PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES boolean – only two possible values: true
or false. Example: boolean isNice = true;
DATA TYPE – values have particular data types. char – to store single character. In java,
They are used to specify the set of values and it is enclosed with single quotes.
operations. Example: char letter = ‘A’;
PRIMITIVE DATA TYPE – fundamental data
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
types in java. These data types are basic data
types that represent simple values like VARIABLE - a name for a memory location that
numbers or characters. They are predefined stores a specific value. This is an identifier. Can
(already defined) in Java. hold one value at a time, but value may change
during program execution. Declaration:
8 BUILT-IN PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES
data_type variable_name = value;
8-bit Stores whole numbers from - int x = 10;
byte
integer 128 to 127
To declare more than one variable of the same
short
16-bit Stores whole numbers from - data type or specified type, use a comma-
integer 32,768 to 32,767 seperated list. Example:
32-bit Stores whole numbers from - I. int a, b, c;
int
integer 231 to 231-1 II. int a = 10, b = 3, c = 1 + 2;
III. char letter; letter = ‘A’;
64-bit Stores whole numbers from -
long CONSTANT – memory location whose value
integer 263 to 263-1
cannot be changed during program execution.
Stores fractional numbers.
To declare constant values, use ‘final’ reserved
float 32-bit Sufficient for storing 6 to 7
decimal digits keyword: final data_type variable_name =
Stores fractional numbers. value; Example: final double PI = 3.14159;
double 64-bit Sufficient for storing 15
decimal digits TYPE CASTING
1-bit of
boolean True/false
information Type Casting - refers to converting a value
‘\u0000’ (or 0) to ‘\uffff’ (or from a specific type to a variable of another
16-bit
65,535 inclusive) Stores a
char Unicode
single character/letter or ASCII type. Two types of convertion:
character
values
Widening (implicit casting) - lower to
byte - saving memory space in large
higher precision data type. No loss of
arrays. Example: byte b = 100;
information, casting will be preformed
short - saving memory space in large
by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
arrays. Example: short s= 1400;
implicitly or automatically.
int - generally used as the default data
type for integral values unless there is a
concern about memory space. Example:
int i = 12400; int x = 4;
double y = x;
long - used when a wider range than int //value of y is 4.0 because it got
is needed. Example: long l = 124000L; converted to double
float - save memory in large arrays of Narrowing (explicit casting) – high to
floating-point numbers. lower precision data type. Typically
Example: float f1 = 234.5f; involve loss of information. The
double – generally the default data type following is an example of Java’s strict
for decimal values. type checking:
Example: double d1 = 234.5d; (or float x = 4.1f;
without the ‘d’ after the value 234.5) int y = x;
//cannot be converted
It should be made explicit by the programmer RELATIONAL/COMPARISON OPERATORS -
through a cast operator: (data_type_name) used to evaluate the relation between the
expression. The following is an example of operands and generate a decision. These
explicit casting: returns Boolean value. Declarations: int x = 11,
float x = 4.1f; y = 3;
int y = (int) x;
Greater
//the value of y is 4. > x>y True
than
Greater
>= than or x >= y True
When using cast operator to convert decimal equal
number (float, double) into integer (int, short, < Less than x<y False
byte etc.), it will not round off the number. Less than
<= x <= y False
int a = (int) 7.9; //returns 7 or equal
double b = (double) 25; // returns 25.0 == Equal x == y False
float c = (float) (3 + 5); // returns 8.0
Not
!= x != y True
Equal
OPERATORS The relational expressions can also be used to
assign value in variables. For example:
Operators - These symbols tell the compiler or
interpreter of the program to perform a specific boolean b = 10 > 2; //result is true and
mathematical, relational, or logical operation. assigned in variable b. So, the variable b stored
the value true.
ARITHMETHIC OPERATORS - used to perform
basic mathematical operations. A value used on LOGICAL OPERATOR - return a Boolean value
either side of an operator is an operand. based on the Boolean result of the given
Example, in the expression 2 + 3, 2 and 3 are expressions. Always evaluated from left to
operands. Declarations: int x = 11, y = 3; right. Example:
+ Addition x+y 14 boolean a = 3 > 2; //store true value
- Subtraction x-y 8 boolean b = 2 < 1; //store false value
* Multiplication x*y 33
3 (not 3.66 AND operator:
because the Both operands
/ Division x/y && should be true a && b False
data types
are int) to make
2 condition true.
