SINERGI Vol. 27, No.

1, February 2023: 123-132

http://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi
http://doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2023.1.014

Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to measure

ICT usage by smallholder farmers

Satya Arisena Hendrawan, Agus Trihandoyo*, Dana Santoso Saroso

Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Indonesia

Abstract Keywords:
In the era of industry 4.0, especially in the agricultural sector, using Information and Communication
ICT as a communication and information-gathering medium for Technology;
farmers is crucial. However, the ICT adoption level by smallholder Smallholder Farmer;
Technology Acceptance Model;
farmers varies greatly. This study investigates the elements
influencing the ICT adoption level and utilization and explores the Article History:
application of the TAM to smallholder farmers. Using descriptive Received: October 18, 2022
quantitative methodology on three villages in Ngawi regency, East Revised: November 3, 2022
Java (N=53), this study indicated that smartphone usage in the Accepted: November 12, 2022
research location was extremely high at 90.5%. A Spearman Published: February 2, 2023
correlation value of 0.24 indicates a relationship between the PU and
the education level of farmers. T-Test Two Means Independent was Corresponding Author:
Agus Trihandoyo,
used to compare respondents' perception of ICT utilization through
Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis
Perceived Use (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEU); PU's average Bank Rakyat Indonesia,
value of 17.5 was greater than PEU's average value of 13.9. It was Indonesia
determined that ICT perceived usefulness was felt more important Email: agus.trihandoyo@bri-
than perceived ease of use by the respondents in their daily activities. institute.ac.id
Additionally, this study recommends that agriculture services
development necessitates strategies to create ICT usefulness
through smartphones. Such strategies will help increase the ICT
effective adoption, reducing information gaps and raising the wealth
of smallholder farmers.

Copyright ©2023 Universitas Mercu Buana

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license

INTRODUCTION GDP growth and the farmers' welfare is not

Farming provides a living for 27.68 million straightforward. The rising production costs in
people in Indonesia, and this industry can further the agriculture industry are responsible for the
be broken down into several sectors, such as stagnated welfare of farmers. The eradication of
rice, horticulture, palawija (crops sown as a rural poverty becomes a challenging task due to
second crop in the dry season), forestry, the fact that agriculture is the principal source of
plantation, fishery, and animal husbandry income for 49.4% of rural residents [3].
farming [1]. While farmers have a vital role and In this age of Industrial Revolution 4.0,
responsibility in agribusiness, particularly in the when the market trade price competition is
cultivation of crops on their farms, their welfare becoming more open, farmers' lack of
and income are often not significantly impacted independence contributes to their poor quality of
by their contributions to the industry. The weak life. Therefore, farmers must be trained and
bargaining position of farmers in the sale of equipped to tackle the competition by
crops has resulted in uncertain welfare for these emphasizing production efficiency and high-
individuals [2]. quality products. Recent research [4] has found
According to the data analysis of the NTP that smallholder farmers' access to information
(Farmer Trade Rate), the relationship between on market pricing, early warnings, and crucial

