitter CEO once
he finds a replacement" (https://www.npr.or
g/2022/12/20/1144182209/twitter-elon-mus
k-resigns#:~:text=Hourly%20News-,Elon%20
Musk%20says%20he%27ll%20resign%20as%
20Twitter%20CEO%E2%80%94eventually,sai
d%20he%20should%20step%20down.) .
NPR. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20230729075448/https://www.npr.org/202
2/12/20/1144182209/twitter-elon-musk-resi
gns#:~:text=Hourly%20News-,Elon%20Mus
k%20says%20he%27ll%20resign%20as%20T
witter%20CEO%E2%80%94eventually,said%2
0he%20should%20step%20down.) from the
original on July 29, 2023. Retrieved
September 24, 2023.
237. Milmo, Dan (May 11, 2023). "Elon Musk
announces he has found new Twitter CEO" (h
ttps://www.theguardian.com/technology/20
23/may/11/elon-musk-twitter-new-ceo) .
The Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20230511203332/https://www.the
guardian.com/technology/2023/may/11/elo
n-musk-twitter-new-ceo) from the original
on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
238. Dang, Sheila (2023) "X sues Media Matters
after report about ads next to antisemitic
content (https://www.reuters.com/legal/x-su
es-media-matters-after-report-about-ads-next
-antisemitic-content-2023-11-20/) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202311210119
33/https://www.reuters.com/legal/x-sues-m
edia-matters-after-report-about-ads-next-anti
semitic-content-2023-11-20/) November 21,
2023, at the Wayback Machine." Reuters
(November 20).
239. Kolodny, Lora (October 19, 2018). "Elon
Musk's extreme micromanagement has
wasted time and money at Tesla, insiders
say" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/19/te
sla-ceo-elon-musk-extreme-micro-manager.h
tml) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20220524145537/https://www.cnbc.
com/2018/10/19/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-extre
me-micro-manager.html) from the original
on May 24, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
240. Mac, Ryan; Metz, Cade; Conger, Kate (May 3,
2022). " 'I Don't Really Have a Business Plan':
How Elon Musk Wings It" (https://www.nytim
es.com/2022/05/03/technology/elon-musk-t
witter-plan.html) . The New York Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0628162903/https://www.nytimes.com/202
2/05/03/technology/elon-musk-twitter-plan.
html) from the original on June 28, 2022.
Retrieved May 3, 2022.

241. Berger (2021), pp. 24–25.

242. Berger (2021), pp. 15.
243. Berger (2021), pp. 25.
244. Kolodny, Lora (November 19, 2021). "Read
the emails Elon Musk sent Tesla employees
about music on the job and following
directions" (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/
19/elon-musk-emails-at-tesla-in-october-202
1-music-direct-orders.html) . CNBC. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202207041608
05/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/19/elon-
musk-emails-at-tesla-in-october-2021-music-
direct-orders.html) from the original on July
4, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
245. Duhigg, Charles (December 13, 2018). "Dr.
Elon & Mr. Musk: Life Inside Tesla's
Production Hell" (https://www.wired.com/sto
ry/elon-musk-tesla-life-inside-gigafactory/) .
Wired. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210321221557/https://www.wired.com/
story/elon-musk-tesla-life-inside-gigafactor
y/) from the original on March 21, 2021.
Retrieved April 25, 2021.

246. Berger (2021), pp. 18.

247. "Is the world's richest person the world's
worst boss? What it's like working for Elon
Musk" (https://www.latimes.com/business/s
tory/2022-11-14/elon-musk-toxic-boss-timeli
ne) . Los Angeles Times. November 14,
2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20221116023809/https://www.latimes.co
m/business/story/2022-11-14/elon-musk-to
xic-boss-timeline) from the original on
November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 16,
2022.
248. Duhigg, Charles. "Dr. Elon & Mr. Musk: Life
Inside Tesla's Production Hell" (https://www.
wired.com/story/elon-musk-tesla-life-inside-
gigafactory/) . Wired. ISSN 1059-1028 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028) .
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0321221557/https://www.wired.com/story/e
lon-musk-tesla-life-inside-gigafactory/) from
the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved
November 8, 2022.
249. "Elon Musk feels 'super bad' about economy,
needs to cut 10% of Tesla jobs" (https://ww
w.cnbc.com/2022/06/03/feeling-super-bad-a
bout-economy-musk-wants-to-cut-10percent-
of-tesla-jobs.html) . CNBC. June 3, 2022.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0628125031/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/0
6/03/feeling-super-bad-about-economy-mus
k-wants-to-cut-10percent-of-tesla-jobs.html)
from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved
July 6, 2022.
250. Mac, Ryan (June 1, 2022). "Elon Musk to
Workers: Spend 40 Hours in the Office, or
Else" (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/0
1/technology/elon-musk-tesla-spacex-office.
html) . The New York Times. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220601161004/h
ttps://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/01/techn
ology/elon-musk-tesla-spacex-office.html)
from the original on June 1, 2022.
251. * Bilton, Nick (November 10, 2020). "Elon
Musk's Totally Awful, Batshit-Crazy,
Completely Bonkers, Most Excellent Year" (ht
tps://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/11/elo
n-musks-totally-awful-batshit-crazy-most-exc
ellent-year) . Vanity Fair. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20210129145435/https://
www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/11/elon-mu
sks-totally-awful-batshit-crazy-most-excellent
-year) from the original on January 29, 2021.
Retrieved April 25, 2021.
Vance (2017), p. 340. "Elon's worst trait
by far, in my opinion, is a complete lack
of loyalty or human connection. Many of
us worked tirelessly for him for years
and were tossed to the curb like a piece
of litter without a second thought.
Maybe it was calculated to keep the rest
of the workforce on their toes and
scared; maybe he was just able to
detach from human connection to a
remarkable degree. What was clear is
that people who worked for him were
like ammunition: used for a specific
purpose until exhausted and discarded."
Wong, Julia Carrie (June 13, 2018).
"Tesla workers say they pay the price for
Elon Musk's big promises" (https://www.
theguardian.com/technology/2018/jun/
13/tesla-workers-pay-price-elon-musk-fa
iled-promises) . The Guardian. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20210323
064114/https://www.theguardian.com/t
echnology/2018/jun/13/tesla-workers-p
ay-price-elon-musk-failed-promises)
from the original on March 23, 2021.
Retrieved April 25, 2021. "The CEO is
known for outsized claims and
ambitious goals. But numerous factory
workers say he doesn't follow through –
and that his leadership sets a troubling
tone."
Warzel, Charlie (November 7, 2022).
"Elon Musk Is Bad at This" (https://www.
theatlantic.com/technology/archive/202
2/11/elon-musk-twitter-poor-manageme
nt-layoffs-advertisers/672029/)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0221231195753/https://www.theatlanti
c.com/technology/archive/2022/11/elo
n-musk-twitter-poor-management-layoff
s-advertisers/672029/) 2022-12-31 at
the Wayback Machine. The Atlantic.
252. Mitchell, Charlie. "Sweary tirades and abrupt
firings under Elon Musk, new book claims" (h
ttps://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sweary-tir
ades-and-abrupt-firings-under-musk-book-cla
ims-05k9mm526) . The Times. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20220531023908/
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sweary-ti
rades-and-abrupt-firings-under-musk-book-cl
aims-05k9mm526) from the original on May
31, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
253. Dugan, Ianthe Jeanne; Spector, Mike (August
24, 2017). "Tesla's Push to Build a Self-
Driving Car Sparked Dissent Among Its
Engineers" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/te
slas-push-to-build-a-self-driving-car-sparks-di
ssent-among-its-engineers-1503593742) .
The Wall Street Journal. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20210416123205/https://
www.wsj.com/articles/teslas-push-to-build-a
-self-driving-car-sparks-dissent-among-its-en
gineers-1503593742) from the original on
April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
254. "Musk Foundation" (https://projects.propubli
ca.org/nonprofits/organizations/77058750
7) . ProPublica. May 9, 2013. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220210000223/h
ttps://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/org
anizations/770587507) from the original on
February 10, 2022.
255. Carlson, Kara (December 13, 2022).
"Mapping Musklandia: A guide to Elon Musk-
related activity in the Austin area" (https://w
ww.statesman.com/story/business/technolo
gy/2022/12/12/elon-musk-austin-map-guide
-twitter-tesla-spacex-boring-company/69614
830007/) . Austin American-Statesman.
Archived (https://archive.today/2022121514
2547/https://www.statesman.com/story/bus
iness/technology/2022/12/12/elon-musk-au
stin-map-guide-twitter-tesla-spacex-boring-c
ompany/69614830007/) from the original
on December 15, 2022. "Musk's private
foundation was founded in 2001 and is
focused on renewable energy, ..."
256. Harris, Mark (January 23, 2019). "How Elon
Musk's secretive foundation hands out his
billions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200
728130757/https://www.theguardian.com/te
chnology/2019/jan/23/how-elon-musks-secr
etive-foundation-benefits-his-own-family) .
The Guardian. Archived from the original (htt
ps://www.theguardian.com/technology/201
9/jan/23/how-elon-musks-secretive-foundati
on-benefits-his-own-family#img-1) on July
28, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
257. Cuccinello, Hayley C. (September 8, 2020).
"Elon Musk Has Promised To Give at Least
Half His Fortune To Charity. Here's How
Much He's Donated So Far" (https://www.for
bes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2020/09/0
8/elon-musk-has-promised-to-give-at-least-h
alf-his-fortune-to-charity-heres-how-much-he
s-donated-so-far/?sh=606951e73c8c) .
Forbes. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20201213235544/https://www.forbes.co
m/sites/hayleycuccinello/2020/09/08/elon-
musk-has-promised-to-give-at-least-half-his-f
ortune-to-charity-heres-how-much-hes-donat
ed-so-far/?sh=606951e73c8c) from the
original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved
December 13, 2020.
258. Schleifer, Theodore (January 11, 2021). "The
big decision before Elon Musk, now the
richest person in the world" (https://www.vo
x.com/recode/22221173/elon-musk-tesla-fo
undation-philanthropy-wealthiest-person) .
Vox. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20210217230456/https://www.vox.com/rec
ode/22221173/elon-musk-tesla-foundation-p
hilanthropy-wealthiest-person) from the
original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved
February 17, 2021.
259. "OpenAI shifts from nonprofit to 'capped-
profit' to attract capital" (https://social.techcr
unch.com/2019/03/11/openai-shifts-from-n
onprofit-to-capped-profit-to-attract-capital/) .
March 11, 2019. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210425163152/https://techcru
nch.com/2019/03/11/openai-shifts-from-no
nprofit-to-capped-profit-to-attract-capital/)
from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved
April 25, 2021.

260. "Pledge Signatories" (https://web.archive.or

g/web/20220109225231/https://givingpledg
e.org/pledgers) . The Giving Pledge.
Archived from the original (https://givingpled
ge.org/pledgers) on January 9, 2022.
Retrieved January 30, 2022.
261. Chappell, Bill (February 8, 2021). "Elon Musk
Funds $100 Million XPrize For Pursuit Of
New Carbon Removal Ideas" (https://www.np
r.org/2021/02/08/965372754/elon-musk-fun
ds-100-million-xprize-for-pursuit-of-new-carb
on-removal-ideas) . NPR. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20220104010709/http
s://www.npr.org/2021/02/08/965372754/elo
n-musk-funds-100-million-xprize-for-pursuit-o
f-new-carbon-removal-ideas) from the
original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved
February 8, 2022.
262. Coren, Michael J. "All the causes Elon Musk's
foundation has donated money to since
2002" (https://qz.com/1911485/elon-musks-
charity-donations-use-philanthropy-as-a-tax-h
aven/) . Quartz. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210410154305/https://qz.co
m/1911485/elon-musks-charity-donations-u
se-philanthropy-as-a-tax-haven/) from the
original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10,
2021.
263. "Elon Musk Makes Biggest Donation in
History" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/
articles/2022-02-15/elon-musk-donated-5-7-
billion-of-tesla-shares-to-charity) .
Bloomberg L.P. February 15, 2022. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202202150707
36/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articl
es/2022-02-15/elon-musk-donated-5-7-billio
n-of-tesla-shares-to-charity) from the
original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved
February 15, 2022.
264. Alexander, Sophie (December 12, 2022).
"Musk's $5.7 Billion Mystery Gift Went to His
Own Charity" (https://www.bloomberg.com/n
ews/articles/2022-12-12/elon-musk-s-5-7-bill
ion-mystery-gift-went-to-his-own-charity) .
Bloomberg News. Archived (https://archive.t
oday/20221212231358/https://www.bloomb
erg.com/news/articles/2022-12-12/elon-mu
sk-s-5-7-billion-mystery-gift-went-to-his-own-
charity) from the original on December 12,
2022.
265. Salam, Erum (December 14, 2023). "Elon
Musk spends $100m to open new university
in Texas" (https://www.theguardian.com/tec
hnology/2023/dec/14/elon-musk-open-texas
-university-schools) . The Guardian.
ISSN 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/i
ssn/0261-3077) . Retrieved December 14,
2023.

266. Feuer, Will (October 29, 2021). "Elon Musk

proposes Texas Institute of Technology &
Science" (https://nypost.com/2021/10/29/el
on-musk-proposes-texas-institute-of-technol
ogy-science/) . Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20230531125802/https://nypost.
com/2021/10/29/elon-musk-proposes-texas
-institute-of-technology-science/) from the
original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved
December 14, 2023.
267. "Hyperloop Update: Elon Musk Will Start
Developing It Himself" (https://www.forbes.c
om/sites/hannahelliott/2013/08/12/latest-u
pdate-elon-musk-will-start-the-hyperloop-him
self/) . Forbes. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20170929001211/https://www.fo
rbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2013/08/12/la
test-update-elon-musk-will-start-the-hyperloo
p-himself/#5143db7047a8) from the
original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved
March 22, 2016.
268. Kolawole, Emi (August 12, 2013). "Elon Musk
Unveils 'Hyperloop' Plans" (https://www.was
hingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/201
3/08/12/elon-musk-to-reveal-hyperloop-plan
s-after-a-trickle-of-hints/) . The Washington
Post. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20220728181120/https://www.washingtonp
ost.com/news/innovations/wp/2013/08/12/
elon-musk-to-reveal-hyperloop-plans-after-a-t
rickle-of-hints/) from the original on July 28,
2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.

