THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING

C.A.C. Imbert

THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION

THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER
[Adapted from the Board of Engineering of Trinidad and Tobago (BOETT)]
A professional engineer is competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and
training to apply the scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of
engineering problems. He/She is able to assume personal responsibility for the
development and application of engineering science, technology and knowledge, notably
in research, designing, construction, manufacturing, managing, teaching and education.
His/Her work is predominantly intellectual and varied, as opposed to routine mental or
physical in character. It requires original thought and judgment and the ability to
supervise the technical and administrative work of others.
His/Her education and training entails a broad and general appreciation of the
engineering sciences and technologies as well as a thorough insight into the special
features of his/her own branch. In time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical
advice, and to assume responsibility for the direction of important tasks in his/her branch,
always observing the highest standards of ethical behaviour.
His/Her education allows for him/her to closely and continuously follow progress in
his/her branch of engineering by consulting newly published work on a worldwide basis,
assimilating such information and applying it independently. He/She is thus placed in a
position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its
applications.
Engineering professionals, as other professionals, are catered for by associations, for
example the Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago.
The Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago (APETT) is a learned
society of professional engineers dedicated to the development of engineers and the
engineering profession. The association promotes the highest standards of professional
practice and stimulates awareness of technology and the role of the engineer in society.
Its objectives are as follows:
• To safeguard the life, health and welfare of the public by restricting the practice
of engineering to properly qualified persons.
• To advance the status of the engineering profession by the establishment and
observance of high ethical standards.
• To promote the proficiency, knowledge and skill of Professional Engineers, and
to increase their usefulness to the public.
• To protect and advance the interests of Professional Engineers.
Following are examples of different types of engineering organizations.

FORMATION OF THE ENGINEER

The formation of the engineer consists of education and training, where education is
concerned with the acquisition of knowledge and training the application of knowledge
and the acquisition of skills and practical experience.

ENGINEERING EDUCATION

Engineering academic qualifications are usually delivered by universities and

specialized tertiary educational institutions. In the UK , unlike most other countries, those
people who are unable to attend university can take the Engineering Council
examinations.

In the formal education system a Bachelor’s degree typically requires 15-16 years of
schooling - 6 primary, 5-7 secondary and 3-4 tertiary. A Master’s degree takes 1-2 years
and a PhD, 3 years.

Engineering Degrees from The University of the West Indies (UWI)

UWI degrees, including Engineering, have traditionally been structured to be completed

in three (3) academic years, post ‘A’ Levels/CAPE 1 and 2 (7 years of secondary school)
or equivalent.

Engineering Degrees in Other Part of the World

In the UK it typically takes 3 years (after 7 years of secondary education) for a

Bachelor’s degree. A 4-year engineering course is awarded a Master of Engineering,
MEng (as opposed to Master of Science in Engineering).

In North America a Bachelor's degree takes 4 years, which typically follows 6 years of
secondary school.
Bologna Declaration (Europe)

In 1999 twenty-nine (29) countries, including the United Kingdom, signed the Bologna
Declaration (referred to also as the Bologna Accord). The Bologna Process is a two-stage
system of Bachelor’s and Master’s to comprise the Educational Base required for
registration as a professional engineer. These two stages should nominally take five
years, the so-called 3+2 system. In many universities the Master’s degree is done in three
consecutive semesters or one calendar year full-time. In Britain (excluding Scotland) one
may pursue a 3-year B.Sc. degree plus the M.Sc. or a 4-year MEng degree.

In Germany the Bologna process is already underway at an increasing number of

universities where the Bachelor’s degree in engineering can be a B.Eng. or a B.Sc.,
depending on the focus of studies. The new postgraduate Master’s degrees are seen as
equivalent to the old five-year Diplom (Diplome in France).
In the UK, the term "engineer" is often applied to non-degree vocations such as
technologists, technicians, craftsmen and even unskilled occupations. Unlike other
countries the British culture in general tended to look down on the engineering
profession. The term “engineer” is used rather loosely in many other countries but there
is a growing movement in many countries to legally protect the title 'Engineer' so that
only qualified engineers can use it and practice professional engineering.