S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure … 123

 SINERGI Vol. 27, No. 1, February 2023: 123-132

services such as contract farming, certification, products and managing sales as crop prices fall.
grading, and irrigation technology is the most For farmers to fully benefit from Information and
important factor in their ability to compete in Communication Technology (ICT) in the long
high-value market chains. term, farmer corporations must be knowledgeable
Given that agriculture is one of the sectors in improving farmers' readiness to adopt and use
that contribute to the development of the nation's ICT. Additionally, ICT has also been implemented
economy, Harjanto [5] suggested that it is in micro and small industries [8, 9, 10].
important to closely monitor the welfare of As the level at which farmers embrace ICT
farmers and the availability of food supplies in varies widely, it is essential to provide education
order to ensure the stability and security of the and training on its usage at the community level.
agriculture industry. According to the Regulation Qiong et al's research found that education is the
of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of key for a solid understanding of accepting and
Indonesia Number 18 / PERMENTAN / RC.040 / adopting technology [11]. According to a survey by
4/2018 concerning Guidelines for the AJPII (Indonesian Internet Service Providers
Development of Agricultural Areas Based on Association) in 2018, only 25.7% of farmers are
Farmer Corporations, the Government of the connected to the internet. This demonstrates that
Republic of Indonesia shall ensure the well- internet usage in rural areas remains far below the
being of farmers and the nation's ability to national average of 50% [12]. Unfortunately, more
provide food. This rule became effective on April recent survey data on farmers' Internet
4, 2018. To comply with one of the regulation's connectivity were unavailable during the editing
requirements, farmers can no longer sell grain process for this article. Farmers communicate with
directly to end-users; instead, they must do so the community using mobile phones to obtain
through an agriculture corporation. The farmer quality information [13]. Enhancing the use of ICT
corporations acted as a liaison between the at the farmer level can facilitate farmers' access to
buyer and seller of grain. A farmer corporation is timely and relevant information and enable the
a business entity created by farmers, for farmers, sharing of digital information [14]
and on behalf of farmers to provide assistance to The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
farming businesses. The setup of farmer is a tool that can be used to study the adoption of
corporations is expected to influence the information and communication technology (ICT)
agricultural supply chain and increase their by analyzing their perception of usefulness and
productivity and income by combining their pools ease of use. As shown in Figure 1, TAM also helps
of resources. to examine user's decisions and attitudes towards
The application of digital technology in new technologies. TAM is a widely-cited and
agriculture has the potential to modernize and frequently-used model in recent research,
improve traditional farming practices. This shall including [15][16].
be accomplished through various devices, The technique has become one of the most
systems, and data, as well as through more widely used models in a variety of situations and
productive working hours. In this Industry 4.0 has been used to a vast array of technology
era, the agricultural sector must adopt adoption issues [17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. Since the
digitization to create a more effective production TAM model is intended to explain the acceptability
system. The widespread deployment of digital of a technology or system based on its perceived
technology in agriculture has enabled farmers to value and ease of use [22], it is a suitable choice
modify their mindsets to maximize and profit for agriculture sector participants. Because
from their autonomy. Furthermore, adopting agriculture emphasizes the practical use of
digital technologies will increase employment technology, both in terms of simplicity of use and
opportunities in the agricultural industry. perceived utility, the TAM model is the best
Therefore, the term "Agriculture 4.0" will improve solution, as it measures both features as drivers
both the well-being and the income of farmers [6]. for behavioral intention, leading to the real use of
Implementing smart farming techniques technology in agriculture. Other models that deal
improves the efficiency of data collection, with digital technology have also been used in
processing, and monitoring in agricultural research in the agribusiness industry [23].
production. According to Salinee [7], farmer Additionally, a model for decision making based
corporations should be aided by an easy-to-use on qualitative data has also been utilized [24].
technological application platform assisting
farmers in making decisions, marketing the

124 S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure …

 p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217

Figure 1. Technology Acceptance Model [16]

The TAM model consists of two main farmers, traders, and agricultural entrepreneurs to
factors that contribute to a user's perception of easily communicate through cellular networks,
acceptance: Perceived Usefulness (PU) and improving opportunities in agriculture. This study
Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU). Perceived employs two variables from the TAM Model, PU
Usefulness (PU) refers to the extent to which a and PEU - to examine the disparity nature of
user believes that using a particular technology farmers' access to and usage of information and
will enhance their job performance or overall communications technology (ICT), farmer
quality of life. Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), on behaviour, and ICT perceptions.
the other hand, refers to the extent to which a user The purpose of this study was to
perceives a technology to be easy to use and understand the reasons behind the agriculture
understand. By examining these two factors, TAM cooperative's difficulty in convincing its member
helps to predict the likelihood of a user adopting a farmers to use a digital mobile app. This
particular technology and facilitates the design explanation is important for implementing digital
and implementation of successful technologies transformation in agriculture, particularly for
[25][26]. smallholder farmers. By understanding the factors
However, even with the presence of a that influence the adoption of these technologies,
useful and easy-to-use technology, adoption is not it is possible to identify ways to effectively support
always guaranteed. This is exemplified by the the growth and success of farmer cooperatives
experience of Ngawi Tani Mandiri, an agriculture through the use of digital tools.
corporation in form of cooperative in Ngawi
Regency, East Java, which was offered a METHOD
smartphone app by a provider to assist its farmer This study employs a quantitative
members with recording daily transactions. descriptive methodology, which involves the
Despite the potential benefits of the app, the collection and analysis of numerical data through
cooperative has struggled to convince its the use of surveys, questionnaires, and
members to adopt and use it, leading to numerous interviews. To gather the data needed for the
transactions being improperly recorded or lost study, the research team administered surveys
entirely. and conducted interviews. The collected data was
This issue highlights the importance of then preprocessed and analyzed to identify trends
understanding the attitudes and behaviors of and patterns.
farmers towards the application of information and
communication technology, particularly in the Material
context of farmer cooperatives. This is the focus of The respondents of this study consist of 53
the larger study that this research is a part of, farmers, members of farmers' groups in 3 villages,
which aims to analyze the adoption and utilization namely Beran Village, Cepoko Village, and
of digital technology applications in farmer Gentong Village, Ngawi Regency, East Java
corporations. By understanding the factors that Province. The three villages were selected based
influence the adoption of these technologies, the on their geographic location in Ngawi. Beran in the
study seeks to identify ways to effectively support north east, Cepoko in the southwest and Gentong
the growth and success of farmer corporations. in the center of Ngawi.
The TAM is a method for determining the degree
to which information and communications Methods
technologies are accepted or exploited. A study by With a confidence level of 95% and the
Kifli et al. [26] found that rural areas in Indonesia sample size of 53 respondents, the Slovin method
have good cellular coverage, with 66.21% of the resulted in an error margin of 13% as obtained
region experiencing strong signals. This allows from (1).