269. Kirschen, Philippe; Burnell, Edward (April 6,

2021). "Hyperloop System Optimization".
arXiv:2104.03907 (https://arxiv.org/abs/210
4.03907) [cs.CE (https://arxiv.org/archive/c
s.CE) ].
270. Vance, Ashlee (August 12, 2013). "Revealed:
Elon Musk Explains the Hyperloop, the Solar-
Powered High-Speed Future of Inter-City
Transportation" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20150127202031/http://www.businesswe
ek.com/articles/2013-08-12/revealed-elon-m
usk-explains-the-hyperloop) . Bloomberg
BusinessWeek. Archived from the original (ht
tp://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-0
8-12/revealed-elon-musk-explains-the-hyperl
oop) on January 27, 2015. Retrieved
April 27, 2016.
271. Ranger, Steve. "What is Hyperloop?
Everything you need to know about the race
for super-fast travel" (https://www.zdnet.co
m/article/what-is-hyperloop-everything-you-n
eed-to-know-about-the-future-of-transport/) .
ZDNet. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20201030113256/https://www.zdnet.co
m/article/what-is-hyperloop-everything-you-n
eed-to-know-about-the-future-of-transport/)
from the original on October 30, 2020.
Retrieved September 19, 2020.
272. Mazza, Sandy (January 29, 2017).
"Hyperloop competition brings new mass-
transit technology to life in Hawthorne" (htt
p://www.dailybulletin.com/science/2017012
9/hyperloop-competition-brings-new-mass-tr
ansit-technology-to-life-in-hawthorne) . Daily
Bulletin. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20170816010537/http://www.dailybulleti
n.com/science/20170129/hyperloop-compet
ition-brings-new-mass-transit-technology-to-li
fe-in-hawthorne) from the original on
August 16, 2017. Retrieved December 13,
2020.
273. "Elon Musk Says He Has 'Verbal' OK To Build
N.Y.-D.C. Hyperloop" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200831023519/https://www.npr.or
g/sections/thetwo-way/2017/07/20/538328
487/elon-musk-says-he-has-verbal-ok-to-buil
d-n-y-d-c-hyperloop) . NPR. Archived from
the original (https://www.npr.org/sections/th
etwo-way/2017/07/20/538328487/elon-mus
k-says-he-has-verbal-ok-to-build-n-y-d-c-hyper
loop) on August 31, 2020. Retrieved July 25,
2017.
274. "Elon Musk's Boring Company removes D.C.-
Baltimore tunnel from list of projects on
website" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/
local/trafficandcommuting/elon-musk-hyperl
oop/2021/04/16/b340314e-9edd-11eb-9d05
-ae06f4529ece_story.html) . The Washington
Post. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20210823172841/https://www.washingtonp
ost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/elon-mu
sk-hyperloop/2021/04/16/b340314e-9edd-1
1eb-9d05-ae06f4529ece_story.html) from
the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved
August 14, 2021.
275. McBride, Sarah. "Musk's SpaceX Dismantles
Hyperloop Prototype, Puts Up a Parking Lot"
(https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/
2022-11-03/musk-s-spacex-dismantles-hype
rloop-prototype-puts-up-a-parking-lot) .
Bloomberg. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20221104030157/https://www.bloom
berg.com/news/articles/2022-11-03/musk-s
-spacex-dismantles-hyperloop-prototype-put
s-up-a-parking-lot) from the original on
November 4, 2022. Retrieved November 5,
2022.
276. Sorokanich, Bob (August 11, 2022). "Did
Musk Propose Hyperloop to Stop California
High-Speed Rail?" (https://jalopnik.com/did-
musk-propose-hyperloop-to-stop-california-hi
gh-spee-1849402460) . Jalopnik. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/2022081908373
2/https://jalopnik.com/did-musk-propose-hy
perloop-to-stop-california-high-spee-1849402
460) from the original on August 19, 2022.
Retrieved May 20, 2023.
277. Markoff, John (December 11, 2015).
"Artificial-Intelligence Research Center Is
Founded by Silicon Valley Investors" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20200830184433/http
s://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/science/
artificial-intelligence-research-center-is-found
ed-by-silicon-valley-investors.html) . The
New York Times. Archived from the original
(https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/scie
nce/artificial-intelligence-research-center-is-f
ounded-by-silicon-valley-investors.html) on
August 30, 2020. Retrieved December 15,
2015.
278. Vincent, James (March 24, 2023). "Elon
Musk reportedly tried and failed to take over
OpenAI in 2018" (https://www.theverge.com/
2023/3/24/23654701/openai-elon-musk-fail
ed-takeover-report-closed-open-source) .
The Verge. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20230619032112/https://www.thever
ge.com/2023/3/24/23654701/openai-elon-
musk-failed-takeover-report-closed-open-sou
rce) from the original on June 19, 2023.
Retrieved June 19, 2023.
279. "Why Elon Musk's $100 million donation
claim to ChatGPT maker OpenAI may be
wrong" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
gadgets-news/why-elon-musks-100-million-d
onation-claim-to-chatgpt-maker-openai-may-
be-wrong/articleshow/100335255.cms) .
The Times of India. May 18, 2023. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202306190321
16/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gad
gets-news/why-elon-musks-100-million-dona
tion-claim-to-chatgpt-maker-openai-may-be-
wrong/articleshow/100335255.cms) from
the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved
June 19, 2023.
280. Novet, Jordan (February 2, 2018). "Elon
Musk, who has sounded the alarm on AI,
leaves the organization he co-founded to
make it safer" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20200830162809/https://www.cnbc.com/20
18/02/21/elon-musk-is-leaving-the-board-of-
openai.html) . CNBC. Archived from the
original (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/2
1/elon-musk-is-leaving-the-board-of-openai.h
tml) on August 30, 2020. Retrieved
September 3, 2020.
281. Johnson, Steven; Iziev, Nikita (April 15,
2022). "A.I. Is Mastering Language. Should
We Trust What It Says?" (https://www.nytime
s.com/2022/04/15/magazine/ai-language.ht
ml) . The New York Times. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20221124151408/http
s://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/magazin
e/ai-language.html) from the original on
November 24, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.

282. Metz, Cade (April 6, 2022). "Meet DALL-E, the

A.I. That Draws Anything at Your Command"
(https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/06/tech
nology/openai-images-dall-e.html) . The
New York Times. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20220720220209/https://www.n
ytimes.com/2022/04/06/technology/openai-
images-dall-e.html) from the original on July
20, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
283. Zahn, Max. "Elon Musk launches his own AI
company to compete with ChatGPT" (https://
abcnews.go.com/Business/elon-musk-launc
hes-ai-company-compete-chatgpt/story?id=1
01210078) . ABC News. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20230715185603/https://
abcnews.go.com/Business/elon-musk-launc
hes-ai-company-compete-chatgpt/story?id=1
01210078) from the original on July 15,
2023. Retrieved July 14, 2023.

284. Henshall, Will (July 12, 2023). "What to Know

About Elon Musk's New AI Company, xAI" (htt
ps://time.com/6294278/elon-musk-xai/) .
Time. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20230906135503/https://time.com/62942
78/elon-musk-xai/) from the original on
September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 24,
2023.
285. Lee, Timothy B. (July 10, 2018). "Thai official:
Elon Musk's submarine "not practical for this
mission" [Updated]" (https://arstechnica.co
m/science/2018/07/thai-official-elon-musks-
submarine-not-practical-for-this-mission/) .
Ars Technica. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20200919045304/https://arstechni
ca.com/science/2018/07/thai-official-elon-m
usks-submarine-not-practical-for-this-missio
n/) from the original on September 19,
2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
286. Wong, Julia Carrie (December 5, 2019). "Elon
Musk trial: Vernon Unsworth says
entrepreneur's tweets 'humiliated' him" (http
s://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/
dec/04/elon-musk-trial-twitter-thai-rescue) .
The Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20220513154947/https://www.the
guardian.com/technology/2019/dec/04/elon
-musk-trial-twitter-thai-rescue) from the
original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved May 13,
2022.
287. Ferris, Robert (July 10, 2018). "Elon Musk
says his 'mini-submarine' can be used for
other things" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/0
7/10/elon-musk-says-his-mini-submarine-ca
n-be-used-for-other-things.html) . CNBC.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018
0713075037/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/0
7/10/elon-musk-says-his-mini-submarine-ca
n-be-used-for-other-things.html) from the
original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13,
2018.
288. "Tested for Thailand, SpaceX's makeshift
mini-sub could serve as space escape pod"
(https://www.geekwire.com/2018/tested-tha
iland-spacexs-makeshift-mini-sub-serve-spac
e-escape-pod/) . GeekWire.com. July 8,
2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20191207165300/https://www.geekwire.c
om/2018/tested-thailand-spacexs-makeshift
-mini-sub-serve-space-escape-pod/) from
the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved
December 7, 2019.
289. "Thai king confers awards on two Australian
divers for rescue of cave boys" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20200406193250/https://a
f.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1
RV0QU?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNe
ws) . Reuters. April 19, 2019. Archived from
the original (https://af.reuters.com/article/w
orldNews/idAFKCN1RV0QU?feedType=RSS&
feedName=worldNews) on April 6, 2020.
Retrieved September 23, 2019.
290. Levin, Sam (July 15, 2018). "Elon Musk calls
British diver in Thai cave rescue a 'pedo' in
baseless attack" (https://www.theguardian.c
om/technology/2018/jul/15/elon-musk-britis
h-diver-thai-cave-rescue-pedo-twitter) . The
Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20200803133851/https://www.theguar
dian.com/technology/2018/jul/15/elon-mus
k-british-diver-thai-cave-rescue-pedo-twitter)
from the original on August 3, 2020.
Retrieved July 15, 2018.
291. Browne, Ryan (July 18, 2020). "Elon Musk
apologizes to British cave diver following
baseless 'pedo guy' claim" (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20200805083128/https://www.c
nbc.com/2018/07/18/elon-musk-apologizes-
to-british-cave-diver-followingbaseless-pedo-
gu.html) . CNBC. Archived from the original
(https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/18/elon-m
usk-apologizes-to-british-cave-diver-following
baseless-pedo-gu.html) on August 5, 2020.
Retrieved September 3, 2020.
292. Klepper, David (April 27, 2022). "What Elon
Musk's own tweets reveal about Twitter's
next owner—and his plans for the company"
(https://fortune.com/2022/04/27/elon-musk
-tweets-reveal-about-twitter-next-owner-plans
-for-company/) . Fortune. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20220525175122/http
s://fortune.com/2022/04/27/elon-musk-twe
ets-reveal-about-twitter-next-owner-plans-for-
company/) from the original on May 25,
2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
293. Smith, Adam (April 4, 2022). "The strangest
things Elon Musk has ever done on Twitter"
(https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/elon-m
usk-twitter-history-tweets-b2050576.html) .
The Independent. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20220521145834/https://www.i
ndependent.co.uk/tech/elon-musk-twitter-his
tory-tweets-b2050576.html) from the
original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 15,
2022.
294. Paul, Kari (October 9, 2019). "Elon Musk
claims his investigator tricked him about
diver he called a 'pedo' " (https://www.thegua
rdian.com/technology/2019/oct/08/elon-mu
sk-diver-vernon-unsworth-pedo-idiot) . The
Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220515125159/https://www.theguar
dian.com/technology/2019/oct/08/elon-mus
k-diver-vernon-unsworth-pedo-idiot) from
the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved
May 15, 2022.
295. "Elon Musk sued for libel by British Thai cave
rescuer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200
526061535/https://www.bbc.com/news/wor
ld-us-canada-45551895) . BBC News.
September 17, 2018. Archived from the
original (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-u
s-canada-45551895) on May 26, 2020.
Retrieved September 3, 2020.
296. Rawlinson, Kevin (September 17, 2018).
"British diver sues Elon Musk for $75,000
over 'pedo' claim" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20200702155615/https://www.theguardi
an.com/technology/2018/sep/17/british-div
er-vernon-unsworth-sues-elon-musk-over-ped
o-claim) . The Guardian. Archived from the
original (https://www.theguardian.com/techn
ology/2018/sep/17/british-diver-vernon-uns
worth-sues-elon-musk-over-pedo-claim) on
July 2, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
297. Wong, Julia Carrie (December 4, 2019). "Elon
Musk: pedo guy insult was 'not classy' but
not meant literally" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20200803181508/https://www.cnbc.co
m/2019/12/06/unsworth-vs-musk-pedo-guy-
defamation-trial-verdict.html) . The
Guardian. Archived from the original (https://
www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/de
c/04/elon-musk-pedo-guy-insult-was-not-cla
ssy-but-not-meant-literally) on August 3,
2020.
298. Kolodny, Lora (May 10, 2019). "Elon Musk
found not liable in 'pedo guy' defamation
trial" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200803
181508/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/06/
unsworth-vs-musk-pedo-guy-defamation-trial
-verdict.html) . CNBC. Archived from the
original (https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/0
6/unsworth-vs-musk-pedo-guy-defamation-tr
ial-verdict.html) on August 3, 2020.
Retrieved December 6, 2019.
299. Groom, Nichola; Parsons, Rachel (December
6, 2019). "Tesla boss Elon Musk wins
defamation trial over his 'pedo guy' tweet" (ht
tps://www.reuters.com/article/us-musk-laws
uit/tesla-boss-elon-musk-wins-defamation-tri
al-over-his-pedo-guy-tweet-idUSKBN1YA13
U) . Reuters. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200603035638/https://www.reuter
s.com/article/us-musk-lawsuit/tesla-boss-el
on-musk-wins-defamation-trial-over-his-pedo
-guy-tweet-idUSKBN1YA13U) from the
original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved
September 14, 2020.
300. Aimee Picchi (September 7, 2018). "Tesla's
Elon Musk appears to smoke weed in Joe
Rogan live interview" (https://www.cbsnews.
com/news/elon-musk-smokes-weed-joe-rog
an-experience-podcast-interview/) . CBS
News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20230409222844/https://www.cbsnews.c
om/news/elon-musk-smokes-weed-joe-roga
n-experience-podcast-interview/) from the
original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved
November 14, 2023.
301. Grace Dean; Huileng Tan (August 2022).
"Elon Musk said he and the 'whole of SpaceX'
had to be drug tested for a year after he
smoked weed on Joe Rogan's podcast" (http
s://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-dru
g-tests-smoking-weed-joe-rogan-marijuana-c
annabis-2022-8) . Business Insider. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202211212110
58/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-m
usk-drug-tests-smoking-weed-joe-rogan-mari
juana-cannabis-2022-8) from the original on
November 21, 2022. Retrieved August 27,
2022.
302. Gottsegen, Gordon (December 7, 2018).
"Despite infamous hit, Elon Musk says he
has 'no idea how to smoke pot' " (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20191119015057/https://
www.cnet.com/news/despite-infamous-hit-el
on-musk-says-he-has-no-idea-how-to-smoke-
pot/) . CNET. Archived from the original (http
s://www.cnet.com/news/despite-infamous-h
it-elon-musk-says-he-has-no-idea-how-to-sm
oke-pot/) on November 19, 2019. Retrieved
September 15, 2020.
303. Arcand, Rob (March 31, 2019). "Elon Musk
Drops Surprise Rap Single 'RIP Harambe' " (ht
tps://www.spin.com/2019/03/elon-musk-dro
ps-rap-single-rip-harambe/) . Spin. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201904010218
23/https://www.spin.com/2019/03/elon-mu
sk-drops-rap-single-rip-harambe/) from the
original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1,
2019.

304. Fitzgerald, Trent (March 31, 2019). "Elon

Musk Randomly Shares Rap Song Dedicated
to Harambe" (https://www.xxlmag.com/new
s/2019/03/elon-musk-rap-song-harambe/) .
XXL. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20190403145015/https://www.xxlmag.com/
news/2019/03/elon-musk-rap-song-haramb
e/) from the original on April 3, 2019.
Retrieved April 10, 2019.
305. Etherington, Darrell. "Elon Musk just dropped
an EDM track on SoundCloud" (http://social.t
echcrunch.com/2020/01/31/elon-musk-just-
dropped-an-edm-track-on-soundcloud/) .
TechCrunch. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20210426204232/https://techcrunch.
com/2020/01/31/elon-musk-just-dropped-an
-edm-track-on-soundcloud/) from the
original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved
February 3, 2020.
306. Petridis, Alexis (January 31, 2020). "Elon
Musk's new EDM single reviewed – 'Bringing
erectile dysfunction to the masses!' " (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20200621190025/h
ttps://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/ja
n/31/elon-musk-edm-artist-first-track-dont-d
oubt-ur-vibe) . The Guardian. ISSN 0261-
3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3
077) . Archived from the original (https://ww
w.theguardian.com/music/2020/jan/31/elon
-musk-edm-artist-first-track-dont-doubt-ur-vib
e) on June 21, 2020. Retrieved February 3,
2020.
307. "Which jets do Jeff Bezos and other tech
billionaires own?" (https://www.scmp.com/m
agazines/style/tech-design/article/3001626/
which-private-jets-do-tech-billionaires-jeff-be
zos-bill) . South China Morning Post. March
15, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20221022194917/https://www.scmp.c
om/magazines/style/tech-design/article/30
01626/which-private-jets-do-tech-billionaires-
jeff-bezos-bill) from the original on October
22, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
308. Geuss, Megan (January 30, 2019). "Elon
Musk's private jet appears to make frivolous
flights, per Washington Post" (https://arstech
nica.com/cars/2019/01/elon-musk-private-je
t-flew-150000-miles-in-2018-washington-pos
t-reports/) . Ars Technica. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20210414015748/http
s://arstechnica.com/cars/2019/01/elon-mus
k-private-jet-flew-150000-miles-in-2018-wash
ington-post-reports/) from the original on
April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.