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STATUS

As in all professions the graduate can only be considered a professional after a suitable
period of post-graduation training and practice. A period of 4 years is usually
considered adequate.

Regulation and licensure in engineering is established by various jurisdictions of the

world to define the process through which an engineer becomes authorized to provide
professional services.

The engineering profession is regulated in some countries and unregulated in others.

Engineering practice is not regulated in the UK, USA and Canada and in most Caribbean
territories, i.e. one does not need a licence to practice engineering. In countries where
engineering is a regulated profession, there are specific procedures and requirements for
registration (obtaining license to practice) from a government or other granting authority
and as in other regulated professions (Medicine and Law for example), engineers are
subject to regulation by these bodies.

In North America registration or licensure of professional engineers and engineering

practice is performed by the individual states (USA) or provinces (Canada). Each
registration or license is valid only in the state or province where it is granted. Many
professional engineers maintain licenses in several states/provinces for this reason, and
comity (reciprocity ) between states/provinces is common. In the UK, Europe and the
Caribbean registration of engineers is done on a national basis.

In some jurisdictions only registered (or licenced) engineers are permitted to use the title
Engineer or to practice engineering. In many jurisdictions although legal registration in
not mandatory many institutions, including many public agencies, stipulate that only a
registered engineer should officially sign or stamp certain reports, drawings, and
calculations particularly for design work.

Many designations are used to – in North America PE and PEng, in the UK CEng, in
Europe Ing and Trinidad and Tobago REng.

Engineers may not be licenced in a specific discipline but are bound by their Code of
Ethics from practicing outside their training. Engineers who work as employees for a
company usually do not need to be legally registered. Such persons are governed under
the industrial exemption clause in the USA.

ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS

There are several types of engineering organizations such as professional (learned)

associations (often also called societies, institutions or less frequently institutes).
Professional organizations stipulate two requirements – academic qualifications at
the minimum level of an accredited Bachelor’s degree and relevant post graduation
experience, usually of minimum four years.

Because of small size many countries have only one organization for all types of
engineers or engineers and related professionals.

SOME CARIBBEAN PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS

COUNCIL OF CARIBBEAN ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS (CCEO)

Antigua Association of Professional Association of Professional Engineers

of Engineers Saint Lucia
Association of Professional Engineers of Bahamas Institution of Professional
Trinidad & Tobago Engineers
Barbados Association of Professional Belize Association of Technical
Engineers Professionals
Dominica Association of Technical Grenada Institution of Professional
Professionals Engineers
Guyana Association of Professional Jamaica Institution of Engineers
Engineers
St. Vincent Association of Professional St. Kitts-Nevis Association of
Engineers Professional Engineers
 SOME AMERICAN ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS

American Association of Engineering Societies American Society of Mechanical

Engineers International
American Consulting Engineers Council American Society of Safety Engineers
National Action Council for Minorities in
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Engineering
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical
National Society of Black Engineers
& Petroleum Engineers
American Society for Engineering Education Society of Automotive Engineers
American Society for Healthcare Engineering Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers
American Society for Nondestructive Testing Society of Manufacturing Engineers
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Society of Petroleum Engineers
American Society of Civil Engineers Society of Women Engineers
Am. Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air- The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Conditioning Engineers Engineers

SOME BRITISH ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS

Royal Aeronautical Society Institution of Agricultural Engineers

Chartered Institution of Building Services Institution of Chemical Engineers
Engineers
Institution of Civil Engineers Institution of Engineering and
Technology
Society of Environmental Engineers Institution of Fire Engineers
Institute of Highway Incorporated Engineers Institute of Marine Engineering,
Science and Technology
Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Royal Institution of Naval Architects Institution of Nuclear Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers Welding Institute

In many countries engineering organizations responsible for the legal registration of

engineers are separate from the learned society. Examples of these are:
Board of Engineering of Trinidad and Tobago
Professional Engineers Registration Board (of Jamaica)

Other national organizations cater for specific functions, for example:

Association of Consulting Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago

Some organizations cater for students, such as: Engineering Students’ Society (UWI)

There are international engineering organizations that are groupings of national bodies.
 INTERNATIONAL/REGIONAL ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS

World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO)