S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure … 125

 SINERGI Vol. 27, No. 1, February 2023: 123-132

level of reliability for validity [28][29]. Table 1

𝑛 = 𝑁/(1 + 𝑁𝑒 2 ) (1)
displays the PU and PEU questionnaires together
where n is the desired sample size, N is the with the validity and reliability test results.
population size, and e is the acceptable margin of Because the validity coefficient was higher
error. This study established a margin of error of than 0.2706, the validity test for each question
13 percent. item indicated that it was valid and acceptable.
The number of samples utilized was highly Based on the outcomes of reliability test
dependent on the respondents' willingness to calculations, the Cronbach's Alpha values for PU
attend and complete the surveys and the rural and PEU are 0.82 and 0.77, respectively. A
location of the research sites. During our visits in Cronbach's Alpha value greater than 0.70
March and August 2022, respondents were suggests that the question's construction
questioned and handed questionnaires to collect dependability is above average [27]. So that the
data. The questionnaire was created to capture five question items may be utilized individually and
farmers' demographic information, frequency of collectively to assess the building of PU and PEU.
ICT use, and perceptions of ICT use. Before In addition, the Kolmogorov normalization
distributing the questionnaires, the farmers were approach seeks to determine whether the variable
informed during the meeting about the definition of data follows a normal distribution [28]. When the
"information," which includes both on-farm and off- significance value is greater than 0.05, the data
farm information, such as pricing. distribution can be described as normal. Both
The diversity of ICT usage frequency was values are more than 0.05, confirming a normal
measured using a four-level Likert scale with the distribution. The data were then evaluated with
following response options: never, seldom, statistical tools employing an independent T-test
occasionally, and frequently. Access to the ICT to compare the two groups, as well as the Pearson
devices includes mobile phones and desktop or product moment and Spearman rho correlation
laptop computers. On a four-point Likert scale with tests to examine the relationship between the two
the following response options: strongly agree, variables.
agree, disagree, and strongly disagree,
respondents' perceptions of ICT usage were then RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
measured. This study develops statement items To evaluate the perception of farmers'
from the standpoint of the TAM hypothesis, which adoption of ICT using the TAM, researchers
takes into account two perceptions of ICT determined that two factors, namely PU and PEU,
acceptance, namely PU and PEU, both of which affect this perception (PEU). The characteristics of
might influence the adoption of ICT use [15]. The respondents with demographic variety in terms of
research study framework is depicted in Figure 2. education, farmer group activity status, and age
Each questionnaire item in PU and PEU is are presented in Table 2. 45.6% of responders
evaluated for its validity and reliability. Validity test were between the ages of 40 and 50, indicating
is conducted to ascertain the level of validity of the that farmers in this age group are very productive
research instrument [27]. The validity test results in three villages (Beran Village, Cepoko Village,
were then compared to the table value with a 5% and Gentong Village). In addition, as many as
margin of error. If the validity coefficient of each 45.3% of respondents had completed high school,
statement is higher than 0.2706, then the while 39.6% had completed bachelor's degrees.
statement item can be considered valid. Where This demonstrates that the education levels in the
from the Cronbach alpha test can be known the three villages studied are rather high.