% Modulus x%y OR operator: at
(remainder)
The division and modulus have special least one
consideration. Java supports two types || operand is true a || b True
division: to make
condition true
Floating point Division occurs when XOR operator:
one or both operands are floating point only one
or decimal (or the data types are float or ^ operand is true a^b True
double). Example: to make
int x = 11; double y = 3; //output is 3.66 condition true
Integer Division occurs when both NOT operator:
it reverses !a False
operands are integers. The result will be
condition. If the
integer and if it has a remainder, it will
! condition is !(a && b) True
be removed. Example: true, the NOT
int x = 11; int y = 3; //output is 3 operator makes
a && !b True
it false.
ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS – used to assign ORDER OF PRECEDENCE - rules that specifies
values. Left operand gets the value of the which operations need to be performed in an
expression on the right. Declarations: int score; expression. Operation that needs to be perform
first.
Assigns values
from right side Highest Unary NOT !
= score = 32 32
operands to the
Multiply, Divide,
left side operands *, /, %
Modulo
Adds right score += 2
operand to the left Add, Subtract +, -
+= operand and Same as: 34
assigns the result score = score Intermediate Relational >, >=, <, <=
to the left operand +2
Equality ==, !=
Subtracts right score -= 3
operand to the left Logical AND &&
-= operand and Same as: 31
Logical OR ||
assigns the result score = score -
to the left operand 3
Lowest Assignment =
Multiply right score *= 2 In programming, when you have multiple math
operand to the left
Same as: operations, like adding and multiplying,
*= operand and 62
score = score parentheses are used to specify the order in
assigns the result
to the left operand *2 which these operations are done. For example:
Divide right score /= 2 We have some variables: a = 10, b = 3, and c = 8
operand to the left
/= operand and Same as: 31 (a + b) * c means first add a and b, then
assigns the result score = multiply by c, resulting in 104.
to the left operand score /2
a + (b * c) means first multiply b and c, then
It takes modulus score %= 2
using two (2) add the result to a, resulting in 34.
%= operands and Same as: 1
score = score The position of parentheses changes the order
assigns the result of calculations and affects the final answer. So,
to the left operand %2
parentheses are like traffic signs for the
Adds 1 to the left score++ computer, telling it which math to do first.
operand and Same as:
++ 2
assigns the result score = score
to the left operand +1 EXPRESSION – made up of variables/operators
Subtracts 1 to the score-- that evaluates a single value. Example: x = 12
left operand and and 11 + 13. Can also return other types of
-- Same as: 1
assigns the result values such as String or Boolean.
score = score - 1
to the left operand
In simple terms, calculate then assign. First, it ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION – returns numeric
calculates the given variable to the new value value. Consists of arithmetic operators,
depending on the operation (+, -, *, /, %). operands, and assignment operators. Two
types:
int score = 10; //given variable
Integral expression – returns integer
score += 5; //new value
type of value, meaning operands are
integer. Example:
x = 11 + 3 * 24 – 5 / 4 //result: integer
type and value is 82
Floating-point expression – operands INPUT & OUTPUT
are all in floating-point numbers,
returns floating-point value. Example: Scanner – a class in java.util package. Used to
y = 2.8 * 17.5 – 1.40 //result: floating- read data from standard input device and store
point value is 47.6 in variables.
MIXED EXPRESSION – an expression has To use, import the class:
different data type operands (contains integer import java.util.Scanner; or java.util.*;
and floating-point), returns floating-point
value. Example: Then, create an object of Scanner:
11.5 + 3 * 2.25 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
Two rules to apply when evaluating mixed “Scanner input” declares an object of
expression: Scanner type named “input”. Object
name can be any declared name by a
Rule no. 1 - If the operator has the same programmer.
types of operands (either all integers or “new Scanner(System.in)” creates a
all floating-point numbers), the operator Scanner object connected to the
is evaluated according to the type of the System.in property. System.in is an
operands. Example: inputStream which is connected to the
25 / 2 * 2.0 //evaluation: 12 * 2.0 = 24.0 standard input device (the keyboard).