309. Pierce, David (August 25, 2020). "Elon Musk's

new plane" (https://www.protocol.com/elon-
musks-new-plane) . Politico. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220517174126/h
ttps://www.protocol.com/elon-musks-new-pl
ane) from the original on May 17, 2022.
Retrieved June 8, 2022.
310. Harwell, Drew (January 29, 2019). "Elon
Musk's highflying 2018: What 150,000 miles
in a private jet reveal about his 'excruciating'
year" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/bus
iness/economy/elon-musks-highflying-2018-
what-150000-miles-in-a-private-jet-reveal-abo
ut-his-excruciating-year/2019/01/29/83b560
4e-20ee-11e9-8b59-0a28f2191131_story.htm
l) . The Washington Post. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20210504010014/http
s://www.washingtonpost.com/business/eco
nomy/elon-musks-highflying-2018-what-150
000-miles-in-a-private-jet-reveal-about-his-ex
cruciating-year/2019/01/29/83b5604e-20ee-
11e9-8b59-0a28f2191131_story.html) from
the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved
May 14, 2021.
311. Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (December 15,
2022). "Last night, car carrying lil X in LA was
followed by crazy stalker (thinking it was
me), who later blocked car from moving &
climbed onto hood. Legal action is being
taken against Sweeney & organizations who
supported harm to my family" (https://twitter.
com/elonmusk/status/16031901551077949
44) (Tweet). Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20221219203040/https://twitter.co
m/elonmusk/status/160319015510779494
4) from the original on December 19, 2022.
Retrieved December 20, 2022 – via Twitter.
312. "Musk bans Twitter account tracking his jet,
threatens to sue creator" (https://www.washi
ngtonpost.com/technology/2022/12/14/elo
njet-twitter-suspension-jack-sweeney-talk
s/) . Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286) .
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1215002815/https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/technology/2022/12/14/elonjet-twitter-s
uspension-jack-sweeney-talks/) from the
original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved
December 15, 2022.
313. " 'Crazy stalker' attacks Elon Musk's car as
Twitter boss threatens legal action against
account tracking his private jet" (https://new
s.sky.com/story/crazy-stalker-attacks-elon-m
usks-car-as-twitter-boss-threatens-legal-actio
n-against-account-tracking-his-private-jet-12
768404) . Sky News. December 15, 2022.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1228071605/https://news.sky.com/story/cra
zy-stalker-attacks-elon-musks-car-as-twitter-
boss-threatens-legal-action-against-account-
tracking-his-private-jet-12768404) from the
original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved
January 11, 2023.
314. Taylor, Josh (December 17, 2022). "Elon
Musk reinstates Twitter accounts of
suspended journalists" (https://www.theguar
dian.com/technology/2022/dec/17/elon-mu
sk-reinstates-twitter-accounts-of-suspended-
journalists) . The Guardian. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20230119104035/h
ttps://www.theguardian.com/technology/20
22/dec/17/elon-musk-reinstates-twitter-acco
unts-of-suspended-journalists) from the
original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved
January 24, 2023.
315. "Twitter suspends account tracking Elon
Musk's jet after 'stalker' follows his child –
National | Globalnews.ca" (https://globalnew
s.ca/news/9351055/elon-musk-jet-tracking-a
ccount-suspended-twitter/) . Global News.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1217213946/https://globalnews.ca/news/93
51055/elon-musk-jet-tracking-account-suspe
nded-twitter/) from the original on
December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 18,
2022.
316. Harwell, Drew; Lorenz, Taylor (December 18,
2022). "Musk blamed a Twitter account for
an alleged stalker. Police see no link" (http
s://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2
022/12/18/details-of-musk-stalking-inciden
t/) . The Washington Post. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20221226022008/http
s://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2
022/12/18/details-of-musk-stalking-inciden
t/) from the original on December 26, 2022.
Retrieved January 11, 2023.
317. Darcy, Oliver (December 17, 2022). "Elon
Musk offers journalists he banned from
Twitter ability to return under certain
condition" (https://web.archive.org/web/202
30127083127/https://www.cnn.com/2022/1
2/17/business/elon-musk-twitter-ban-revers
e-conditions/index.html) . CNN. Archived
from the original (https://www.cnn.com/202
2/12/17/business/elon-musk-twitter-ban-rev
erse-conditions/index.html) on January 27,
2023. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
318. Klebnikov, Sergei (August 8, 2017). "8
Innovative Ways Elon Musk Made Money
Before He Was a Billionaire" (https://money.c
om/8-innovative-ways-elon-musk-made-mon
ey-before-he-was-a-billionaire/) . Money.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
0809053228/https://money.com/8-innovativ
e-ways-elon-musk-made-money-before-he-w
as-a-billionaire/) from the original on August
9, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
319. Melby, Caleb (March 12, 2012). "How Elon
Musk Became A Billionaire Twice Over" (http
s://www.forbes.com/sites/calebmelby/201
2/03/12/how-elon-musk-became-a-billionair
e-twice-over/?sh=360739d01c88) . Forbes.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0711120028/https://www.forbes.com/sites/
calebmelby/2012/03/12/how-elon-musk-bec
ame-a-billionaire-twice-over/?sh=360739d01
c88) from the original on July 11, 2022.
Retrieved February 17, 2021.
320. Frank, Robert (January 7, 2021). "Elon Musk
is now the richest person in the world,
passing Jeff Bezos" (https://www.cnbc.com/
2021/01/07/elon-musk-is-now-the-richest-pe
rson-in-the-world-passing-jeff-bezos-.html) .
CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210406160534/https://www.cnbc.com/
2021/01/07/elon-musk-is-now-the-richest-pe
rson-in-the-world-passing-jeff-bezos-.html)
from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved
April 13, 2021.
321. O'Kane, Sean (January 7, 2021). "Elon Musk
passes Jeff Bezos to become the richest
person on Earth" (https://www.theverge.co
m/2021/1/7/22163361/elon-musk-billionaire
-richest-world-jeff-bezos-tesla-stock-space
x) . The Verge. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20221009075740/https://www.thev
erge.com/2021/1/7/22163361/elon-musk-bi
llionaire-richest-world-jeff-bezos-tesla-stock-
spacex) from the original on October 9,
2022. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
322. Pitcher, Jack (September 8, 2020). "Elon
Musk Loses Record $16.3 Billion With Wild
Wealth Swings" (https://www.bloomberg.co
m/news/articles/2020-09-08/elon-musk-lose
s-record-16-3-billion-with-wild-wealth-swing
s) . Bloomberg. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20200927063219/https://www.bl
oomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-08/elo
n-musk-loses-record-16-3-billion-with-wild-we
alth-swings) from the original on September
27, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
323. Neate, Rupert (November 14, 2020). "Elon
Musk overtakes Bill Gates to become world's
second-richest person" (https://www.theguar
dian.com/technology/2020/nov/24/elon-mu
sk-bill-gates-tesla-share-price-microsoft) .
The Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20210114031157/https://www.the
guardian.com/technology/2020/nov/24/elon
-musk-bill-gates-tesla-share-price-microsoft)
from the original on January 14, 2021.
Retrieved February 17, 2021.
324. "Elon Musk becomes world's richest person
as wealth tops $185bn" (https://www.bbc.co
m/news/technology-55578403) . BBC News.
January 7, 2021. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20210108023023/https://www.b
bc.com/news/technology-55578403) from
the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved
February 17, 2021.
325. Palmer, Annie (February 16, 2021). "Jeff
Bezos overtakes Elon Musk to reclaim spot
as world's richest person" (https://www.cnbc.
com/2021/02/16/jeff-bezos-reclaims-spot-a
s-worlds-richest-person-from-elon-musk.htm
l) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20210216231812/https://www.cnbc.co
m/2021/02/16/jeff-bezos-reclaims-spot-as-
worlds-richest-person-from-elon-musk.html)
from the original on February 16, 2021.
Retrieved February 17, 2021.
326. Cai, Kenrick (September 27, 2021). "Elon
Musk Eclipses $200 Billion To Become
Richest Person in the World Again" (https://w
ww.forbes.com/sites/kenrickcai/2021/09/2
7/elon-musk-200-billion-richest-person-in-the
-world/) . Forbes. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20210928023801/https://www.f
orbes.com/sites/kenrickcai/2021/09/27/elo
n-musk-200-billion-richest-person-in-the-worl
d/) from the original on September 28,
2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
327. Haverstock, Eliza (November 2, 2021). "Elon
Musk Is The First Person Worth More Than
$300 Billion" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/
elizahaverstock/2021/11/02/elon-musk-is-th
e-first-person-worth-more-than-300-billion-bu
t-hertz-uncertainty-threatens-tesla-stock-tea
r/?sh=289580b521f4) . Forbes. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20220531073421/
https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizahaversto
ck/2021/11/02/elon-musk-is-the-first-person
-worth-more-than-300-billion-but-hertz-uncert
ainty-threatens-tesla-stock-tear/?sh=289580
b521f4) from the original on May 31, 2022.
Retrieved November 4, 2021.
328. Chappatta, Brian (December 30, 2022). "Elon
Musk Becomes First Person Ever to Lose
$200 Billion" (https://www.bloomberg.com/n
ews/articles/2022-12-30/elon-musk-become
s-first-person-ever-to-lose-200-billion) .
Bloomberg. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20230919020703/https://www.bloom
berg.com/news/articles/2022-12-30/elon-m
usk-becomes-first-person-ever-to-lose-200-bil
lion) from the original on September 19,
2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
329. Woodward, Alex (January 1, 2023). "Elon
Musk is the first person in history to lose
$200 billion" (https://www.independent.co.u
k/tech/elon-musk-net-worth-tesla-twitter-200
-billion-b2254493.html) . The Independent.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
0104193845/https://www.independent.co.u
k/tech/elon-musk-net-worth-tesla-twitter-200
-billion-b2254493.html) from the original on
January 4, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
330. Gans, Jared (January 7, 2023). "Elon Musk
secures world record for largest-ever loss of
personal fortune" (https://thehill.com/policy/
finance/3803661-elon-musk-secures-world-r
ecord-for-largest-ever-loss-of-personal-fortun
e/) . The Hill. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20230109121749/https://thehill.co
m/policy/finance/3803661-elon-musk-secur
es-world-record-for-largest-ever-loss-of-perso
nal-fortune/) from the original on January 9,
2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
331. Jin, Hyunjoo; Marshall, Elizabeth Dilts (April
26, 2022). "Funding obscured: The family
office behind Musk's $44 billion Twitter
buyout" (https://www.reuters.com/technolog
y/funding-obscured-family-office-behind-mus
ks-44-bln-twitter-buyout-2022-04-26/) .
Reuters. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20230721100159/https://www.reuters.co
m/article/twitter-ma-musk-office/update-1-fu
nding-obscured-the-family-office-behind-mus
ks-44-bln-twitter-buyout-idUKL2N2WO1UY)
from the original on July 21, 2023.

332. Higgins, Tim (December 23, 2022). "Elon

Musk's Finances Complicated by Declining
Wealth, Twitter Pressures" (https://www.wsj.
com/articles/elon-musks-finances-complicat
ed-by-declining-wealth-twitter-pressures-116
71834066) . The Wall Street Journal.
333. Sorkin, Andrew Ross (January 23, 2018).
"Tesla's Elon Musk May Have Boldest Pay
Plan in Corporate History" (https://www.nyti
mes.com/2018/01/23/business/dealbook/t
esla-elon-musk-pay.html) . The New York
Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210211195909/https://www.nytimes.co
m/2018/01/23/business/dealbook/tesla-elo
n-musk-pay.html) from the original on
February 11, 2021. Retrieved February 17,
2021.
334. O'Kane, Sean (May 28, 2020). "Elon Musk
reaches first Tesla compensation award
worth nearly $800 million" (https://www.thev
erge.com/2020/5/28/21273882/elon-musk-t
esla-compensation-plan-stock-award-dollar
s) . The Verge. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210202011557/https://www.th
everge.com/2020/5/28/21273882/elon-mus
k-tesla-compensation-plan-stock-award-dolla
rs) from the original on February 2, 2021.
Retrieved February 17, 2021.
335. Browne, Ryan (December 20, 2021). "Elon
Musk says he will pay over $11 billion in
taxes this year" (https://www.cnbc.com/202
1/12/20/elon-musk-says-he-will-pay-over-11-
billion-in-taxes-this-year.html) . CNBC.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1103145815/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/1
2/20/elon-musk-says-he-will-pay-over-11-billi
on-in-taxes-this-year.html) from the original
on November 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3,
2022.
336. Mangan, Dan (June 8, 2021). "Bezos, Buffett,
Bloomberg L.P., Musk, Icahn and Soros pay
tiny fraction of wealth in income taxes, report
reveals" (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/0
8/bezos-musk-buffett-bloomberg-icahn-and-
soros-pay-little-in-taxes.html) . CNBC.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1005013150/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/0
6/08/bezos-musk-buffett-bloomberg-icahn-a
nd-soros-pay-little-in-taxes.html) from the
original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved
June 8, 2021.
337. Pendeleton, Devon (January 6, 2021). "Elon
Musk Surpasses Jeff Bezos to Become
World's Richest Person" (https://www.bloom
berg.com/news/articles/2021-01-06/musk-cl
ose-to-surpassing-bezos-as-world-s-richest-p
erson) . Bloomberg L.P. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20210106191553/https://
www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01
-06/musk-close-to-surpassing-bezos-as-worl
d-s-richest-person) from the original on
January 6, 2021. Retrieved February 17,
2021.
338. Higgins, Tim (May 8, 2020). "Elon Musk,
Tech's Cash-Poor Billionaire" (https://www.w
sj.com/articles/elon-musk-techs-cash-poor-b
illionaire-11588967043) . The Wall Street
Journal. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20210216200534/https://www.wsj.com/
articles/elon-musk-techs-cash-poor-billionair
e-11588967043) from the original on
February 16, 2021. Retrieved February 17,
2021.
339. Woodward, Alex (March 22, 2021). "Bernie
Sanders responds to Elon Musk's space
travel plans with call for progressive taxes"
(https://www.independent.co.uk/news/worl
d/americas/us-politics/bernie-sanders-elon-
musk-space-b1820744.html) . The
Independent. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20210413233021/https://www.indep
endent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politi
cs/bernie-sanders-elon-musk-space-b18207
44.html) from the original on April 13, 2021.
Retrieved April 13, 2021.
340. Paul, Kari (April 26, 2022). "Chaotic and
crass: a brief timeline of Elon Musk's history
with Twitter" (https://www.theguardian.com/
technology/2022/apr/25/timeline-elon-musk
s-history-twitter) . The Guardian. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2022042605030
1/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/
2022/apr/25/timeline-elon-musks-history-twi
tter) from the original on April 26, 2022.
Retrieved June 13, 2022.

341. Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Lorenz, Taylor; Nix,

Naomi; Menn, Joseph (November 19, 2023).
"Antisemitism was rising online. Then Elon
Musk's X supercharged it" (https://www.was
hingtonpost.com/technology/2023/11/19/a
ntisemiticism-interent-elon-musk-israwl-wa
r/) . The Washington Post. Retrieved
November 19, 2023.
342. Horowitz, Julia (August 7, 2018). "Elon Musk
tweets a lot. This time was different" (https://
money.cnn.com/2018/08/07/news/compani
es/elon-musk-tweets-tesla-private/index.htm
l) . CNN Business. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20220525125929/https://mon
ey.cnn.com/2018/08/07/news/companies/e
lon-musk-tweets-tesla-private/index.html)
from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved
June 4, 2022.
343. O'Connor, Roisin (July 25, 2020). "Grimes
tells Elon Musk 'turn off your phone' after
Tesla CEO's gender pronouns tweet" (https://
www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/
music/news/grimes-elon-musk-gender-pron
oun-tweet-a9637401.html) . The
Independent. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20210107195012/https://www.indep
endent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/new
s/grimes-elon-musk-gender-pronoun-tweet-a
9637401.html) from the original on January
7, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
344. Migdon, Brooke (April 25, 2022). "LGBTQ+
Twitter users contemplate exit amid Elon
Musk takeover" (https://thehill.com/changin
g-america/respect/equality/3462983-lgbtq-t
witter-users-contemplate-exit-amid-elon-mus
k-takeover/) . The Hill. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20220425233721/https://th
ehill.com/changing-america/respect/equalit
y/3462983-lgbtq-twitter-users-contemplate-e
xit-amid-elon-musk-takeover/) from the
original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved May 18,
2022.
345. "Elon Musk tweets, then deletes, meme
comparing Trudeau to Hitler" (https://www.re
uters.com/world/elon-musk-tweets-then-dele
tes-meme-comparing-trudeau-hitler-2022-02-
17/) . Reuters. February 17, 2022. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202202172233
30/https://www.reuters.com/world/elon-mus
k-tweets-then-deletes-meme-comparing-trud
eau-hitler-2022-02-17/) from the original on
February 17, 2022. Retrieved December 12,
2022.
346. Metz, Cade; Satariano, Adam; Che, Chang
(October 26, 2022). "How Elon Musk Became
a Geopolitical Chaos Agent" (https://www.nyt
imes.com/2022/10/26/technology/elon-mus
k-geopolitics-china-ukraine.html) . The New
York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20221029095528/https://www.nytim
es.com/2022/10/26/technology/elon-musk-
geopolitics-china-ukraine.html) from the
original on October 29, 2022. Retrieved
October 26, 2022.
347. Elon Musk's tweets about Texas mall
gunman spread misleading claims, question
shooter's background (https://apnews.com/a
rticle/twitter-musk-texas-mall-shooting-misle
ading-claims-c297797d1eb0f708cc84d05e0
735d8cc) . The Associated Press. May 10,
2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20230511030423/https://apnews.com/art
icle/twitter-musk-texas-mall-shooting-mislea
ding-claims-c297797d1eb0f708cc84d05e07
35d8cc) from the original on May 11, 2023.
Retrieved May 11, 2023.
348. Garofoli, Joe (December 13, 2022). "Elon
Musk is leaning into transphobia" (https://ww
w.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Elon-Musk
-is-leaning-into-transphobia-17649577.php) .
San Francisco Chronicle. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20230628144738/http
s://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Elo
n-Musk-is-leaning-into-transphobia-1764957
7.php) from the original on June 28, 2023.
Retrieved June 8, 2023.
349. "Elon Musk's response to anti-trans video
sparked day of chaos at Twitter" (https://ww
w.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/musk-el
on-twitter-ella-irwin-trans-video-what-is-a-wo
man-stream-rcna87429) . NBC News. June
2, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20230607213214/https://www.nbcnews.
com/tech/social-media/musk-elon-twitter-ell
a-irwin-trans-video-what-is-a-woman-stream-r
cna87429) from the original on June 7,
2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
350. Kolodny, Lora (October 8, 2021). "Elon Musk
endorses a carbon tax, downplays concerns
about methane" (https://www.cnbc.com/202
1/10/07/elon-musk-endorses-carbon-tax-at-t
esla-shareholder-meeting.html) . CNBC.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
1222155758/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/1
0/07/elon-musk-endorses-carbon-tax-at-tesl
a-shareholder-meeting.html) from the
original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved
December 22, 2021.
351. Clifford, Catherine (February 12, 2021). "Elon
Musk: 'My top recommendation' for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions is a carbon tax"
(https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/12/elon-m
usk-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-wit
h-a-carbon-tax.html) . CNBC. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20211222155758/h
ttps://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/12/elon-mus
k-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-with-a
-carbon-tax.html) from the original on
December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22,
2021.
352. Werber, Cassie. "Elon Musk says tax-free
carbon is "the dumbest experiment in
history" " (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
0826161408/https://qz.com/564782/elon-m
usk-says-tax-free-carbon-is-the-dumbest-exp
eriment-in-history/) . Quartz. Archived from
the original (http://qz.com/564782/elon-mus
k-says-tax-free-carbon-is-the-dumbest-experi
ment-in-history/) on August 26, 2020.
Retrieved August 30, 2016.
353. "Taxpayer Subsidies Helped Tesla Motors, So
Why Does Elon Musk Slam Them?" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20200616165121/http
s://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/10/
tesla-motors-free-ride-elon-musk-governmen
t-subsidies/) . Mother Jones. Archived from
the original (https://www.motherjones.com/
politics/2013/10/tesla-motors-free-ride-elon-
musk-government-subsidies) on June 16,
2020. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
354. Plumer, Brad (July 8, 2017). "When Will
Electric Cars Go Mainstream? It May Be
Sooner Than You Think" (https://www.nytime
s.com/2017/07/08/climate/electric-cars-bat
teries.html) . The New York Times. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201707080718
40/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/08/cl
imate/electric-cars-batteries.html) from the
original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved
December 22, 2021.
355. Kharpal, Arjun (May 18, 2021). "What
'regulatory credits' are – and why they're so
important to Tesla" (https://www.cnbc.com/
2021/05/18/tesla-electric-vehicle-regulatory-
credits-explained.html) . CNBC. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20211222155800/
https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/18/tesla-ele
ctric-vehicle-regulatory-credits-explained.htm
l) from the original on December 22, 2021.
Retrieved December 22, 2021.
356. "In struggle to meet EU rule, automakers turn
to Tesla for credits" (https://asia.nikkei.com/
Business/Automobiles/In-struggle-to-meet-E
U-rule-automakers-turn-to-Tesla-for-credits) .
Nikkei Asia. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20211214070318/https://asia.nikkei.
com/Business/Automobiles/In-struggle-to-m
eet-EU-rule-automakers-turn-to-Tesla-for-cred
its) from the original on December 14, 2021.
Retrieved December 22, 2021.
357. "Fiat Chrysler to pay Tesla for CO2 emissions
credits" (https://www.euractiv.com/section/e
lectric-cars/news/fiat-chrysler-to-pay-tesla-fo
r-co2-emissions-credits/) . euractiv.com.
April 8, 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20211222155758/https://www.eurac
tiv.com/section/electric-cars/news/fiat-chry
sler-to-pay-tesla-for-co2-emissions-credits/)
from the original on December 22, 2021.
Retrieved December 22, 2021.
358. "Volkswagen to buy CO2 credits from Tesla
in China" (https://www.electrive.com/2021/0
4/05/volkswagen-to-buy-co2-credits-from-te
sla-in-china/) . electrive.com. April 5, 2021.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
1222155800/https://www.electrive.com/202
1/04/05/volkswagen-to-buy-co2-credits-from
-tesla-in-china/) from the original on
December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22,
2021.
359. Stewart, Jack (October 6, 2018). "What Are
Shorts and Why Does Elon Hate Them?" (http
s://www.wired.com/story/what-are-short-sell
ers-and-why-does-elon-hate-them/) . Wired.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0129003324/https://www.wired.com/story/
what-are-short-sellers-and-why-does-elon-hat
e-them/) from the original on January 29,
2021. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
360. Graziosi, Graig (January 29, 2021). "Elon
Musk lashes out at short sellers during
GameStop market war" (https://www.indepe
ndent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-mus
k-short-sellers-gamestop-b1794444.html) .
The Independent. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20210129040712/https://www.i
ndependent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elo
n-musk-short-sellers-gamestop-b1794444.ht
ml) from the original on January 29, 2021.
Retrieved March 6, 2021.
361. "What Are Shorts and Why Does Elon Musk
Hate Them?" (https://www.wired.com/story/
what-are-short-sellers-and-why-does-elon-hat
e-them/) . Wired. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20210129003324/https://www.
wired.com/story/what-are-short-sellers-and-
why-does-elon-hate-them/) from the original
on January 29, 2021. Retrieved May 19,
2021.
362. Levine, Matt (February 4, 2021). "Who's
Winning the GameStop Game?" (https://ww
w.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-02-
04/elon-musk-s-gamestop-tweets-are-now-a-
hedge-fund-signal) . Bloomberg L.P. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202102050700
28/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/arti
cles/2021-02-04/elon-musk-s-gamestop-twe
ets-are-now-a-hedge-fund-signal) from the
original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved
February 4, 2021.
363. Gelles, David (January 29, 2021). "Elon Musk
Becomes Unlikely Anti-Establishment Hero in
GameStop Saga" (https://www.nytimes.com/
2021/01/29/business/elon-musk-gamestop-
twitter.html) . The New York Times. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202102041309
26/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/29/b
usiness/elon-musk-gamestop-twitter.html)
from the original on February 4, 2021.
Retrieved February 4, 2021.
364. Ponnezhath, Maria; Jin, Hyunjoo (December
15, 2022). "Musk cashes out another $3.6
bln in Tesla stock" (https://www.reuters.co
m/business/autos-transportation/elon-musk
-sells-22-mln-tesla-shares-worth-36-bln-filing-
2022-12-15/) . Reuters. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20230111172738/https://
www.reuters.com/business/autos-transporta
tion/elon-musk-sells-22-mln-tesla-shares-wo
rth-36-bln-filing-2022-12-15/) from the
original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved
December 15, 2022.
365. Merced, Michael J. de la; Eavis, Peter
(December 15, 2022). "Elon Musk Sells
Another Big Chunk of Tesla Stock" (https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2022/12/15/business/elon
-musk-tesla-stock.html) . The New York
Times. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20230204073051/https://www.nytimes.co
m/2022/12/15/business/elon-musk-tesla-st
ock.html) from the original on February 4,
2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
366. "Musk says he supports crypto in battle with
fiat money" (https://www.reuters.com/techn
ology/musk-says-he-supports-crypto-battle-
with-fiat-money-2021-05-22/) . Reuters. May
22, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20210602213907/https://www.reuters.
com/technology/musk-says-he-supports-cry
pto-battle-with-fiat-money-2021-05-22/)
from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved
May 31, 2021.

367. Ante, Lennart (February 3, 2021). "How Elon

Musk's Twitter Activity Moves
Cryptocurrency Markets". SSRN 3778844 (htt
ps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstr
act_id=3778844) .
368. "SEC Should Monitor Tesla's Elon Musk for
Market Manipulation: Roubini" (https://financ
e.yahoo.com/news/sec-monitor-tesla-elon-m
usk-063109452.html) . Yahoo. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20210602213636/h
ttps://finance.yahoo.com/news/sec-monitor-
tesla-elon-musk-063109452.html) from the
original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 31,
2021.

369. Kovach, Steve (February 8, 2021). "Tesla

buys $1.5 billion in bitcoin, plans to accept it
as payment" (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/0
2/08/tesla-buys-1point5-billion-in-bitcoin.htm
l) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220601155410/https://www.cnbc.co
m/2021/02/08/tesla-buys-1point5-billion-in-
bitcoin.html) from the original on June 1,
2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
370. Hoskins, Peter (May 13, 2021). "Tesla will no
longer accept Bitcoin over climate concerns,
says Musk" (https://www.bbc.com/news/bus
iness-57096305) . BBC News. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220531102821/h
ttps://www.bbc.com/news/business-570963
05) from the original on May 31, 2022.
Retrieved June 7, 2022.
371. Smith, Adam (May 13, 2021). "Bitcoin
crashes as Elon Musk announces Tesla cars
can no longer be bought with
cryptocurrency" (https://www.independent.c
o.uk/space/elon-musk-bitcoin-crash-tesla-cr
yptocurrency-b1846650.html) . The
Independent. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20220605212023/https://www.indep
endent.co.uk/space/elon-musk-bitcoin-crash
-tesla-cryptocurrency-b1846650.html) from
the original on June 5, 2022. Retrieved
June 7, 2022.
372. Marshall, Aarian (December 14, 2017). "Elon
Musk Really Doesn't Like Mass Transit
Systems He's Trying to Build" (https://www.w
ired.com/story/elon-musk-awkward-dislike-
mass-transit/) . Wired. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20171214124120/https://
www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-awkward-d
islike-mass-transit/) from the original on
December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 22,
2021.
373. Sampson, Rich (December 26, 2017). "What
Elon Musk doesn't understand about public
transit hurts everyone" (https://qz.com/1165
724/elon-musks-comments-about-public-tra
nsit-hurts-everyone/) . Quartz. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20211222171424/h
ttps://qz.com/1165724/elon-musks-comme
nts-about-public-transit-hurts-everyone/)
from the original on December 22, 2021.
Retrieved December 22, 2021.
374. Hunt, Elle (December 21, 2017). " 'I met my
wife on a train platform': Twitter responds to
Elon Musk with positive public transport
stories" (https://www.theguardian.com/citie
s/2017/dec/21/elon-musk-public-transport-tr
ansit-painful-twitter) . The Guardian.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018
0314203855/https://www.theguardian.com/
cities/2017/dec/21/elon-musk-public-transp
ort-transit-painful-twitter) from the original
on March 14, 2018. Retrieved December 23,
2017.
375. LeVine, Steve (December 28, 2017). "Elon
Musk's mean Twitter persona" (https://www.
axios.com/elon-musks-mean-twitter-persona
-2519102985.html) . Axios. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20171229113747/h
ttps://www.axios.com/elon-musks-mean-twit
ter-persona-2519102985.html) from the
original on December 29, 2017. Retrieved
October 17, 2020.
376. O'Leary, Lizzie (October 6, 2022). "Can
Longtermism Save Us All?" (https://slate.co
m/technology/2022/10/longtermism-debate-
william-macaskill-elon-musk-robert-wright.ht
ml) . Slate. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20221224062330/https://slate.com/t
echnology/2022/10/longtermism-debate-will
iam-macaskill-elon-musk-robert-wright.htm
l) from the original on December 24, 2022.
Retrieved December 24, 2022.
377. Gibbs, Samuel (October 27, 2014). "Elon
Musk: artificial intelligence is our biggest
existential threat" (https://www.theguardian.
com/technology/2014/oct/27/elon-musk-art
ificial-intelligence-ai-biggest-existential-threa
t) . The Guardian. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20151030054330/http://www.th
eguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/27/elo
n-musk-artificial-intelligence-ai-biggest-exist
ential-threat) from the original on October
30, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
378. "Elon Musk and Stephen Hawking think we
should ban killer robots" (https://www.washi
ngtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/0
7/28/elon-musk-and-stephen-hawking-think-
we-should-ban-killer-robots/) . The
Washington Post. July 28, 2015. Archived (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2016030807450
6/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/th
e-switch/wp/2015/07/28/elon-musk-and-ste
phen-hawking-think-we-should-ban-killer-rob
ots/) from the original on March 8, 2016.
Retrieved January 5, 2017.
379. Gomez, Brandon (August 24, 2021). "Elon
Musk warned of a 'Terminator'-like AI
apocalypse – now he's building a Tesla
robot" (https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/e
lon-musk-warned-of-ai-apocalypsenow-hes-b
uilding-a-tesla-robot.html) . CNBC. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202206170051
32/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/elon-
musk-warned-of-ai-apocalypsenow-hes-buildi
ng-a-tesla-robot.html) from the original on
June 17, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
380. Kakaes, Konstantin (April 26, 2022). "Elon
Musk's biggest worry" (https://www.politico.
com/newsletters/digital-future-daily/2022/0
4/26/elon-musks-biggest-worry-00027915) .
Politico. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20220527094551/https://www.politico.c
om/newsletters/digital-future-daily/2022/04/
26/elon-musks-biggest-worry-00027915)
from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved
June 30, 2022.
381. Victor, Daniel (July 27, 2015). "Elon Musk and
Stephen Hawking Among Hundreds to Urge
Ban on Military Robots" (https://www.nytime
s.com/2015/07/28/technology/elon-musk-a
nd-stephen-hawking-among-hundreds-to-urg
e-ban-on-military-robots.html) . The New
York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20220615212526/https://www.nytim
es.com/2015/07/28/technology/elon-musk-
and-stephen-hawking-among-hundreds-to-ur
ge-ban-on-military-robots.html) from the
original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved July 26,
2022.
382. Shead, Sam (May 13, 2020). "Elon Musk has
a complex relationship with the A.I.
community" (https://www.cnbc.com/2020/0
5/13/elon-musk-has-a-complex-relationship-
with-the-ai-community.html) . CNBC.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
1111112156/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/0
5/13/elon-musk-has-a-complex-relationship-
with-the-ai-community.html) from the
original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved
December 13, 2020.
383. Metz, Cade (June 9, 2018). "Mark
Zuckerberg, Elon Musk and the Feud Over
Killer Robots" (https://www.nytimes.com/20
18/06/09/technology/elon-musk-mark-zucke
rberg-artificial-intelligence.html) . The New
York Times. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20210215051949/https://www.nytim
es.com/2018/06/09/technology/elon-musk-
mark-zuckerberg-artificial-intelligence.html)
from the original on February 15, 2021.
Retrieved January 14, 2021.
384. " 'Artificial intelligence alarmists' like Elon
Musk and Stephen Hawking win 'Luddite of
the Year' award" (https://www.independent.c
o.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/elon-
musk-stephen-hawking-luddite-award-of-the-
year-itif-a6821921.html) . The Independent.
January 19, 2016. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20170819152756/http://www.in
dependent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tec
h/news/elon-musk-stephen-hawking-luddite-
award-of-the-year-itif-a6821921.html) from
the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved
February 25, 2018.
385. Holthaus, Eric (February 9, 2018). "Why Elon
Musk's Ambition Is an Antidote to Climate-
Pessimism" (https://www.rollingstone.com/c
ulture/culture-news/why-elon-musks-ambitio
n-is-an-antidote-to-climate-pessimism-19680
4/) . Rolling Stone. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20220607031023/https://ww
w.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/wh
y-elon-musks-ambition-is-an-antidote-to-clim
ate-pessimism-196804/) from the original
on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
386. Boyle, Louise (February 15, 2021). "Elon
Musk says Biden administration called a
carbon tax 'too politically difficult' " (https://w
ww.independent.co.uk/climate-change/new
s/elon-musk-biden-carbon-tax-joe-rogan-b18
02432.html) . The Independent. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20220607031024/
https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-chan
ge/news/elon-musk-biden-carbon-tax-joe-rog
an-b1802432.html) from the original on
June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
387. Roth, Madeline (September 29, 2020). "Elon
Musk says he may vote for Trump, despite
climate crisis" (https://www.independent.co.
uk/news/world/americas/us-election/elon-m
usk-vote-trump-president-us-elections-b6814
70.html) . The Independent. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20210412062314/h
ttps://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/a
mericas/us-election/elon-musk-vote-trump-p
resident-us-elections-b681470.html) from
the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved
April 12, 2021.
388. Bhuiyan, Johana (December 14, 2016). "Elon
Musk and Travis Kalanick are joining Donald
Trump's strategic and policy forum" (https://
www.vox.com/2016/12/14/13954102/elon-
musk-travis-kalanick-donald-trump-strategic-
policy-forum) . Vox. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20200325223216/https://ww
w.vox.com/2016/12/14/13954102/elon-mus
k-travis-kalanick-donald-trump-strategic-polic
y-forum) from the original on March 25,
2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
389. Lee, Timothy B. (June 1, 2017). "Elon Musk
has cut ties with Trump over his Paris
decision" (https://www.vox.com/new-money/
2017/6/1/15724042/paris-climate-agreemen
t-elon-musk) . Vox. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20210516055011/https://ww
w.vox.com/new-money/2017/6/1/1572404
2/paris-climate-agreement-elon-musk) from
the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved
May 16, 2021.
390. Chang, Kenneth (September 27, 2016). "Elon
Musk's Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and
Beyond" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/0
9/28/science/elon-musk-spacex-mars-explor
ation.html) . The New York Times. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202112140812
54/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/s
cience/elon-musk-spacex-mars-exploration.h
tml) from the original on December 14,
2021. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
391. Chang, Kenneth (March 19, 2021). "The
Water on Mars Vanished. This Might Be
Where It Went" (https://www.nytimes.com/2
021/03/19/science/mars-water-missing.htm
l) . The New York Times. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20211124184254/http
s://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/science/
mars-water-missing.html) from the original
on November 24, 2021. Retrieved June 26,
2022.
392. Delbert, Caroline (May 19, 2020). "Elon Musk
Needs 10,000+ Missiles to Nuke Mars. 'No
Problem,' He Says" (https://www.popularmec
hanics.com/science/a32588385/elon-musk-
terraform-mars-nuclear-missiles/) . Popular
Mechanics. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20220511113146/https://www.popul
armechanics.com/science/a32588385/elon-
musk-terraform-mars-nuclear-missiles/)
from the original on May 11, 2022. Retrieved
June 6, 2022.
393. Grush, Loren (May 11, 2020). "Elon Musk
thinks the best government for Mars is a
direct democracy" (https://www.theverge.co
m/2016/6/2/11837590/elon-musk-mars-gov
ernment-direct-democracy-law-code-confere
nce) . The Verge. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20200719185616/https://www.t
heverge.com/2016/6/2/11837590/elon-mus
k-mars-government-direct-democracy-law-co
de-conference) from the original on July 19,
2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
394. Spocchia, Gina (May 27, 2022). "Elon Musk
mocked for saying 'Italy will have no people'
due to population decline" (https://www.inde
pendent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-m
usk-italy-population-delcine-b2088900.htm
l) . The Independent. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20220626154751/https://w
ww.independent.co.uk/news/world/america
s/elon-musk-italy-population-delcine-b20889
00.html) from the original on June 26, 2022.
Retrieved June 26, 2022.
395. "Population decline and smaller families
good news for climate, says former head of
FSA" (https://www.independent.co.uk/climat
e-change/news/fsa-population-decline-clima
te-change-b1934877.html) . The
Independent. October 18, 2021. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20220530221524/
https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-chan
ge/news/fsa-population-decline-climate-cha
nge-b1934877.html) from the original on
May 30, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
396. "Elon Musk claims population collapse
'potentially the greatest risk to the future of
civilization' " (https://www.cambridge-news.c
o.uk/news/uk-world-news/elon-musk-claims-
population-collapse-21176445) .
CambridgeshireLive. July 29, 2021. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202205310454
10/https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/new
s/uk-world-news/elon-musk-claims-populati
on-collapse-21176445) from the original on
May 31, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
397. "Elon Musk says there aren't 'enough people,'
birthrate could threaten human civilization"
(https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/busi
ness/2021/12/07/elon-musk-declining-birthr
ate-threatens-human-civilization/641474900
1/) . USA Today. December 7, 2021. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202205101428
24/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/bu
siness/2021/12/07/elon-musk-declining-birt
hrate-threatens-human-civilization/64147490
01/) from the original on May 10, 2022.
Retrieved June 7, 2022.
398. Peters, Jeremy W. (April 26, 2022). "The
Elusive Politics of Elon Musk" (https://www.n
ytimes.com/2022/04/16/business/elon-mus
k-politics-twitter.html) . The New York Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0611171849/https://www.nytimes.com/202
2/04/16/business/elon-musk-politics-twitter.
html) from the original on June 11, 2022.
Retrieved June 13, 2022.
399. "Elon Musk, SpaceX Founder, Battles
Entrenched Rivals Over NASA Contracts" (htt
ps://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/20/e
lon-musk-spacex_n_2727312.html) .
HuffPost. February 20, 2013. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20150530231139/h
ttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/20/e
lon-musk-spacex_n_2727312.html) from the
original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 30,
2015.
400. Robertson, Derek. "Elon Musk Has Become
the Villain Liberals Always Imagined Him to
Be" (https://www.politico.com/news/magazi
ne/2022/06/10/elon-musk-twitter-republican
-00038671) . Politico. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20221112204036/https://w
ww.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/1
0/elon-musk-twitter-republican-00038671)
from the original on November 12, 2022.
Retrieved November 23, 2022.
401. Gardner, Akayla; Birnbaum, Emily; Frier, Sarah
(November 7, 2022). "Elon Musk Tells Twitter
Followers to Vote for a Republican Congress"
(https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/
2022-11-07/musk-tells-twitter-followers-to-vo
te-for-a-republican-congress/) . Bloomberg.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
0415160917/https://www.bloomberg.com/n
ews/articles/2022-11-07/musk-tells-twitter-f
ollowers-to-vote-for-a-republican-congress/)
from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved
September 18, 2023.
402. Maria Jose Valero (August 10, 2019). "Elon
Musk Says He Supports 2020 White House
Hopeful Andrew Yang" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20200406194427/https://www.bloo
mberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-10/elon-
musk-says-he-supports-2020-white-house-ho
peful-andrew-yang) . Bloomberg L.P.
Archived from the original (https://www.bloo
mberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-10/elon-
musk-says-he-supports-2020-white-house-ho
peful-andrew-yang) on April 6, 2020.
Retrieved August 10, 2019.
403. Kirkpatrick, Emily. "Elon Musk Supports
Kanye West's Run for President...Again" (http
s://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/07/elon-
musk-kanye-west-president-support-again) .
Vanity Fair. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200803183739/https://www.vanity
fair.com/style/2020/07/elon-musk-kanye-we
st-president-support-again) from the
original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved
September 5, 2020.
404. Feinberg, Andrew (April 18, 2023). "Trump
lashes out at Elon Musk after tech mogul
says he voted for Biden" (https://www.the-ind
ependent.com/news/world/americas/us-poli
tics/donald-trump-elon-musk-tucker-carlson-
b2322101.html) . The Independent. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202309190217
00/https://www.the-independent.com/news/
world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-elo
n-musk-tucker-carlson-b2322101.html)
from the original on September 19, 2023.
Retrieved September 18, 2023.
405. Spocchia, Gino (May 18, 2022). "Elon Musk
says he plans to vote Republican for the first
time" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/
world/americas/elon-musk-republican-voting
-election-day-b2081531.html) . The
Independent. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20220518070835/https://www.indep
endent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-mu
sk-republican-voting-election-day-b2081531.
html) from the original on May 18, 2022.
Retrieved May 18, 2022.