Commonwealth Engineers Council
Union Panamericana de Asociaciones de Ingenieros
Council of Caribbean Engineering Organizations (CCEO)
Engineers Forum

Some international organizations admit both organizations and individuals but are not
professional societies, not requiring accredited degrees for membership, for example:

International Association for Continuing Engineering Education

World Federation of Engineering Organisations (WFEO)

World Federation of Engineering Organisations, founded in 1968 under the auspices of

the UNESCO in Paris, is a non-governmental international organisation that brings
together National Engineering Organisations from over 90 nations and represents some
8,000,000 engineers from around the world. WFEO is the world wide leader of the
engineering profession and co-operates with national and other international professional
institutions in developing and applying engineering to the benefit of humanity.
WFEO Mission
• To provide information and leadership to the engineering profession on issues
of concern to the public or the profession.
• To serve society and to be recognized by national and international organisations
and the public, as a respected and valuable source of advice and guidance on the
policies, interesting concerns that relate engineering and technology to the human
and natural environment.
• To make information on engineering available to the countries of the world and to
facilitate communication between its member nations.
• To foster peace, socioeconomic security and sustainable development among all
countries of the world, through the proper application of technology.
• To facilitate relationships between governments, business and people by bringing
engineering dimension to discussion of policies and investment.
 COMMONWEALTH ENGINEERS' COUNCIL
In the Autumn of 1945 the Institution of Civil Engineers suggested to the Institutions of
Mechanical and Electrical Engineers that a conference of representatives of
Commonwealth Engineering Institutions should be held in London in 1946 to increase
collaboration and co-operation between them and to extend the links which had been
built up during the 1939-45 war. They were joined at that conference by the national
engineering institutions of Australia, Canada, India, South Africa and New Zealand to
form the Commonwealth Engineers' Council, one of the first and largest in membership
of the Commonwealth wealth-wide Professional Associations.
By 1980 the membership had grown from original six countries to fourteen. It now
numbers forty-three, one of which - the Council of Caribbean Engineering Organisations
- is composed of twelve Commonwealth states. Twelve smaller countries are
Corresponding Members. All these members are organised into seven geographical
regions, Africa being split further into three sub-regions. Each has its own Regional
Secretary, usually the secretary of one of the national engineering organisations. The
CEC Central Secretariat is based in London.
The Council of Caribbean Engineering Organizations (CCEO) is similar in structure,
goals and operations to the Commonwealth Engineers' Council.
THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR CONTINUING ENGINEERING EDUCATION
(IACEE)
The International Association for Continuing Engineering Education (IACEE) is an
international, non-profit and non-governmental organization. The aim of IACEE is to
support and enhance lifelong technical education and training and advanced engineering
education world-wide, including the special needs of the developing countries.
Background
The founding process of IACEE was initiated in 1986, as a means to secure the
continuation of the triennial World Conferences on Continuing Engineering Education. In
addition to the triennial conference the IACEE is involved in several projects and
regularly produces publications on various aspects of continuing engineering education.
The idea received strong support from UNESCO and its International Working Groups
on Continuing Education of Engineers and Technicians, and on Engineering Education
and Industry Cooperation.
From the very start, several international organizations within the field of engineering
education actively promoted the new association. One of the founding organizations of
the IACEE is he Council of Caribbean Engineering Organizations (CCEO). The charter
was signed during the opening session of the 4th World Conference on Continuing
Engineering Education on May 17, 1989, in Beijing, China. The headquarters of the
IACEE was in Finland for several years and is currently administered in the offices of the
American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).
Objectives
IACEE receives its principal support from various national, regional and international
organizations engaged in continuing engineering education. The general objective of
IACEE is to support and enhance lifelong technical education and training, and advanced
engineering education worldwide. The activities will include measures specifically
directed to meet the special needs of the developing countries.
The Association´s objectives are pursued by:
▪ promoting international technology transfer through a better understanding of the
continuing education process
▪ improving the quality of education and training of engineers and technicians, and
of technical information through international cooperation
▪ developing and strengthening cooperation between education and industry
▪ promoting the establishment of centers for continuing education
▪ supporting the equality of women in engineering
▪ promoting and conducting research and development
▪ initiating international and regional meetings/conferences, and providing technical
assistance in conducting them

ACCREDITATION
Accreditation is a peer review process that ensures educational quality. Educational
institutions or programs volunteer to periodically undergo this review in order to
determine if certain criteria are being met.
There are two types of accreditation: institutional and specialized.
• Institutional accreditation evaluates overall institutional quality. One form of
institutional accreditation is regional accreditation of colleges and universities.