Figure 2. Research Study Framework

126 S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure …

 p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217

Table 1. Questionnaires PU and PEU

Validity Cronbach's
Construct Questionnaire Item Alpha
Test
Perceived of Information and Communication Technology are helpful for locating Valid
Usefulness the necessary information.
Utilizing technology made my information search faster. Valid
The use of Information and Communication Technology greatly Valid
saves time in searching for information 0.82
Information Technology provides access to a vast array of Valid
information.
Information made accessible by Information and Communication Valid
Technology is more current.
Perceived Ease of Information and Communication Technology is simple for me to use. Valid
Use I don't need to learn to use Information and Communication Valid
Technology
I have never encountered any issues when utilizing Information and Valid
Communication Technology 0.77
Information and Communication Technology has never caused me Valid
confusion.
I rarely make mistakes when using Information and Communication Valid
Technology.

Table 2. Respondent Characteristics

Characteristics Category

Level of education Junior High School Senior High School Bachelor's Degree
(9.4 %) (45.3%) (39.6%)
Age group 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60
(15.8%) (45.6%) (33.3%)
Activity status in farmer's group Active Non-Active
(79.2%) (20.8%)

According to the data findings on the as an ICT communication device when searching
characteristics of farmer respondents, the vast for or sharing information.
majority of farmers, or 84.9 percent, have attained The majority of farmers have access to
a very respectable level of education, including information through ICT channels, as shown in
high school and bachelor's degrees. In particular, Table 3. This survey reveals that up to 90.5 % of
respondents with a bachelor's degree have farmers at the study site own smartphones,
potentially better education level and knowledge indicating that their use is widespread. The
to share with others in the field. At 79.2 percent of smartphone ownership rate at this research site
activity status in farmer's group, the majority of was much greater than the national rural
farmer respondents were categorized as smartphone ownership rate of 45.42 % [9]. The
extremely active. This demonstrates that farmers percentage of respondents who own laptops/PCs
participate actively in activities or events is 32,1 %, which is higher than the national
organized by each farmer group. average of 23,83 %.
The analyzed data from the questionnaire Farmers can benefit from the usage of
of farmer respondents indicates that their use of cellphones in the village's agricultural setting as a
ICT devices is extremely diverse, including the use two-way communication medium that employs
of standard feature cellphones, smartphones, and internet connection to gather and exchange
laptops/PCs. As indicated in Table 3, many information. With smartphone ownership nearing
respondents utilized smartphones or laptops/PCs 90.5%, it is unlikely that any farmers lack internet
connectivity.

Table 3. Respondent's Accessibility to ICT

Accessibility Smartphone Laptop/PC
N % N %
Owner 48 90.5 48 90.5
Non-owner 5 9.5 5 9.5