406. "Elon Musk Says Democrats Are No Longer

'the Kindness Party' " (https://www.bloomber
g.com/news/articles/2022-05-18/elon-musk-
says-democrats-no-longer-the-kindness-part
y) . Bloomberg L.P. May 18, 2022. Retrieved
May 18, 2022.
407. Hassan, Jennifer; Oremus, Will (November 7,
2022). "Elon Musk recommends voting GOP,
suspends Twitter accounts for
'impersonation' " (https://www.washingtonpo
st.com/technology/2022/11/07/elon-musk-t
witter/) . The Washington Post. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20221107170835/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technolog
y/2022/11/07/elon-musk-twitter/) from the
original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved
November 7, 2022.
408. "Elon Musk recommends voting for
Republicans in U.S. midterm elections" (http
s://www.reuters.com/world/us/musk-recom
mends-voting-republicans-us-midterm-electi
ons-tweet-2022-11-07/) . Reuters. November
7, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20230111172745/https://www.reuters.co
m/world/us/musk-recommends-voting-repu
blicans-us-midterm-elections-tweet-2022-11-
07/) from the original on January 11, 2023.
Retrieved November 7, 2022.
409. Schonfeld, Zach (June 15, 2022). "DeSantis
on Musk tweet: 'I welcome support from
African Americans' " (https://thehill.com/poli
cy/technology/3525627-desantis-on-musk-t
weet-i-welcome-support-from-african-americ
ans/) . The Hill. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20220621033625/https://thehill.c
om/policy/technology/3525627-desantis-on-
musk-tweet-i-welcome-support-from-african-
americans/) from the original on June 21,
2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
410. Siddiqui, Faiz (May 25, 2023). "Twitter
repeatedly crashes as DeSantis tries to make
presidential announcement" (https://www.wa
shingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/24/
elon-musk-ron-desantis-2024-twitter/) .
Washington Post. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20230524233307/https://www.
washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/2
4/elon-musk-ron-desantis-2024-twitter/)
from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved
June 8, 2023.
411. "Twitter Spaces Glitches Plague DeSantis's
2024 Announcement" (https://www.wsj.com/
video/twitter-spaces-glitches-plague-desanti
ss-2024-announcement/B240C703-2EA7-43
0C-A709-7C90F2A26CBE.html) . The Wall
Street Journal. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20230608011157/https://www.wsj.
com/video/twitter-spaces-glitches-plague-de
santiss-2024-announcement/B240C703-2EA
7-430C-A709-7C90F2A26CBE.html) from
the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved
June 8, 2023.

412. "Elon Musk says Vivek Ramaswamy should

be the GOP's VP pick for the 2024 election"
(https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-mus
k-vivek-ramaswamy-for-gop-vice-president-2
023-8) . www.businessinsider.com. August
28, 2023.
413. Wolf, Zachary B. (October 27, 2021). "Elon
Musk used government money to build
Tesla. But he fears a tax on billionaires" (http
s://www.cnn.com/2021/10/27/politics/billio
naire-tax-what-matters/index.html) . CNN
Politics. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20220204114237/https://www.cnn.com/
2021/10/27/politics/billionaire-tax-what-mat
ters/index.html) from the original on
February 4, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
414. Maruf, Ramishah (November 14, 2021). " 'I
keep forgetting you're still alive:' Elon Musk
trolls Bernie Sanders on Twitter" (https://ww
w.cnn.com/2021/11/14/business/elon-musk
-bernie-sanders-tweet/index.html) . CNN.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
1118135616/https://www.cnn.com/2021/1
1/14/business/elon-musk-bernie-sanders-tw
eet/index.html) from the original on
November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18,
2021.
415. Lenthang, Marlene (November 15, 2021).
"Elon Musk targets Sen. Bernie Sanders over
tax tweet: 'I keep forgetting that you're still
alive' " (https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-
news/elon-musk-targets-sen-bernie-sanders-
tax-tweet-keep-forgetting-re-stil-rcna5578) .
NBC News. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20211117161419/https://www.nbcne
ws.com/news/us-news/elon-musk-targets-s
en-bernie-sanders-tax-tweet-keep-forgetting-r
e-stil-rcna5578) from the original on
November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 18,
2021.
416. Spocchia, Gino (May 1, 2022). "AOC explains
why she deleted tweet after Elon Musk
accused her of 'hitting' on him" (https://www.
independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/ao
c-elon-musk-tweet-deleted-b2069059.html) .
The Independent. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20220602094901/https://www.i
ndependent.co.uk/news/world/americas/ao
c-elon-musk-tweet-deleted-b2069059.html)
from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved
June 7, 2022.
417. Isidore, Chris (December 15, 2021). "Elon
Musk calls Elizabeth Warren 'Senator Karen'
in fight over taxes" (https://www.cnn.com/20
21/12/15/investing/elon-musk-elizabeth-war
ren-taxes/index.html) . CNN Business.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0310195907/https://www.cnn.com/2021/1
2/15/investing/elon-musk-elizabeth-warren-t
axes/index.html) from the original on March
10, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
418. "Elon Musk Makes Fun of Twitter T-Shirts
Linked to BLM Protests" (https://www.bloom
berg.com/news/articles/2022-11-23/elon-m
usk-makes-fun-of-twitter-t-shirts-linked-to-bl
m-protests) . Bloomberg.com. November 23,
2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20221123165434/https://www.bloomberg.
com/news/articles/2022-11-23/elon-musk-
makes-fun-of-twitter-t-shirts-linked-to-blm-pr
otests) from the original on November 23,
2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022. "Elon
Musk is courting more controversy at Twitter
Inc., posting a video making fun of old t-
shirts at the social media service that date
back to the early days of the Black Lives
Matter movement."
419. Porterfield, Carlie. "Musk Wars With The Left:
Suggests 'Activists' Killed Moderation Plan
And Baits Black Lives Matter Supporters" (htt
ps://www.forbes.com/sites/carlieporterfield/
2022/11/23/musk-wars-with-the-left-left-sug
gests-activists-killed-moderation-plan-and-ba
its-black-lives-matter-supporters/) . Forbes.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1128113909/https://www.forbes.com/sites/
carlieporterfield/2022/11/23/musk-wars-wit
h-the-left-left-suggests-activists-killed-moder
ation-plan-and-baits-black-lives-matter-suppo
rters/) from the original on November 28,
2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022. "CEO
Elon Musk is raising eyebrows by …raising
questions about the Black Lives Matter
protests."
420. "Elon Musk deleted a tweet about Paul
Pelosi. Here's why that matters" (https://ww
w.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/1
0/30/musk-deleted-tweet-pelosi/) . The
Washington Post. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20221201161757/https://www.
washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/3
0/musk-deleted-tweet-pelosi/) from the
original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved
November 26, 2022.

421. "Musk Visits Brazil's Bolsonaro to Discuss

Amazon Rainforest Plans" (https://www.voan
ews.com/a/musk-visits-brazil-s-bolsonaro-to
-discuss-amazon-rainforest-plans-/6582804.
html) . VOA News. May 20, 2022.
422. "Elon Musk's Starlink is transforming the
Amazon, especially for criminals" (https://for
tune.com/2023/03/15/elon-musk-starlink-br
azil-amazon-crime-illegal-mining/) . Fortune.
March 15, 2023.

423. He, Laura (March 24, 2021). "Elon Musk is

trying to win China back" (https://www.cnn.c
om/2021/03/24/tech/elon-musk-china-intl-h
nk/index.html) . CNN. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20210709182137/https://w
ww.cnn.com/2021/03/24/tech/elon-musk-ch
ina-intl-hnk/index.html) from the original on
July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
424. Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022).
Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of
Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: Yale
University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k
(https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k) .
ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6.
JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k (https://www.jstor.org/s
table/j.ctv3006z6k) . OCLC 1348572572 (htt
ps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572) .
S2CID 253067190 (https://api.semanticschol
ar.org/CorpusID:253067190) .
425. Roth, Emma (August 13, 2022). "Elon Musk
pitches lofty goals in a magazine run by
China's internet censorship agency" (https://
www.theverge.com/2022/8/13/23304250/el
on-musk-pitch-magazine-china-cyberspace-c
ac-censorship-agency-tesla-spacex-neuralin
k) . The Verge. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20220816204257/https://www.th
everge.com/2022/8/13/23304250/elon-mus
k-pitch-magazine-china-cyberspace-cac-cens
orship-agency-tesla-spacex-neuralink) from
the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved
August 17, 2022.
426. "Now Elon Musk Is Telling China's Censors
About His Vision for the Future" (https://ww
w.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-1
5/musk-is-telling-china-s-censors-about-his-v
ision-for-the-future) . Bloomberg.com.
August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.

427. "Taiwan parties slam Musk over 'special

administrative zone' suggestion" (https://foc
ustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202210080012) .
Focus Taiwan. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20221218074131/https://focustaiw
an.tw/cross-strait/202210080012) from the
original on December 18, 2022. Retrieved
January 11, 2023.
428. "Taiwan politicians dismiss Elon Musk's 'ill-
informed and belittling' China comments" (ht
tps://www.theguardian.com/technology/202
2/oct/10/taiwan-elon-musk-china-special-ad
min-region-comments-ill-informed-and-belittli
ng) . The Guardian. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20230109203500/https://ww
w.theguardian.com/technology/2022/oct/1
0/taiwan-elon-musk-china-special-admin-regi
on-comments-ill-informed-and-belittling)
from the original on January 9, 2023.
Retrieved January 11, 2023.
429. Singh, Kanishka; Jin, Hyunjoo (October 8,
2022). "Musk offers proposal on China-
Taiwan tensions, after Russia-Ukraine plan"
(https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacifi
c/after-russia-ukraine-plan-musk-offers-prop
osal-resolve-china-taiwan-tensions-2022-10-
08/) . Reuters. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20221022101255/https://www.reut
ers.com/world/asia-pacific/after-russia-ukrai
ne-plan-musk-offers-proposal-resolve-china-t
aiwan-tensions-2022-10-08/) from the
original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved
October 9, 2022.
430. "Zelenskiy hits back as Elon Musk sets up
Twitter poll on annexed areas of Ukraine" (htt
ps://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/
04/zelenskiy-hits-back-as-elon-musk-sets-up-
twitter-poll-on-annexed-areas) . the
Guardian. October 3, 2022. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20221028044016/http
s://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/0
4/zelenskiy-hits-back-as-elon-musk-sets-up-t
witter-poll-on-annexed-areas) from the
original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved
October 12, 2022.
431. "Elon Musk's peace plan for Ukraine draws
condemnation from Zelenskyy" (https://ww
w.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126714896/elon-mu
sk-ukraine-peace-plan-zelenskyy) . NPR.
Associated Press. October 4, 2022. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202210290009
00/https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/112671
4896/elon-musk-ukraine-peace-plan-zelensk
yy) from the original on October 29, 2022.
Retrieved October 12, 2022.
432. Champion, Matthew. "Elon Musk Spoke to
Putin Before Tweeting Ukraine Peace Plan:
Report" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/ak
e44z/elon-musk-vladimir-putin-ukraine) .
Vice. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20221015223209/https://www.vice.com/en/
article/ake44z/elon-musk-vladimir-putin-ukra
ine) from the original on October 15, 2022.
Retrieved October 16, 2022.

433. "Elon Musk denies he spoke to Putin about

Ukraine war" (https://www.bbc.com/news/w
orld-europe-63225781) . BBC News. October
16, 2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20221015234326/https://www.bbc.co
m/news/world-europe-63225781) from the
original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved
October 16, 2022.
434. Bertrand, Natasha; Yeung, Jessie (October
12, 2022). "Elon Musk denies claim he spoke
to Vladimir Putin about the war in Ukraine" (h
ttps://www.cnn.com/2022/10/11/business/
elon-musk-ian-bremmer-putin-ukraine-intl-hn
k/index.html) . CNN Business. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20221126133122/h
ttps://www.cnn.com/2022/10/11/business/
elon-musk-ian-bremmer-putin-ukraine-intl-hn
k/index.html) from the original on
November 26, 2022. Retrieved October 16,
2022.

435. "Elon Musk Sends Dire Warning About

Russia-Ukraine War" (https://www.thestreet.c
om/technology/elon-musk-sends-dire-warnin
g-about-russia-ukraine-war) . TheStreet.
October 10, 2022.
436. "Elon Musk Says Nuclear War Probability Is
Rising Rapidly; 'Have Been Up All Night To
Think Of Any Possible Way To Deescalate
This War' " (https://finance.yahoo.com/new
s/elon-musk-says-nuclear-war-004530017.ht
ml) . Yahoo Finance. January 30, 2023.