• Specialized accreditation examines specific programs of study, rather than an

institution as a whole. This type of accreditation is granted to specific programs at
specific levels. Architecture, nursing, law, medicine, and engineering programs
are often evaluated through specialized accreditation.
 SOME ACCREDITATION INSTITUTIONS

SOME SPECIALIZED ACCREDITATION BODIES

Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (USA)
Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board
Engineering Council UK
The Washington Accord is an international grouping of national accreditation bodies.

SOME INSTITUTIONAL ACCREDITATION BODIES

Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools (Commission on Higher Education)
New England Association of Schools and Colleges
Commission on Institutions of Higher Education
North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (The Higher Learning Commission)
Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (Commission on Colleges)
Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities
Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges

Caribbean accreditation bodies such as Accreditation Council of Trinidad and Tobago

and University Council of Jamaica are empowered to conduct both institutional and
specialized (program) accreditation.
 ACCREDITATION BOARD FOR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (ABET)
In the United States
ABET, Inc., the recognized accreditor for college and university programs in applied
science, computing, engineering, and technology, is a federation of 28 professional and
technical societies representing these fields. ABET accredits programs only, not
departments, colleges, or institutions.
Among the most respected accreditation organizations in the U.S., ABET has provided
leadership and quality assurance in higher education for over 70 years. ABET currently
accredits some 2,700 programs at over 550 colleges and universities in the USA and
conducts quality audits in other countries. Over 1,500 dedicated volunteers participate
annually in ABET activities.
Quality Standards
The quality standards programs must meet to be accredited are set by the professions
themselves. This is done by the collaborative efforts of many different professional and
technical societies.
The Accreditation Process
Accreditation is a voluntary process on the part of an institution. An institution requests
an evaluation of its program(s) as the first step. (Only programs that have produced at
least one graduate are eligible for accreditation.) Each program then conducts an internal
evaluation and completes a self-study questionnaire. The self-study documents whether
students, curriculum, faculty, administration, facilities, and institutional support meet the
established criteria.
While the program conducts its self-examination, an evaluation team is selected to visit
the campus. A team chair and one or more program evaluators make up the evaluation
team. Team members are volunteers from academe, government, and industry, as well as
private practice.
During the on-campus visit, the evaluation team reviews course materials, student
projects, and sample assignments and interviews students, faculty, and administrators.
The team investigates whether the criteria are met and tackles any questions raised by the
self-study. Following its campus visit, the team provides the school with a written report
of the evaluation. This allows the program to correct any misrepresentations or errors of
fact, as well as address any shortcomings in a timely manner.
Students can learn more of different types of engineering bodies from the following:
Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago (APETT) – apett.org
Board of Engineering of Trinidad and Tobago (BOETT) - boett.org
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) – asme.org
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – asce.org

Engineering Council UK – engc.org.uk

Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) – abet.org
World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) – wfeo.org
International Association for Continuing Engineering Education – iacee.org

CODE OF ETHICS OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS

A Professional Engineer

1. owes certain duties to the public, to his employers, to other Members of his
profession and to himself and shall act at all time with:
(a) fidelity to public needs;
(b) fairness and loyalty to his associates, employers, clients, subordinates and
employees; and
(c) devotion to high ideals of personal honour and professional integrity.
2. shall express opinions on engineering matters only on the basis of adequate
knowledge and honest conviction.
3. shall have proper regard for the safety, health and welfare of the public in the
performance of his professional duties.
4. shall endeavour to extend public understanding of engineering and its place in
society.
5. shall not be associated with enterprises contrary to the public interest or sponsored
by persons of questionable integrity, or which does not conform to the basic
principles of the Code.
6. shall sign and/or seal only those plans specifications and reports actually prepared
by him/her under his direct professional supervision.
7. shall act for his client or employer as a faithful agent or trustee.
8. shall not disclose confidential information pertaining to the interests of his client or
employers without their consent.
9. shall present clearly to his client or employers the consequences to be expected if
his professional judgment is over-ruled by non-technical authority in matters
pertaining to work for which he is professional responsible.