S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure … 127

 SINERGI Vol. 27, No. 1, February 2023: 123-132

This number indicates a very substantial comprehend, farmers quickly learned how to use
potential for internet access, far beyond the results them.
of a 2018 survey done by APJII, which found that When acquiring access to information via
approximately 38.4 percent of farmers have online ICT media and applications, farmers prioritize
access. Smartphones have the potential to be usability and clarity. When farmers have access to
utilized as a communication and distribution the necessary information, they are able to make
medium for internet-based information, whereas better informed decisions. The extent to which
computers have a lower potential to be used as farmers have knowledge about and easy access
ICT media. In light of the diversity of farmers' to smart technology affects its adoption in the
information and communication demands, it is agricultural sector [7]. The main variables
crucial to identify and assess respondents' ICT influencing the adoption of ICT tools are
requirements. In Africa, for instance, farmers determined to be the demands of farmers, such as
utilize ICT to get data on food productivity and information about plants, seeds, and markets [31].
analyze agricultural earnings [30]. The development of new farming methods and
PU and PEU are two factors of the TAM techniques depends heavily on the variety of
approach employed in this study that are teaching methodologies and knowledge sources
associated with the perception of ICT usage. Both available through IT applications [32].
variables contain five statements (constructs) Table 4 presents the outcomes of data
directed at farmer respondents. PEU will processing and analysis utilizing independent T-
recognize the simplicity of utilizing ICT media, tests. In other words, evaluations of usefulness
while PU will identify the usefulness of ICT. and usability do not differ significantly between the
The analysis of PU and PEU perceptions two groups of farmers who have access to ICT and
had a positive value, as farmer respondents had those who do not.
the highest scores on both PU and PEU for the Therefore, farmers who have access to ICT
following two statements: "I can find information I are neither better nor worse in term of their
need more quickly using technology" and "I find it perception of usefulness and usability than
easy to use ICT." It can be observed from the farmers who lack of ICT. In addition, an
highest score that respondents ranked ICT media independent T-test was conducted on farmer
as extremely useful for obtaining information groups' activity levels. As a result, neither the
faster than using printed media such as active nor the inactive groups shown any
periodicals, brochures, and pamphlets. statistically significant variations in their
By being accessible online, it is claimed that perceptions of the usefulness and usability. The
information is also more diversified, giving farmers association between farmer characteristics and
access to a number of information sources that perceptions of PU and PEU was also analyzed.
can assist them in making more educated On the perception of PU and PEU, the
decisions. The average internet access speed characteristics of farmers that are measured are
measured at the study site was 17 Mbps, age and level of education. The association
considered as sufficient. A fast internet connection between farmer characteristics and farmer
can save farmers time when searching for perceptions is illustrated in Table 5.
information. Farmers view the usage of ICT media Pearson correlation measurements of PU
as straightforward and uncomplicated in terms of and PEU were obtained against the age
utility. This is demonstrated by the farmer's scores characteristics of respondents. The significance
on the five questions pertaining to the PEU value of PU was 0.12, indicating that age had a
element of ICT media use. The majority of farmers significant relationship with ICT benefits, since the
believe that it is simple to use ICT media. When obtained significance value was greater than the
the elements of ICT media were simple to level of significance (0.05).

Table 4. Farmer's perspectives using T-test

Farmer's T-test Sig Result
characteristics Independent
Access to ICT
- PU -0.17 0.23 Non-Significant
- PEU 0.08 0.57 Non-Significant
Activity status on farmer's group
- PU 0.21 0.88 Non-Significant
- PEU -0.22 0.11 Non- Significant

128 S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure …

 p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217

Table 5. Relationship between Farmer's Characteristics and perception

Farmer's Technology Acceptance Model
Characteristics
Age Pearson's Sig Result
Correlation
- PU -0,21 0,12 Significant
- PEU -0,01 0,92 Significant
Level of Spearman's Sig Result
education Correlation
- PU 0,14 0,33 Significant
- PEU 0,24 0,08 Non-Significant