437. "Fearing a nuclear war, Elon Musk snipped

Starlink services to thwart Ukrainian drone
offensive on Russia" (https://www.wionews.c
om/world/elon-musk-shut-down-starlink-sate
llite-to-thwart-ukrainian-attack-on-russian-fle
et-book-claims-633593) . WION. September
8, 2023.
438. " 'Sleepwalking our way into World War III':
Elon Musk's weighs in on Israel-Hamas and
Ukraine-Russia conflict" (https://www.busine
sstoday.in/technology/news/story/sleepwalk
ing-our-way-into-world-war-iii-elon-musks-wei
ghs-in-on-israel-hamas-and-ukraine-russia-co
nflict-403113-2023-10-24) . Business Today.
October 24, 2023.

439. "Elon Musk finally speaks on Israel-Hamas

war, says if you kill children in Gaza then…" (h
ttps://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/s
tory/elon-musk-finally-speaks-on-israel-hama
s-war-says-if-you-kill-children-in-gaza-then-24
61475-2023-11-10) . India Today. November
10, 2023.
440. "No use of 'decolonisation', 'from the river to
the sea' on X. Musk warns of suspension
over calls of genocide" (https://www.wionew
s.com/trending/no-use-of-decolonisation-fro
m-the-river-to-the-sea-on-x-musk-warns-of-su
spension-for-calls-of-genocide-659959) .
WION. November 18, 2023.

441. "Elon Musk Visits Israel Amid Backlash

Against His Endorsement of Antisemitic
Post" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/2
7/world/middleeast/elon-musk-israel-visit.ht
ml0) . New York Times. November 27, 2023.
442. Isidore, Chris (May 16, 2023). "Elon Musk
claims George Soros 'hates humanity.' The
ADL says Musk's attacks 'will embolden
extremists' " (https://www.cnn.com/2023/0
5/16/business/elon-musk-george-soros/inde
x.html) . CNN. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20230519033532/https://www.cnn.
com/2023/05/16/business/elon-musk-georg
e-soros/index.html) from the original on
May 19, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
443. Rubin, Shira (May 19, 2023). "Israel pivots to
say Elon Musk attacks on George Soros now
not antisemitic" (https://www.washingtonpos
t.com/world/2023/05/19/chikli-antisemitism
-soros-elon-musk/) . The Washington Post.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
0519224752/https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/world/2023/05/19/chikli-antisemitism-s
oros-elon-musk/) from the original on May
19, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
444. Goldberg, Michelle (November 20, 2023).
"Opinion | Why on Earth Are Jewish Leaders
Praising Elon Musk?" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20231202062541/https://www.nytim
es.com/2023/11/20/opinion/adl-elon-musk-
antisemitism.html) . The New York Times.
Archived from the original (https://www.nyti
mes.com/2023/11/20/opinion/adl-elon-mus
k-antisemitism.html) on December 2, 2023.

445. Wallace, Danielle (November 19, 2023). "Elon

Musk says X users advocating for 'genocide
of any group' face suspension after
antisemitism allegations" (https://www.foxb
usiness.com/fox-news-tech/elon-musk-x-use
rs-advocating-genocide-any-group-face-susp
ension-antisemitism-allegations) .
FOXBusiness.
446. https://twitter.com/breakingbaht/status/172
4892505647296620

447. Rosenberg, Yair (November 15, 2023). "Elon

Musk's Disturbing 'Truth' " (https://www.theat
lantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/11/elon-mus
ks-disturbing-truth/676019/) . The Atlantic.
Retrieved November 15, 2023.

448. "Elon Musk Calls Antisemitic Post on X the

'Actual Truth' " (https://www.bloomberg.com/
news/articles/2023-11-16/elon-musk-calls-a
nti-semitic-post-on-x-the-actual-truth) .
Bloomberg.com. November 16, 2023.
Retrieved November 16, 2023.
449. Goldman, David (November 16, 2023). "Elon
Musk agrees with X post that claims Jews
'push hatred' against White people | CNN
Business" (https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/1
5/media/elon-musk-antisemitism-white-peop
le/index.html) . CNN. Retrieved
November 16, 2023.

450. Kastrenakes, Jacob (November 16, 2023).

"IBM pulls X ads as Elon Musk endorses
white pride" (https://www.theverge.com/202
3/11/16/23964160/elon-musk-antisemitic-x-
post-ibm-ads) . The Verge.
451. Swartz, Jon (November 16, 2023). "IBM pulls
ads from X after Elon Musk's incendiary
comments over white pride" (https://www.m
arketwatch.com/story/ibm-pulls-ads-from-x-
after-elon-musks-incendiary-comments-over-
white-pride-e69fe7b4) . MarketWatch.
Retrieved November 16, 2023.

452. "Apple and Disney join advertiser exodus

from Elon Musk's X" (https://www.ft.com/co
ntent/5fa23da3-d6f8-43ec-9156-4744ec441
5b4) . Financial Times. November 18, 2023.
Retrieved November 18, 2023.
453. "Elon Musk: Genocidal terms like 'from the
river to the sea' to result in suspension" (http
s://www.timesofisrael.com/elon-musk-genoc
idal-terms-like-from-the-river-to-the-sea-to-re
sult-in-suspension/) . The Times of Israel.
November 18, 2023.

454. "Elon Musk boosts antisemitic tweet, claims

ADL and other groups push 'anti-white'
messaging" (https://www.cnbc.com/2023/1
1/16/elon-musk-calls-antisemitic-tweet-the-a
ctual-truth.html) . CNBC. November 16,
2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
455. Kastrenakes, Jacob; Sato, Mia (November
29, 2023). "Elon Musk tells advertisers: 'Go
fuck yourself' " (https://www.theverge.com/2
023/11/29/23981928/elon-musk-ad-boycott-
go-fuck-yourself-destroy-x) . The Verge.
Retrieved November 29, 2023.

456. Paul, Kari (November 29, 2023). "Elon Musk

hurls defiant, profanity-laced retort at fleeing
advertisers" (https://www.theguardian.com/t
echnology/2023/nov/29/elon-musk-hurls-def
iant-profanity-laced-retort-at-fleeing-advertis
ers) . The Guardian. Retrieved November 29,
2023.
457. Conger, Kate; Tumin, Remy (November 29,
2023). "Elon Musk Uses a Crude Insult to
Slam Advertisers for Pulling Back From X." (h
ttps://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/29/busine
ss/dealbook/elon-musk-advertisers-blackma
il-iger.html) The New York Times. Retrieved
December 3, 2023.

458. Goodkind, Nicole (November 29, 2023). "Elon

Musk apologizes for antisemitic tweet but
tells advertisers 'go f**k yourself' | CNN
Business" (https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/2
9/investing/elon-musk-dealbook-summit/ind
ex.html) . CNN Business. Retrieved
December 3, 2023.
459. Sato, Mia (November 29, 2023). "DealBook
Summit 2023: Elon Musk, Bob Iger, and
more" (https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/
29/23980877/new-york-times-dealbook-sum
mit-elon-musk-bob-iger-david-zaslav) . The
Verge. Retrieved November 30, 2023.

460. Kolodny, Lora (March 17, 2020). "Tesla

factory is still open for business as Musk
tells employees 'I will personally be at work' "
(https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/17/tesla-ke
eps-fremont-factory-open-amid-covid-19-shel
ter-in-place-orders.html) . CNBC. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/2020051008184
7/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/17/tesla-
keeps-fremont-factory-open-amid-covid-19-s
helter-in-place-orders.html) from the original
on May 10, 2020. Retrieved December 13,
2020.
461. Koren, Marina (May 10, 2020). "The Cult of
Elon Is Cracking" (https://www.theatlantic.co
m/science/archive/2020/05/elon-musk-coro
navirus-pandemic-tweets/611887/) . The
Atlantic. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20201210082850/https://www.theatlanti
c.com/science/archive/2020/05/elon-musk-
coronavirus-pandemic-tweets/611887/)
from the original on December 10, 2020.
Retrieved February 2, 2021.
462. Brandom, Russell (April 29, 2020). "Elon
Musk is dangerously wrong about the novel
coronavirus" (https://www.theverge.com/202
0/4/29/21241180/elon-musk-coronavirus-co
nspiracy-misinformation-tesla) . The Verge.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
0524022312/https://www.theverge.com/202
0/4/29/21241180/elon-musk-coronavirus-co
nspiracy-misinformation-tesla) from the
original on May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 6,
2020.
463. Cooper, Gael Fashingbauer (March 6, 2020).
"Elon Musk draws ire after calling panic over
coronavirus epidemic 'dumb' " (https://www.c
net.com/news/elon-musk-draws-ire-after-call
ing-panic-over-coronavirus-epidemic-dum
b/) . CNET. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200903235201/https://www.cnet.c
om/news/elon-musk-draws-ire-after-calling-p
anic-over-coronavirus-epidemic-dumb/)
from the original on September 3, 2020.
Retrieved September 8, 2020.
464. Bursztynsky, Jessica (March 6, 2020). "Elon
Musk says 'the coronavirus panic is dumb' as
tech peers shift to remote work" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20200808034740/https://
www.cnbc.com/2020/03/06/teslas-elon-mu
sk-says-the-coronavirus-panic-is-dumb.htm
l) . CNBC. Archived from the original (https://
www.cnbc.com/2020/03/06/teslas-elon-mu
sk-says-the-coronavirus-panic-is-dumb.htm
l) on August 8, 2020. Retrieved
September 8, 2020.
465. Stanton, Zack (December 29, 2020). "The
Worst Predictions of 2020" (https://www.poli
tico.com/news/magazine/2020/12/29/wors
t-predictions-about-2020-451444) . Politico.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
1229182244/https://www.politico.com/new
s/magazine/2020/12/29/worst-predictions-a
bout-2020-451444) from the original on
December 29, 2020. Retrieved December 30,
2020.

466. "Coronavirus: Elon Musk 'child immunity'

tweet will stay online" (https://www.bbc.co.u
k/news/technology-51975377) . BBC News.
March 20, 2020. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20200412184446/https://www.bb
c.co.uk/news/technology-51975377) from
the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved
December 13, 2020.
467. Fried, Ina (March 20, 2020). "Twitter lets
Musk's coronavirus misinformation stand" (h
ttps://www.axios.com/twitter-lets-musks-cor
onavirus-misinformation-stand-0f05b1fa-d1e
7-4d9b-91f7-95c7311748d1.html) . Axios.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0224212820/https://www.axios.com/twitter-
lets-musks-coronavirus-misinformation-stan
d-0f05b1fa-d1e7-4d9b-91f7-95c7311748d1.h
tml) from the original on February 24, 2021.
Retrieved February 2, 2021.
468. Boudette, Neal E.; Flitter, Emily (May 9, 2020).
"Elon Musk Lashes Out at Officials Keeping
Tesla Plant Closed Over Virus" (https://www.
nytimes.com/2020/05/09/business/coronav
irus-elon-musk-tesla-california.html) . The
New York Times. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20200901054355/https://www.n
ytimes.com/2020/05/09/business/coronavir
us-elon-musk-tesla-california.html) from the
original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved
September 8, 2020.
469. "Tesla Plan to Keep Factory Open Thrown Up
in Air by Sheriff" (https://www.bloomberg.co
m/news/articles/2020-03-18/tesla-plan-to-ke
ep-factory-open-thrown-up-in-the-air-by-sherif
f) . Bloomberg L.P. March 18, 2020. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202006040842
51/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articl
es/2020-03-18/tesla-plan-to-keep-factory-op
en-thrown-up-in-the-air-by-sheriff) from the
original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4,
2020.
470. Tiku, Nitasha; Siddiqui, Faiz (April 30, 2020).
"Elon Musk mobilizes tech elites behind
reopening society" (https://www.washington
post.com/technology/2020/04/30/musk-cor
onavirus-quarantines/) . The Washington
Post. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20201120213036/https://www.washingtonp
ost.com/technology/2020/04/30/musk-coro
navirus-quarantines/) from the original on
November 20, 2020. Retrieved February 2,
2021.
471. Sainato, Michael (May 12, 2020). "Tesla
workers' unemployment may be suspended
if they don't return, emails show" (https://ww
w.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/1
2/tesla-workers-unemployment-benefits-ema
ils) . The Guardian. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20200512163056/https://ww
w.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/1
2/tesla-workers-unemployment-benefits-ema
ils) from the original on May 12, 2020.
472. "Elon Musk targets Dr Anthony Fauci in viral
tweet, sparking backlash" (https://www.franc
e24.com/en/americas/20221212-elon-musk-
targets-dr-anthony-fauci-in-viral-tweet-sparki
ng-backlash) . France 24. December 12,
2022. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20221213112236/https://www.france24.c
om/en/americas/20221212-elon-musk-targe
ts-dr-anthony-fauci-in-viral-tweet-sparking-ba
cklash) from the original on December 13,
2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
473. Saric, Ivana (December 12, 2022).
"Lawmakers react to Musk's call to
prosecute Fauci" (https://www.axios.com/20
22/12/11/lawmakers-ract-musk-prosecute-fa
uci) . Axios. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20221212233344/https://www.axios.
com/2022/12/11/lawmakers-ract-musk-pros
ecute-fauci) from the original on December
12, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
474. Siddiqui, Faiz (April 29, 2020). "The return of
erratic Elon Musk: During coronavirus, Tesla
CEO spreads misinformation and over-
promises on ventilators" (https://www.washi
ngtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/29/mu
sk-tesla-coronavirus/) . The Washington
Post. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20220525111006/https://www.washingtonp
ost.com/technology/2020/04/29/musk-tesla
-coronavirus/) from the original on May 25,
2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
475. Morrison, Sarah (March 31, 2022). "Trump
isn't making America's ventilator shortage
any easier" (https://www.vox.com/recode/20
20/3/20/21186749/ventilators-coronavirus-c
ovid-19-elon-musk) . Vox. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20220502034517/http
s://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/20/21186
749/ventilators-coronavirus-covid-19-elon-m
usk) from the original on May 2, 2022.
Retrieved June 13, 2022.
476. Johnson, Martin (April 17, 2020). "California
hospitals say Elon Musk sent them BiPAP,
CPAP machines, not ventilators" (https://theh
ill.com/policy/technology/493386-california-
hospitals-say-elon-musk-sent-them-bipap-cp
ap-machines-not) . The Hill. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20201025063941/h
ttps://thehill.com/policy/technology/493386-
california-hospitals-say-elon-musk-sent-them
-bipap-cpap-machines-not) from the original
on October 25, 2020. Retrieved November 3,
2020.
477. Carville, Olivia; Hull, Dana (April 17, 2020).
"Elon Musk's 'Ventilators' Arrived at Hospitals
– With Some Assembly Required" (https://w
ww.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-
17/hospitals-made-use-of-modified-tesla-don
ated-breathing-machines) . Bloomberg L.P.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0129020914/https://www.bloomberg.com/n
ews/articles/2020-04-17/hospitals-made-us
e-of-modified-tesla-donated-breathing-machi
nes) from the original on January 29, 2021.
Retrieved January 23, 2021.
478. Brooks, Khristopher J. (December 22, 2021).
"SpaceX faced COVID-19 outbreak, health
records show" (https://www.cbsnews.com/n
ews/spacex-covid-19-outbreak-los-angele
s/) . CBS News. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20220608125024/https://www.cb
snews.com/news/spacex-covid-19-outbreak-
los-angeles/) from the original on June 8,
2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
479. Setty, Ganesh. "Elon Musk doubles down on
Covid-19 skepticism and says he won't take
future vaccine" (https://www.cnn.com/2020/
09/29/business/elon-musk-nyt-podcast-covi
d-vaccine/index.html) . CNN. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20210128192856/h
ttps://www.cnn.com/2020/09/29/business/
elon-musk-nyt-podcast-covid-vaccine/index.
html) from the original on January 28, 2021.
Retrieved June 14, 2022.
480. Andrews, Travis M. (November 17, 2020). "A
scientist's viral tweet called Elon Musk
'Space Karen' – as a way to defend science"
(https://www.washingtonpost.com/technolo
gy/2020/11/17/space-karen-elon-musk/) .
The Washington Post. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20210111034119/https://w
ww.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/1
1/17/space-karen-elon-musk/) from the
original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved
January 14, 2021.
481. Cuthbertson, Anthony (November 16, 2020).
"Elon Musk Forced to Watch Historic SpaceX
Launch from Home and Mocked as 'Space
Karen' After Catching COVID" (https://www.in
dependent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tec
h/elon-musk-coronavirus-spacex-launch-covi
d-b1723556.html) . The Independent.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0121040828/https://www.independent.co.u
k/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-cor
onavirus-spacex-launch-covid-b1723556.htm
l) from the original on January 21, 2021.
Retrieved January 14, 2021.
482. Ball, Molly; Kluger, Jeffrey; De La Garza,
Alejandro (December 13, 2021). "Elon Musk:
Person of the Year" (https://time.com/perso
n-of-the-year-2021-elon-musk/) . Time.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
1213124147/https://time.com/person-of-the
-year-2021-elon-musk/) from the original on
December 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13,
2022.
483. "Musk Relocates to Texas, Criticizes
'Complacent' California" (https://www.bloom
berg.com/news/articles/2020-12-08/tesla-ce
o-elon-musk-says-he-has-relocated-to-texa
s) . Bloomberg L.P. December 8, 2020.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
1210145135/https://www.bloomberg.com/n
ews/articles/2020-12-08/tesla-ceo-elon-mus
k-says-he-has-relocated-to-texas) from the
original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved
December 9, 2020.
484. Somerville, Heather (December 8, 2020).
"Elon Musk Moves to Texas, Takes Jab at
Silicon Valley" (https://www.wsj.com/article
s/elon-musk-to-discuss-teslas-banner-year-d
espite-pandemic-silicon-valleys-future-11607
449988) . The Wall Street Journal. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202012122340
36/https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-
to-discuss-teslas-banner-year-despite-pande
mic-silicon-valleys-future-11607449988)
from the original on December 12, 2020.
Retrieved December 13, 2020.
485. Yahr, Emily (May 8, 2021). "Elon Musk reveals
he has Asperger's syndrome during SNL
monologue" (https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/arts-entertainment/2021/05/09/elon-mu
sk-hosts-snl/) . The Washington Post.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0509204204/https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/arts-entertainment/2021/05/09/elon-mu
sk-hosts-snl/) from the original on May 9,
2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.