25.0 / 2.0 * 2 //evaluation: 12.5 * 2 =
25.0 The Scanner class is used to get values from an
Rule no. 2 - If the operator has both input device. Each value obtained is called a
types of operands (mixing integers and "token," which is a group of characters
floating-point numbers), during the separated by spaces.
calculation, the integer is temporarily Table 1 lists common methods of the Scanner
treated as a floating-point number. For class for reading various data types from the
example: keyboard. They fetch values you type, but if it's
25.0 / 2 * 2 //evaluation: 12.5 * 2 = 25.0 not the expected data type, they trigger an
LOGICAL EXPRESSION – these expressions error.
returns bolean value. Can consist of logical METHOD DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
operators and relational expressions. For Retrieves
double x =
nextDouble() input as a
example: 14 >= 5 && 12 != 3 evaluates to true. objectName.nextDouble();
double
Retrieves int x =
nextInt()
If the expression has 2 or more logical input as an int objectName.nextInt();
operators, it is evaluated from left to right. Retrieves the
next line of
Example: 3 > 3 || 4 < 2 && 12 > 3 || 4 < 5 String x =
nextLine() data and
objectName.nextLine();
evaluates to true returns it as
a String
Parenthesis are used to group expression and Retrieves the
next complete String x =
control operators. Example: next()
token as a objectName.next();
String
(3 > 3 || 4 < 2) && (12 > 3 || 4 < 5) evaluates to Retrieves
short x =
false. nextShort() input as a
objectName.nextShort();
short
Retrieves byte x =
nextByte()
input as a byte objectName.nextByte();
Retrieves float x =
nextFloat()
input as a float objectName.nextFloat();
Retrieves long x =
nextLong()
input as a long objectName.nextLong();
The Scanner class doesn't have a "next" System.out.printf(“Price using print formatting:
method for characters. To get a single %.2f”, price); //result: Price using printf
character from the keyboard, use "next()" to formatting: 19.50
get a String, then access the first character with
With "printf," you format a double with 2
"charAt(0)." For example,
decimal places. "%.2f" is a format specifier,
"input.next().charAt(0)" gets the first character
like a placeholder for the number. "%.2f" says
of what you typed.
to show the number with 2 digits after the
char x = s.next().charAt(0); //gets the decimal point, and the "f" means it's a floating-
first character
point number.
The "next()" function gives the next word as a
string, and "charAt(0)" returns the first FORMAT
TYPE OF
character of that word. The "0" in "charAt(0)" is SPECIFIE EXAMPLE
OUTPUT
the position of the character within the word, R
and you can store it in a char variable. Single character: %c
Note: Sa math natin meron tayong nth term sa sequence %c Character A single character in
of numbers. Yung nth term natin is tinatawag na index sa a field of two (2)
programming. Yung first term or first index natin sa spaces: %2c
programming is ‘0’, kasi sa programming, nag start lagi sa Decimal
‘0’. Example: sa Input na “BSIT”, yung index 0 natin is %d integer An integer
letter ‘B’, then index 1 is ‘S’. number
Output Statements – used to send output to A floating-point
the standard output device, the display screen. number: %f
Example: System.out.print(“Hello”); and With 2 digits after
Floating-
the decimal point:
System.out.println(“Hello”); %f point
%.2f
number
print() method shows output on the With 2 digits after
same line. the decimal in a field
println() moves to the next line after of 6 spaces: %6.2f
displaying the output. Exponential A floating-point
floating- number in
%e
Concatenation - joining or combining pieces of point exponential format:
text (strings) to create a longer piece of text. number %e
A string formatted to
When displaying a string with variables, simply a field of 10 spaces:
concatenate them using the plus (+) sign. For %10s
example: %s String
With first 2
characters of the
String name = “Jess Diaz”;
string: %.2s
System.out.println(“Hello! My name is ” + name
+ “.”);
printf() method lets you format your output,
like controlling decimal places. It's like
customizing how a number looks when you
print it.
double price = 19.5;
System.out.println(“Price using println: ” +
price); // result: Price using println: 19.5