10. shall not undertake any assignment, which may create a conflict of interest with his
clients or employers without the full knowledge of his client or employers.
11. shall not accept remuneration for services rendered other than from his client or
employer.

12. shall conduct himself towards other Professional Engineers with courtesy, fairness
and good faith.

13. shall not compete unfairly with another engineer by attempting to obtain
employment, advancement or professional engagements by competitive bidding, by
taking advantage of a salaried position or by criticizing other engineers.

14. shall undertake only such work as he/she is competent to perform by virtue of
his/her training and experience.

15. shall not advertise his/her work or merit in a self-laudatory manner, and shall avoid
all conduct or practice likely to discredit or unfavourable reflect upon the dignity or
honour of the profession.

16. shall advise his/her Association or Institution or the Council of any practice by
another Professional Engineer, which he/she believes to be contrary to the Code of
Ethics.

GUIDE TO PRACTICE UNDER THE CODE OF ETHICS

GENERAL

ARTICLE 1. a Professional Engineer owes certain duties to the public, to his employers,
to other Members of his profession and to himself/herself and shall act at all
time with :
(a) fidelity to public needs;
(b) fairness and loyalty to his associates, lawyers, clients, subordinates
and employees; and
(c) devotion to high ideals of personal honour and professional
integrity.

DUTIES OF THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER TO THE PUBLIC

A Professional Engineer

ARTICLE 2. shall express opinions on engineering matters only on the basis of adequate
knowledge and honest
conviction.
(a) he shall ensure, to the best of his ability, the statements on
engineering matters attributed to him/her are not misleading and
properly reflects his professional opinion;
 (b) he shall not express publicly or while he/she is serving as a witness
before a Court, Commission or other tribunal opinions on
Professional Engineering matters that are not founded on adequate
knowledge and honest conviction.
ARTICLE 3. shall have proper regard for the safety, health and welfare of the public in
the performance of his professional duties.
(a) he/she shall notify the proper authorities of any situation, which
he/she considers, on the basis of his professional knowledge, to be a danger
to public safety and health.

(b) shall complete, sign, or seal only those plans and/or specifications
which reflect proper regard for the safety and health of the public.

ARTICLE 4. shall endeavour to extend public understanding of engineering and its policy
in society.

(a) he/she shall endeavour at all times to enhance the public regard for,
and its understanding of his profession by extending the public
knowledge thereof and discouraging untrue, unfair and exaggerated
statements with respect to Professional Engineering.

(b) he/she shall not give opinions or make statements on Professional

Engineering projects connected with public policy such statements
are inspired or paid for by private interest unless he/she clearly
discloses on whose behalf he/she is giving the opinions or making
the statement.

ARTICLE 5. shall not be associated with enterprises contrary to the public interest or
sponsored by persons of questionable integrity, or persons whose behaviour
do not conform to the basic principles of the Code.

(a) he/she shall conform with registration laws in his/her practice of

engineering.

(b) he/she shall not sanction the publication of his reports impart or in
whole in a manner calculated to mislead and if it comes to his/her
knowledge that they are so published, he/she shall take immediate
steps to correct any false impressions given by them.

ARTICLE 6. shall sign and/or seal only those plans, specifications and reports actually
prepared by him/her or under his/her direct professional
supervision.
 DUTIES OF THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS TO HIS CLIENT OR
EMPLOYER

A Professional Engineer

ARTICLE 7. shall act for his/her client or employer as a faithful agent or trustee.

(a) he/she shall be realistic and honest in all estimates, reports,

statements and testimony.

(b) he/she shall admit and accept his/her own errors when proven
obviously wrong and refrain from distorting or altering the facts in
an attempt to justify his/her decision.

(c) he/she shall advise his client or employer when he/she believes a
project will not be successful.

(d) he/she shall not accept outside employment to the detriment of

his/her regular work or interest, or without the consent of his/her
employer.