486. Isaacson (2023), p. 18.

487. Blackett, Todd (June 29, 2023). "Elon Musk
Has BJJ Training Session With Lex Fridman"
(https://jitsmagazine.com/elon-musk-has-bjj-
training-session-with-lex-fridman/) .
Jitsmagazine. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20230629080422/https://jitsmagaz
ine.com/elon-musk-has-bjj-training-session-
with-lex-fridman/) from the original on June
29, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2023.

488. "Elon Musk's Intense Obsession With A Video

Game Influenced His Business Strategies,
Caused Fights In His Relationship And
Served As A Reminder Every Move Matters"
(https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk
s-intense-obsession-video-171328115.html#:
~:text=His%20latest%20biography%20explai
ns%20his,the%20game's%20developer%20Fe
lix%20Ekenstam.) . October 23, 2023.
489. "Elon Musk loves video games. Here are 10
of his favorites" (https://www.businessinside
r.com/elon-musk-favorite-video-games-2017-
6) . Business Insider. August 11, 2018.
490. Mancini, Jeannine (June 21, 2023). "Elon
Musk's 10 Children Won't Automatically
Inherit Shares Of His Companies – He Said It
Would Be A Mistake" (https://finance.yahoo.c
om/news/elon-musks-10-children-wont-1700
18914.html#:~:text=Musk%20has%20distinc
t%20relationships%20with,level%20of%20clo
seness%20with%20him.) . Yahoo Finance.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023
0909050050/https://finance.yahoo.com/new
s/elon-musks-10-children-wont-170018914.h
tml#:~:text=Musk%20has%20distinct%20rela
tionships%20with,level%20of%20closeness%
20with%20him.) from the original on
September 9, 2023. Retrieved September 19,
2023.
491. Durand Streisand, Elizabeth. "A Look at Elon
Musk's Rocky Romantic History" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20200602025744/https://
www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-
news/elon-musk-love-life-romantic-history-17
1340935.html) . Yahoo. Archived from the
original (https://www.yahoo.com/celebrity/bl
ogs/celeb-news/elon-musk-love-life-romanti
c-history-171340935.html) on June 2, 2020.
Retrieved May 29, 2017.

492. Vance (2017), p. 117.

493. Crowley, James (September 14, 2021). "Elon
Musk's Kids: Meet His 6 Kids From Oldest To
Youngest, & Their Moms" (https://hollywoodli
fe.com/feature/elon-musk-kids-4516506/) .
Hollywood Life. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210916014406/https://hollywo
odlife.com/feature/elon-musk-kids-451650
6/) from the original on September 16,
2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.

494. Musk, Justine (September 10, 2010). " "I Was

a Starter Wife": Inside America's Messiest
Divorce" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200
730172806/https://www.marieclaire.com/se
x-love/a5380/millionaire-starter-wife/) .
Marie Claire. Archived from the original (http
s://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/a5380/mi
llionaire-starter-wife/) on July 30, 2020.
Retrieved September 3, 2020.
495. "Elon Musk's Ex-Wife on What It Takes to Be
a Mogul" (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/0
4/28/business/dealbook/insider-offers-a-vie
w-from-moguls-lofty-heights.html) . The New
York Times. April 27, 2015. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20220626164639/http
s://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/busines
s/dealbook/insider-offers-a-view-from-mogul
s-lofty-heights.html) from the original on
June 26, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
496. "Elon Musk's daughter granted legal name,
gender change" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20220626091711/https://apnews.com/art
icle/elon-musk-entertainment-gender-identity
-santa-monica-eb64ed75c5e8228ca3cae8e1
d836e93d) . Associated Press News. June
23, 2022. Archived from the original (https://
apnews.com/article/elon-musk-entertainme
nt-gender-identity-santa-monica-eb64ed75c5
e8228ca3cae8e1d836e93d) on June 26,
2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
497. "Elon Musk: 'Aren't you entertained?' " (http
s://www.ft.com/content/5ef14997-982e-4f0
3-8548-b5d67202623a) . Financial Times.
October 7, 2022. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20221007122621/https://www.ft.
com/content/5ef14997-982e-4f03-8548-b5d
67202623a) from the original on October 7,
2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.

498. Vance (2017), pp. 193–195.

499. "Actor Talulah Riley files to divorce billionaire
Elon Musk, again" (https://www.theguardian.
com/technology/2016/mar/21/elon-musk-ta
lulah-riley-file-divorce-second-marriage) .
The Guardian. Associated Press. March 21,
2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20180616231332/https://www.theguardia
n.com/technology/2016/mar/21/elon-musk-
talulah-riley-file-divorce-second-marriage)
from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved
April 20, 2016.
500. Boyle, Alan (January 18, 2012). "SpaceX's
millionaire founder tweets about marital
split" (https://www.nbcnews.com/science/sp
acexs-millionaire-founder-tweets-about-marit
al-split-6C10402497) . NBC News. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202207012120
28/https://www.nbcnews.com/science/spac
exs-millionaire-founder-tweets-about-marital-
split-6C10402497) from the original on July
1, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
501. "Elon Musk and Talulah Riley divorce for a
second time" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/n
ews/2016/10/22/elon-musk-and-talulah-riley
-divorce-for-a-second-time/) . The Daily
Telegraph. October 22, 2016. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20180630004337/h
ttps://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/2
2/elon-musk-and-talulah-riley-divorce-for-a-s
econd-time/) from the original on June 30,
2018. Retrieved June 29, 2018.

502. Vance (2017), p. 372.

503. Jensen, Erin (April 24, 2017). "Amber Heard,
Elon Musk make 'Cheeky' public debut
together" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/l
ife/entertainthis/2017/04/24/amber-heard-el
on-musk-dating-public-debut-instagram-post
s/100834568/) . USA Today. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20210130231024/h
ttps://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertai
nthis/2017/04/24/amber-heard-elon-musk-d
ating-public-debut-instagram-posts/1008345
68/) from the original on January 30, 2021.
Retrieved January 28, 2021.
504. Sigel, Tatiana (December 6, 2018). "Amber
Heard on Her Secret Passion, Elon Musk and
a Splashy New Role" (https://www.hollywood
reporter.com/features/amber-heard-aquama
n-elon-musk-dedication-activism-1166004) .
The Hollywood Reporter. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20181206185106/http
s://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/a
mber-heard-aquaman-elon-musk-dedication-
activism-1166004) from the original on
December 6, 2018. Retrieved January 28,
2021.
505. Darville, Jordan (March 20, 2019). "Grimes
talks new music, Elon Musk, plans to publicly
execute her musical persona" (https://www.t
hefader.com/2019/03/20/grimes-interview-
miss-anthropocene) . The Fader. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/2019103007053
4/http://www.thefader.com/2019/03/20/gri
mes-interview-miss-anthropocene) from the
original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved
December 13, 2020.
506. Kiefer, Halle (May 4, 2020). "Grimes and Elon
Musk's Baby Has Arrived, Just As Legend
Foretold" (https://www.vulture.com/2020/0
5/elon-musk-and-grimes-welcome-first-baby-
together.html) . Vulture. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20200505021026/https://
www.vulture.com/2020/05/elon-musk-and-gr
imes-welcome-first-baby-together.html)
from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved
May 5, 2020.
507. Trepany, Charles (May 5, 2020). "Elon Musk
shares first photo of his and Grimes' new
baby boy: 'Mom and baby all good' " (https://
eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebr
ities/2020/05/05/elon-musk-grimes-welcom
e-baby/3082615001/) . USA Today. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202005291249
47/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertai
nment/celebrities/2020/05/05/elon-musk-gri
mes-welcome-baby/3082615001/) from the
original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 5,
2020.
508. Schwedel, Heather (May 5, 2020). "What
Does Elon Musk and Grimes' Baby Name
Actually Mean?" (https://slate.com/human-in
terest/2020/05/elon-musk-grimes-baby-nam
e.html) . Slate. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20200524150019/https://slate.co
m/human-interest/2020/05/elon-musk-grime
s-baby-name.html) from the original on May
24, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
509. Lerman, Rachel (May 8, 2020). "Elon Musk's
baby name isn't just weird, it may be against
California regulations" (https://www.washing
tonpost.com/technology/2020/05/08/musk-
grimes-baby-name/) . The Washington Post.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020
1231225820/https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/technology/2020/05/08/musk-grimes-b
aby-name/) from the original on December
31, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
510. Guy, Jack (May 25, 2020). "Elon Musk and
Grimes have changed their baby's name. A
bit" (https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/ente
rtainment/grimes-musk-baby-name-tweak-sc
li-intl/index.html) . CNN. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20200525204407/https://
www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/entertainment/gr
imes-musk-baby-name-tweak-scli-intl/index.
html) from the original on May 25, 2020.
Retrieved May 25, 2020.
511. Cooper, Gael Fashingbauer (June 16, 2020).
"Elon Musk and Grimes saved a surprise for
son X Æ A-12's birth certificate" (https://ww
w.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-and-grimes-sav
ed-a-surprise-for-son-x-ae-a-12s-birth-certific
ate/) . CNET. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20200617021513/https://www.cnet.
com/news/elon-musk-and-grimes-saved-a-s
urprise-for-son-x-ae-a-12s-birth-certificate/)
from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved
June 17, 2020.
512. Ivie, Devon (September 24, 2021). "Elon
Musk and Grimes Took the Red Pill and
Broke Up" (https://www.vulture.com/2021/0
9/elon-musk-and-grimes-break-up-after-3-yea
rs-together.html) . Vulture. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20210924171854/http
s://www.vulture.com/2021/09/elon-musk-an
d-grimes-break-up-after-3-years-together.htm
l) from the original on September 24, 2021.
Retrieved September 28, 2021.

513. "Elon Musk says he and partner Grimes are

semi-separated" (https://www.bbc.com/new
s/world-us-canada-58684724) . BBC News.
September 24, 2021. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20210928064543/https://w
ww.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-586847
24) from the original on September 28,
2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
514. D'Zurill, Christie (March 11, 2022). "Never
mind that new baby: Grimes and Elon Musk
have broken up again, she says" (https://ww
w.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/st
ory/2022-03-11/grimes-elon-musk-relationsh
ip-breakup-split) . Los Angeles Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0525052031/https://www.latimes.com/enter
tainment-arts/music/story/2022-03-11/grim
es-elon-musk-relationship-breakup-split)
from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved
March 14, 2022.
515. "Grimes Says Elon Musk Evaded Being
Served With Child Custody Papers At Least
12 Times" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/
grimes-says-elon-musk-evaded-being-served-
with-child-custody-papers-at-least-12-times_
n_654f920ce4b0c9f24660475c) . HuffPost.
November 11, 2023.

516. "Elon Musk Drags Grimes' Tweets Into

Increasingly Nasty Custody Battle" (https://fu
turism.com/the-byte/elon-musk-grimes-twee
ts-custody) . Futurism.

517. "Musk Sued By Ex-Girlfriend Grimes Over

Parental Rights: Report" (https://www.ndtv.c
om/feature/elon-musk-sued-by-ex-girlfriend-
grimes-over-parental-rights-report-444799
1) . NDTV.
518. Southern, Keiran (July 7, 2022). Written at
Los Angeles. "Elon Musk 'had twins with one
of his executives' " (https://www.thetimes.co.
uk/article/elon-musk-had-twins-with-one-of-h
is-executives-kzph2nrc5) . The Times.
London. Archived (https://archive.today/202
20707002423/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/a
rticle/elon-musk-had-twins-with-one-of-his-ex
ecutives-kzph2nrc5) from the original on
July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
519. Safronova, Valeriya (July 7, 2022). "How
Many Children Does Elon Musk Have?" (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/07/style/elo
n-musk-children.html) . The New York Times.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1023160331/https://www.nytimes.com/202
2/07/07/style/elon-musk-children.html)
from the original on October 23, 2022.
Retrieved July 8, 2022.
520. Grind, Kirtsen; Glazer, Emily (July 24, 2022).
"Elon Musk's Friendship With Sergey Brin
Ruptured by Alleged Affair" (https://www.wsj.
com/articles/elon-musk-affair-sergey-brin-wi
fe-divorce-11658674840?siteid=yhoof2) .
The Wall Street Journal. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220724180459/https://
www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-affair-serg
ey-brin-wife-divorce-11658674840?siteid=yh
oof2) from the original on July 24, 2022.
Retrieved July 24, 2022.
521. Musil, Steven; Van Boom, Daniel (July 24,
2022). "Elon Musk Reportedly Had Affair
With Google Co-Founder's Wife" (https://ww
w.cnet.com/tech/elon-musk-reportedly-had-a
ffair-with-google-co-founders-wife/) . CNET.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
1007134334/https://www.cnet.com/tech/elo
n-musk-rejects-allegations-of-affair-with-serg
ey-brins-wife/) from the original on October
7, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.

522. Isaacson (2023), pp. 7, 265.

523. McHugh, Rich (May 19, 2022). "A SpaceX
flight attendant said Elon Musk exposed
himself and propositioned her for sex,
documents show. The company paid
$250,000 for her silence" (https://www.busin
essinsider.com/spacex-paid-250000-to-a-flig
ht-attendant-who-accused-elon-musk-of-sex
ual-misconduct-2022-5) . Insider. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/2022051923550
0/https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-
paid-250000-to-a-flight-attendant-who-accus
ed-elon-musk-of-sexual-misconduct-2022-5)
from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved
May 20, 2022.
524. Mangan, Dan (May 20, 2022). "Report says
SpaceX paid woman over Musk sex
misconduct claim – he denies 'wild
accusations' " (https://www.cnbc.com/2022/
05/20/musk-denies-wild-accusations-agains
t-him-in-apparent-reference-to-harassment-re
port.html) . CNBC. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20220520044619/https://ww
w.cnbc.com/2022/05/20/musk-denies-wild-a
ccusations-against-him-in-apparent-referenc
e-to-harassment-report.html) from the
original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 20,
2022.
525. "Musk denies he sexually harassed flight
attendant; Tesla shares sink" (https://www.re
uters.com/world/us/musk-denies-he-sexuall
y-harassed-flight-attendant-private-jet-2022-0
5-20/) . Reuters. May 20, 2022. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20220520062551/
https://www.reuters.com/world/us/musk-de
nies-he-sexually-harassed-flight-attendant-pri
vate-jet-2022-05-20/) from the original on
May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
526. Assis, Claudia (May 20, 2022). "Tesla stock's
very bad week gets worse after the
allegations against Musk" (https://www.mark
etwatch.com/story/tesla-stocks-very-bad-we
ek-gets-worse-after-the-allegations-against-
musk-11653066056) . MarketWatch.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0523053732/https://www.marketwatch.co
m/story/tesla-stocks-very-bad-week-gets-wo
rse-after-the-allegations-against-musk-11653
066056) from the original on May 23, 2022.
Retrieved May 23, 2022.
527. Sankaran, Vishwam (May 23, 2022). "Elon
Musk lost $10bn net worth in single day after
sexual misconduct allegation emerged" (http
s://www.independent.co.uk/tech/elon-musk-
flight-attendant-sexual-misconduct-networth-
b2085164.html) . The Independent. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202205240034
49/https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/elo
n-musk-flight-attendant-sexual-misconduct-n
etworth-b2085164.html) from the original
on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
528. Root, Al (May 20, 2022). "Tesla Stock Falls
After Harassment Allegations Against CEO"
(https://www.barrons.com/articles/tesla-sto
ck-sexual-harassment-elon-musk-516530860
61) . Barron's. Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20220523151934/https://www.barr
ons.com/articles/tesla-stock-sexual-harass
ment-elon-musk-51653086061) from the
original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23,
2022.
529. Hals, Tom (May 16, 2023). "Elon Musk
documents subpoenaed in Jeffrey Epstein
lawsuit by US Virgin Islands" (https://www.re
uters.com/legal/us-virgin-islands-subpoenae
d-elon-musk-jeffrey-epstein-litigation-2023-0
5-15/) . Reuters. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20230521021245/https://www.r
euters.com/legal/us-virgin-islands-subpoena
ed-elon-musk-jeffrey-epstein-litigation-2023-
05-15/) from the original on May 21, 2023.
Retrieved May 21, 2023.