Similarly, the significance value of PEU is knowledge to other farmers, beginning with
0.92, indicating that age and ease of use (PEU) activities such as purchasing rice seeds,
have a significant relationship because the fertilizers, and so on, and continuing through the
significance value is more than 0.05. In the age harvesting process.
group of 40 to 50 years, the benefits and simplicity The most common sort of ICT device for
of use of ICT are appreciated strongly by farmers. communication and information gathering is a
The results of the Spearman correlation test smartphone, which is incredibly fast and simple to
between the variables of education level and use. The attitudes of farmers regarding the
perception of usefulness (PU) and perception of usefulness and usability of ICT media are
ease of use (PEU) in Table 5 indicate that there is comparable between farmers with and without
a significant relationship between the education access to ICT.
level of farmers and their perception of the The results of this study indicate a strong
usefulness (PU) of ICT media. connection between farmer characteristics and
Nonetheless, a significance value of 0.08 the perception of ICT media's usefulness and
reveals a non-significant positive correlation ease of use among individuals aged 40 to 50.
between farmers' education level and their Furthermore, it was found that those with higher
perception of ease of use. This implies that levels of education tend to hold a more positive
farmers with higher levels of education are view of the usefulness and ease of use of ICT
marginally more influenced by the perception of media in their daily activities. This suggests that
ICT usability. The score of 0.24 for Spearman's education may play a role in shaping an
correlation coefficient between education level individual's adoption and appreciation of ICT. This
and perceived ease of use [33] suggests a finding aligns with the findings of previous
sufficient relationship. This is consistent with the research [35][36] which have demonstrated that
findings of Michels et al. [34], who discovered a education level can impact the adoption of ICT.
correlation between the educational level of In addition, the Two-Means Independent T-
farmers and their perception of ease of use (PEU) Test of the PU and PEU variables indicates that
when utilizing ICT media. To determine and farmer respondents are more concerned with the
assess how respondents view PU and PEU. usefulness of ICT media as compared to its
Calculations and analysis are conducted using the usability in daily activities. Therefore, to
Two-Means Independent T-Test to determine encourage greater adoption of ICT media among
whether or not individuals have similar or farmers, it is necessary to develop a training
dissimilar perceptions. approach that allows farmers to understand and
The average PU value (17.5) yields a experience the benefits of these technologies.
greater outcome than the average PEU value This conclusion has significant implications for the
(13.9). It can be stated that farmer respondents agriculture sector, as it suggests that agricultural
are more inclined to value the usefulness of ICT cooperatives should provide ICT training to their
media than the convenience of utilizing ICT for members in order to enable them to fully utilize the
daily tasks. benefits of digital platforms. It is also important to
design a training program that allows cooperative
CONCLUSION staff to learn how to effectively use the system and
Based on these findings, the majority of meet the needs of their members. By offering ICT
farmers between the ages of 40 and 50 in the training, cooperatives can help their members
three villages that were the focus of the study, gain the skills and knowledge needed to
namely Beran Village, Cepoko Village, and effectively adopt and use these technologies,
Gentong Village, Ngawi Regency, East Java ultimately contributing to the success and
Province, were quite productive. 39.6 percent of prosperity of the cooperative and its members.
farmers hold a bachelor's degree, which has a Future study could focus on the method
significant impact on the dissemination of farming design and strategy for aiding small-scale farmers