(e) he/she shall not attempt to attract an engineer from another

employer by unfair methods.

(f) he/she shall engage, or advise engaging experts and specialists when
such services are in his/her client's or employer's best interest.

ARTICLE 8. shall not disclose confidential information pertaining to the interest of his
clients or employers without their consent.

(a) he/she shall not use information coming to him confidentially in he

course of his assignment as a means of making personal gain except
with the knowledge and consent of his/her client or employer.

(b) he/she shall not divulge, without official consent, any confidential
findings resulting from studies or actions of any Commissions or
Boards of which he/she is a Member or for which he/she is acting.

ARTICLE 9. shall present clearly to his/her clients or employers the consequences to be

expected if his/her professional judgments is over-ruled by non-technical
authority in matters pertaining to work for which he is professional
responsible.
ARTICLE 10. shall not undertake any assignment, which may create a conflict of interest
with his/her clients or employers without the full knowledge of his/her
clients or employers.

(a) he/she shall inform his/her client or employer of any business

connections interests or circumstances which may be deemed as
influencing his/her judgment or the quality of his/her services to
his/her client or employer.

(b) when in public service as a member, advisor or employee of a

governmental body or department, he/she shall not participate in
considerations or actions with respect to services provided by
him/her organization in private engineering practice.

(c) he/she shall not solicit or accept an engineering contract from a

governmental body on which a principal or officer of his/her
organization serves as a Member.

ARTICLE 11. shall not accept remuneration for services rendered other than from his/her
client or employer.
(a) he/she shall not accept compensation from more than one interested
party for the same service or for services pertaining to the same
work, under circumstances that may involve a conflict of interest,
without the consent of all interested parties.
(b) he/she shall not accept any royalty or commission on any articles or
process used on the work for which he/her is responsible without the
consent of his/her client or employer.
(c) he/she shall not undertake work at a fee or salary below the accepted
standards of the profession in the area.
(d) he/she shall not tender on competitive work upon which he may be
acting as a Consulting Engineer.
(e) he/she shall not act as Consulting Engineer in respect of any work
upon which he may be the Contractor.

DUTIES OF THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS TO THE PROFESSION

A Professional Engineer

ARTICLE 12. shall conduct himself/herself towards other Professional Engineers with
courtesy, fairness and good faith.
(a) he/she shall not accept any engagement to review the work of
another Professional Engineer for the same employer or client
except with the knowledge of such engineer unless such engineer's
engagement on the work has been terminated.
(b) he/she shall not maliciously injure the reputation or business of
another Professional Engineer.
ARTICLE 13. shall not compete unfairly with another engineer by attempting to obtain
employment, advancement to professional engagements by competitive
bidding, taking advantage of a salaried position or by criticizing other
engineers.
(a) he/she shall not attempt to supplant another engineer in a particular
employment after becoming aware the definite steps have been
taken towards the other employment.
(b) he/she not offer to pay, either directly or indirectly any commission,
political contribution, or a gift or other consideration in order to
secure Professional Engineering Work.
(c) he/she shall not solicit or submit engineering proposals on the basis
of competitive bidding.
(d) he/she shall not use equipment, supplies, laboratory, or office
facilities of his employer to carry on outside private practice without
consent.

ARTICLE 14. shall undertake only such work as he/she is competent to perform by virtue
of his/her training and experience.

(a) he/she shall not misrepresent his qualifications.

ARTICLE 15. shall not advertise his/her work or merit in a self-

laudatory manner, and shall avoid all conduct or
practice likely to discredit or unfavourable reflect
upon the dignity or honour of his/her profession.

(a) circumspect advertising may be properly employed by the engineers

to announce his/her practice and availability. Only those media
shall be used as are necessary to reach directly an interested and
potential client or employer, and such media shall in themselves be
dignified, reputable and characteristically free of any factor or
circumstance that would bring disrepute to the profession or to the
professional using them. The substance of such advertising shall be
limited to fact and shall contain no statement or offer intended to
discredit or displace another engineer, either specifically or by
implication.

ARTICLE 16. shall advise his/her Association or institution or

the Council of any practice by another
Professional Engineer which he/she believes to
be contrary to the Code of Ethics.