530. Vaziri, Aidin (October 3, 2023). "Grimes sues

Elon Musk over parental rights: 'Utterly
ripping my family apart' " (https://www.sfchr
onicle.com/entertainment/article/grimes-elo
n-musk-custody-dispute-18404323.php) .
San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved
October 4, 2023.
531. "Grimes sues Elon Musk over parental rights"
(https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/
grimes-sues-elon-musk-parental-rights-rcna1
18608) . NBC News. October 3, 2023.
Retrieved October 4, 2023.

532. Belanger, Ashley (October 2, 2023). "College

student sues Musk for falsely calling him a
"psyop" in neo-Nazi brawl" (https://arstechnic
a.com/tech-policy/2023/10/musk-sued-for-f
alsely-accusing-jewish-man-of-joining-a-neo-
nazi-brawl/) . Ars Technica. Retrieved
October 3, 2023.
533. Madani, Doha (October 2, 2023). "Elon Musk
sued for libel by man falsely identified in neo-
Nazi brawl" (https://www.nbcnews.com/tec
h/tech-news/elon-musk-sued-libel-man-falsel
y-identified-neo-nazi-brawl-rcna118417) .
NBC News. Retrieved October 3, 2023.

534. Skipworth, William (October 2, 2023). "Elon

Musk Sued For Falsely Linking Man To Neo-
Nazi Group—And Federal Agency" (https://w
ww.forbes.com/sites/willskipworth/2023/1
0/02/elon-musk-sued-for-falsely-linking-man-
to-neo-nazi-group-and-federal-agency/) .
Forbes. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
535. "Far-right conspiracy theorists accused a 22-
year-old Jewish man of being a neo-Nazi.
Then Elon Musk got involved" (https://editio
n.cnn.com/2023/11/20/business/brody-mus
k-lawsuit-invs/index.html) . Cnn. November
21, 2023.

536. Brodkin, Jon (October 6, 2023). "Musk

refused to testify in Twitter stock probe,
claimed SEC is harassing him" (https://arstec
hnica.com/tech-policy/2023/10/sec-sues-m
usk-saying-he-refuses-to-testify-in-twitter-sto
ck-investigation/) . Ars Technica. Retrieved
October 7, 2023.
537. Fung, Brian; Duffy, Clare (October 5, 2023).
"US regulator seeks court order to compel
Elon Musk to testify about his Twitter
acquisition" (https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/
05/tech/elon-musk-sec-twitter-lawsuit/index.
html) . CNN. Retrieved October 7, 2023.

538. "Regulator sues Musk to force testimony in X

probe" (https://www.bbc.com/news/busines
s-67024538) . BBC News. October 5, 2023.
Retrieved October 7, 2023.

539. Prentice, Chris; Godoy, Jody (December 14,

2023). "US judge tentatively rules Musk must
testify again in SEC's Twitter probe" (https://
www.reuters.com/legal/elon-musk-sec-face-
off-court-over-twitter-testimony-2023-12-1
4/) . Reuters. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
540. "Musk Must Testify in SEC Twitter Stock
Probe, Judge Signals" (https://www.bloombe
rg.com/news/articles/2023-12-14/musk-mu
st-testify-in-sec-twitter-stock-buys-probe-judg
e-signals) . Bloomberg.com. December 14,
2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.

541. "The drugs and chaos of Elon Musk's fragile

empire" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/
the-drugs-and-chaos-of-elon-musks-fragile-e
mpire-p7pwgh3bm) . The Times.

542. "Elon Musk Has Used Illegal Drugs, Worrying

Leaders at Tesla and SpaceX" (https://www.
wsj.com/business/elon-musk-illegal-drugs-e
826a9e1) . The Wall Street Jounral.
543. Maloy, Ashley Fetters; Tiku, Nitasha. "How
Elon Musk became a new kind of celebrity"
(https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/
2022/07/16/elon-musk-twitter-celebrity/) .
Washington Post. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20230223072115/https://www.
washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/07/16/e
lon-musk-twitter-celebrity/) from the original
on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 4,
2023.
544. Langman, Brady (August 11, 2022). "You're
Going to Have Feelings About Tony Stark's
Biggest Real-World Inspiration" (https://www.
esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a40871
355/tony-stark-iron-man-elon-musk/) .
Esquire. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20221101153058/https://www.esquire.c
om/entertainment/movies/a40871355/tony-
stark-iron-man-elon-musk/) from the
original on November 1, 2022. Retrieved
November 3, 2022.
545. Tate, Ryan (September 20, 2012). "10
Awkward Hollywood Cameos by Tech
Founders" (https://www.wired.com/2012/09/
founders-awkward-hollywood-cameos/) .
Wired. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20171201034116/https://www.wired.com/
2012/09/founders-awkward-hollywood-came
os/) from the original on December 1, 2017.
Retrieved December 1, 2017.
546. Wurzburger, Andrea (May 8, 2021). "Ahead
Elon Musk's Acting Cameos Through the
Years" (https://people.com/tv/elon-musk-snl-
acting-cameos/?slide=8faa5caf-b18a-43c8-9
982-e12a37846603#8faa5caf-b18a-43c8-99
82-e12a37846603) . People. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20220427020829/h
ttps://people.com/tv/elon-musk-snl-acting-c
ameos/?slide=8faa5caf-b18a-43c8-9982-e12
a37846603#8faa5caf-b18a-43c8-9982-e12a
37846603) from the original on April 27,
2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
547. Bova, Dan (December 21, 2016). " 'Why Him?'
Director on Elon Musk's Amazing 'I Can't
Come to Work Today' Excuse" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20200826161409/https://ww
w.entrepreneur.com/video/286858) .
Entrepreneur. Archived from the original (http
s://www.entrepreneur.com/video/286858)
on August 26, 2020. Retrieved January 29,
2017.
548. Alexander, Bryan (June 17, 2019). "Which
celebrities are revealed as space aliens in
'Men in Black: International'? (spoilers)" (http
s://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/20
19/06/17/men-black-international-reveals-ce
lebrity-aliens-spoilers/1459811001/) . USA
Today. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210205152713/https://www.usatoday.c
om/story/life/movies/2019/06/17/men-blac
k-international-reveals-celebrity-aliens-spoiler
s/1459811001/) from the original on
February 5, 2021. Retrieved January 19,
2021.
549. Cain, Sian (April 26, 2022). "From The
Simpsons to Iron Man: Elon Musk's Twitter
takeover is just his latest desperate bid for
celebrity" (https://www.theguardian.com/cult
ure/2022/apr/26/elon-musks-twitter-takeove
r-is-just-his-latest-desperate-bid-for-celebrit
y) . The Guardian. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20220615190636/https://www.t
heguardian.com/culture/2022/apr/26/elon-
musks-twitter-takeover-is-just-his-latest-desp
erate-bid-for-celebrity) from the original on
June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
550. "Tesla CEO Elon Musk To Appear on
Upcoming Episode of the Big Bang Theory"
(http://www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theor
y/news/1004869/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-to-ap
pear-on-upcoming-episode-of-the-big-bang-th
eory/) . CBS. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20180223001910/http://www.cbs.co
m/shows/big_bang_theory/news/1004869/t
esla-ceo-elon-musk-to-appear-on-upcoming-
episode-of-the-big-bang-theory/) from the
original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved
December 4, 2015.
551. Hansen, Louis (November 25, 2016). "Elon
Musk uses 'South Park' to fire back at trolls"
(https://www.denverpost.com/2016/11/25/e
lon-musk-south-park/) . The Denver Post.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2019
0702010155/https://www.denverpost.com/2
016/11/25/elon-musk-south-park/) from the
original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved August 29,
2020.
552. Kurp, Josh (November 18, 2016). "Elon Musk
Joins The Short List Of 'South Park' Guest
Stars To Voice Themselves" (https://www.ya
hoo.com/news/elon-musk-joins-short-list-16
5033463.html) . Yahoo News. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20161119144158/h
ttps://www.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-join
s-short-list-165033463.html) from the
original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved
August 29, 2020.
553. "The Young Sheldon Episode You Likely
Forgot Starred Elon Musk" (https://www.ms
n.com/en-us/tv/news/the-young-sheldon-epi
sode-you-likely-forgot-starred-elon-musk/ar-
AAVLglE) . MSN. Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20220525052031/https://www.
msn.com/en-us/tv/news/the-young-sheldon-
episode-you-likely-forgot-starred-elon-musk/
ar-AAVLglE) from the original on May 25,
2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
554. Schedeen, Jesse (November 25, 2019). "Elon
Musk's Rick and Morty Cameo Finally
Explains His 'Elon Tusk' Twitter Joke" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20200131050424/h
ttps://www.ign.com/articles/2019/11/25/elo
n-musk-rick-and-morty-cameo-elon-tusk) .
IGN. Archived from the original (https://www.
ign.com/articles/2019/11/25/elon-musk-rick
-and-morty-cameo-elon-tusk) on January 31,
2020. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
555. Cooper, Gael Fashingbauer (November 25,
2019). "Elon Musk shows up on Rick and
Morty as Elon Tusk, head of Tuskla" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20200821033512/http
s://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-shows-u
p-on-rick-and-morty-as-elon-tusk-head-of-tus
kla/) . CNET. Archived from the original (http
s://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-shows-u
p-on-rick-and-morty-as-elon-tusk-head-of-tus
kla/) on August 21, 2020. Retrieved
August 29, 2020.
556. Itzkoff, Dave (May 9, 2021). "Elon Musk
Hosts a Mother's Day Episode of 'Saturday
Night Live' " (https://ghostarchive.org/archiv
e/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/202
1/05/09/arts/television/elon-musk-snl.htm
l) . The New York Times. Archived from the
original (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/
09/arts/television/elon-musk-snl.html) on
December 28, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.

557. Field, Kyle (December 2, 2015). "Tesla Stars

In 'Racing Extinction' Documentary" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20200824201304/http
s://cleantechnica.com/2015/12/02/tesla-sta
rs-racing-extinction-documentary/) .
CleanTechnica. Archived from the original (ht
tp://cleantechnica.com/2015/12/02/tesla-st
ars-racing-extinction-documentary/) on
August 24, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
558. Ladan, Tanja M. (August 24, 2016). "Werner
Herzog Hacks the Horrors of Connectivity in
'Lo and Behold' " (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200204205058/https://www.vice.com/e
n_us/article/nz4p58/werner-herzog-lo-and-b
ehold-documentary) . Vice. Archived from
the original (https://www.vice.com/en_us/art
icle/nz4p58/werner-herzog-lo-and-behold-do
cumentary) on February 4, 2020. Retrieved
September 4, 2020.
559. "Elon Musk elected as Fellow of the Royal
Society" (https://news.sky.com/story/elon-m
usk-elected-as-fellow-of-the-royal-society-11
365298) . Sky News. May 9, 2018. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/202101041351
55/https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-el
ected-as-fellow-of-the-royal-society-1136529
8) from the original on January 4, 2021.
Retrieved February 28, 2021.
560. "SEAS Celebrates Class of 2015, Honors
Innovators Elon Musk and Dean Kamen" (http
s://seas.yale.edu/news-events/news/seas-c
elebrates-class-2015-honors-innovators-elon-
musk-and-dean-kamen) . Yale School of
Engineering & Applied Science. May 18,
2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20150520024948/http://seas.yale.edu/ne
ws-events/news/seas-celebrates-class-2015
-honors-innovators-elon-musk-and-dean-kam
en) from the original on May 20, 2015.
561. "IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients" (http
s://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/iee
e/web/org/about/awards/recipients/hon_me
m_rl.pdf) (PDF). Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20110629021316/http://w
ww.ieee.org/documents/hon_mem_rl.pdf)
(PDF) from the original on June 29, 2011.
562. "George M. Low Space Transportation
Award" (https://www.aiaa.org/get-involved/h
onors-awards/awards/award-george-m-low-s
pace-transportation-award) . American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0814194408/https://www.aiaa.org/get-involv
ed/honors-awards/awards/award-george-m-l
ow-space-transportation-award) from the
original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved
August 14, 2021.
563. "Barron Hilton and Elon Musk honoured with
the highest FAI awards" (https://www.fai.org/
news/barron-hilton-and-elon-musk-honoured-
highest-fai-awards) . Fédération
Aéronautique Internationale. December 16,
2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20150419204916/http://www.fai.org/envc
-awards/envc-news-awards/35094-barron-hil
ton-and-elon-musk-honoured-with-the-highes
t-awards) from the original on April 19,
2015.
564. "2012 RAeS Gold Medal" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20121128025956/http://media.ae
rosociety.com/aerospace-insight/2012/11/2
3/video-elon-musk-interview/7553/) .
Archived from the original (http://media.aero
society.com/aerospace-insight/2012/11/23/
video-elon-musk-interview/7553) on
November 28, 2012.

565. Favreau, Jon (April 29, 2010). "Elon Musk" (ht

tp://content.time.com/time/specials/packag
es/article/0,28804,1984685_1984745_19854
95,00.html) . Time. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20201112035646/http://conte
nt.time.com/time/specials/packages/articl
e/0,28804,1984685_1984745_1985495,00.ht
ml) from the original on November 12, 2020.
Retrieved February 28, 2021.
566. Branson, Richard (April 18, 2013). "Elon
Musk" (https://time100.time.com/2013/04/1
8/time-100/slide/elon-musk/) . Time.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0212203010/https://time100.time.com/201
3/04/18/time-100/slide/elon-musk/) from
the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved
February 28, 2021.

567. Milner, Yuri. "Elon Musk" (https://time.com/c

ollection/most-influential-people-2018/5217
614/elon-musk/) . Time. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20210103222113/http
s://time.com/collection/most-influential-peo
ple-2018/5217614/elon-musk/) from the
original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved
February 28, 2021.
568. "Elon Musk: The 100 Most Influential People
of 2021" (https://time.com/collection/100-m
ost-influential-people-2021/6095970/elon-m
usk-innovators/) . Time. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20220530144543/https://
time.com/collection/100-most-influential-pe
ople-2021/6095970/elon-musk-innovators/)
from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved
September 21, 2021.
569. Flynn, Kerry (December 13, 2021). "Time
Person of the Year: Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla
and SpaceX, named most influential of 2021"
(https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/13/medi
a/slug-time-person-year-elon-musk/index.ht
ml) . CNN. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20211213131207/https://edition.cnn.
com/2021/12/13/media/slug-time-person-ye
ar-elon-musk/index.html) from the original
on December 13, 2021. Retrieved
December 13, 2021.
570. Felsenthal, Edward (December 13, 2021).
"Time 2021 The choice Elon Musk" (https://ti
me.com/person-of-the-year-2021-elon-musk-
choice/) . Time. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20211213124509/https://time.co
m/person-of-the-year-2021-elon-musk-choic
e/) from the original on December 13, 2021.
Retrieved December 13, 2021.

571. "For breakthroughs in the design,

engineering, manufacturing, and operation of
reusable launch vehicles and sustainable
transportation and energy systems" (https://
www.nae.edu/271501.aspx) . National
Academy of Engineering. February 9, 2022.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022
0325232302/https://www.nae.edu/271501.a
spx) from the original on March 25, 2022.
Retrieved March 25, 2022.
572. Shephard, Alex (December 27, 2023). "Elon
Musk Is The New Republic's 2023 Scoundrel
of the Year" (https://newrepublic.com/articl
e/177695/elon-musk-scoundrel-year-2023-ne
w-republic) . The New Republic. ISSN 0028-
6583 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6
583) . Retrieved December 28, 2023.

Works cited

Belfiore, Michael (2007). Rocketeers. New

York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780061149023.
Berger, Eric (2021). Liftoff. William Morrow and
Company. ISBN 9780062979971.
Isaacson, Walter (2023). Elon Musk. New York:
Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781982181284.
OCLC 1395888338 (https://www.worldcat.org/
oclc/1395888338) .
 Jackson, Eric M. (2004). The PayPal Wars:
Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the
Rest of Planet Earth. Los Angeles: World
Ahead Publishing. ISBN 9780974670102.
Kidder, David; Hoffman, Reid (2013). The
Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest
Growing Start-Ups from the founding
Entrepreneurs. San Francisco: Chronicle
Books. ISBN 9781452105048.
Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla,
SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
(2nd ed.). New York: Ecco.
ISBN 9780062301253.

Further reading

Tarnoff, Ben, "Ultra Hardcore" (review of

Walter Isaacson, Elon Musk, Simon and
Schuster, 2023, 670 pp.), The New York
Review of Books, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (18
January 2024), pp. 6, 8, 10. "There is an
anti-modern impulse to Musk, a craving
for lordship that can't be entirely satisfied
within the confines of a capitalist
economy. A king doesn't have advertisers
or shareholders or customers, and Musk,
if he continues on his current trajectory,
may very well be abandoned by all three.
Aristotle says a good ending should be
surprising but inevitable. It's possible to
imagine multiple finales for Musk that
meet these criteria, but the story always
begins the same way. Once upon a time
 in Pretoria, there was a boy who wanted
to be a man." (p. 10.)

External links

Appearances (https://w
Elon Musk
ww.c-span.org/person/? at Wikipedia's
sister projects
1020671) on C-SPAN

Media from
Commons
News from
Wikinews
Quotations
from
Wikiquote
Data from
Wikidata

Portals: Biography Business

Canada Cars
Companies Ecology
E I
 Energy Internet
Renewable energy
Space South Africa
Technology
United States

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Elon_Musk&oldid=1196487635"

This page was last edited on 17 January 2024, at

17:25 (UTC). •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless
otherwise noted.