S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure … 129

 SINERGI Vol. 27, No. 1, February 2023: 123-132

in their adoption of digital technology, which could smart technology in sustainable agriculture: A
extend to the application of IoT, Machine case study of wangree plant factory,”
Learning, and other technologies to precision Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 11,
agriculture. pp. 1–13, 2020, doi: 10.3390/su12114640.
[8] A. León-Gómez, J. M. Santos-Jaén, D. Ruiz-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Palomo, and M. Palacios-Manzano,
This research is supported by the “Disentangling the impact of ICT adoption on
Directorate General of Higher Education of the SMEs performance: the mediating roles of
Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and corpo-rate social responsibility and
Technology and funded by the Education Fund innovation,” Oeconomia Copernicana, vol.
Management Institute (LPDP) of the Ministry of 13, no. 3. 2022. doi: 10.24136/oc.2022.024.
Finance as part of the Scientific Research [9] L. J. Cueto, A. F. D. Frisnedi, R. B. Collera,
Program Grant. Finally, we would like to thank our K. I. T. Batac, and C. B. Agaton, “Digital
research partners, PT Demokrasi Ekonomi Innovations in MSMEs during Economic
Nusantara (KODI) and Koperasi Ngawi Tani Disruptions: Experiences and Challenges of
Mandiri, for their collaboration in allowing access Young Entrepreneurs,” Administrative
to member farmers, without their support and Sciences, vol. 12, no. 1, 2022, doi:
assistance, this research would not happen. 10.3390/admsci12010008.
[10] R. Cannas, “Exploring digital transformation
REFERENCES and dynamic capabilities in agrifood SMEs,”
[1] NN, Inter Census Agricultural Survey Journal of Small Business Management, pp.
(SUTAS) 2018. Indonesian Central Bureau of 1–27, 2021.
Statistics, 2018. [11] Q. Wu, S. Gao, X. Wang, and Y. Zhao,
[2] Ekawati, Kusnandar, N. Kusrini, R. “Research on the Impacts of Information
Darsonorizieq, and R. Rizieq, “Economic Capacity on Farmers’ Green Prevention and
dimension of the sustainable rice availability Control Technology Adoption,” Ecological
in Indonesia,” IOP Conference Series: Earth Chemistry and Engineering S, vol. 29, no. 3,
and Environmental Science, vol. 365, no. 1, pp. 305–317, 2022, doi: 10.2478/eces-2022-
2019, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/365/1/ 0022.
012036. [12] APJI Indonesia, “Profile of Internet User
[3] NN, Poverty Data and Information in Behaviour in Indonesia,” APJII, p. 51, 2017,
Regencies and Cities. Indonesian Central [Online]. Available:
Bureau of Statistics, 2021. https://apjii.or.id/survei2018s/download/TK5
[4] E. Ngenoh, B. K. Kurgat, H. K. Bett, S. W. oJYBSyd8iqHA2eCh4FsGELm3ubj
Kebede, and W. Bokelmann, “Determinants [13] C. Anadozie, M. Fonkam, J.-P. Cleron, and
of the competitiveness of smallholder African M. MO Kah, “The impact of mobile phone use
indigenous vegetable farmers in high-value on farmers’ livelihoods in post-insurgency
agro-food chains in Kenya: A multivariate Northeast Nigeria,” Information
probit regression analysis,” Agricultural and Development, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 15, 2021, doi:
Food Economics, vol. 7, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1177/026666691988690
10.1186/s40100-019-0122-z. [14] R. Pandey and P. Kumari, “Use of information
[5] P. Harjanto, I. M. Fahmid, S. Ali, and E. B. technology among farmers,” International
Demmallino, “Institutional development of Journal of applied Home Science, vol. 5, no.
farmers through agricultural area-based 3, pp. 555–560, 2018
corporations in Indonesia Institutional [15] A. S. Nurqamarani, E. Sogiarto, and N.
development of farmers through agricultural Nurlaeli, “Technology Adoption in Small-
area-based corporations in Indonesia,” IOP Medium Enterprises based on Technology
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Acceptance Model: A Critical Review,”
Science, vol. 1114, no. 1, 2022, doi: Journal of Information Systems Engineering
10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012039. and Business Intelligence, vol. 7, no. 2, p.
[6] S. Eashwar and P. Chawla, “Evolution of 162, 2021, doi: 10.20473/jisebi.7.2.162-172.
Agritech Business 4.0 - Architecture and [16] P. J. B. Tan and M. H. Hsu, “Designing a
Future Research Directions,” IOP system for English evaluation and teaching
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental devices: A PZB and TAM model analysis,”
Science, vol. 775, no. 1, pp. 0–12, 2021, doi: Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and
10.1088/1755-1315/775/1/012011. Technology Education, vol. 14, no. 6, pp.
[7] S. Santiteerakul, A. Sopadang, K. Y. 2107–2119, 2018, doi: 10.29333/ejmste/
Tippayawong, and K. Tamvimol, “The role of 86467.

130 S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure …

 p-ISSN: 1410-2331 e-ISSN: 2460-1217

[17] M. Al-Emran, V. Mezhuyev, and A. government studies, vol. 13, no. 1. pp. 159–
Kamaludin, “Technology Acceptance Model 178, 2021.
in M-learning context: A systematic review,” [26] G. C. Kifli, L. Mani, S. Slameto, J. C.
Computers & Education, vol. 125, pp. 389– Kilmanun, and M. Puspitasari, “Disruption of
412, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.compedu. 2018.06. information technology and farming
008. empowerment strategies in Indonesia,” IOP
[18] S. Na, S. Heo, S. Han, Y. Shin, and Y. Roh, Conference Series: Materials Science and
“Acceptance Model of Artificial Intelligence Engineering, vol. 1098, no. 5, p. 052087,
(AI)-Based Technologies in Construction 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1098/5/
Firms: Applying the Technology Acceptance 052087.
Model (TAM) in Combination with the [27] G. A. Morgan, N. L. Leech, G. W. Gloeckner,
Technology Organisation Environment (TOE) and K. C. Barrett, IBM SPSS for Introductory
Framework,” Buildings, vol. 12, no. 02, p. 18, Statistics: Use and Interpretation. 2020. doi:
2022, doi: 10.3390/buildings12020090. 10.4324/9780203842966.
[19] A. Elshafey, C. C. Saar, E. B. Aminudin, M. [28] X. Wang, F. Pacho, J. Liu, and R. Kajungiro,
Gheisari, and A. Usmani, “Technology “Factors influencing organic food purchase
acceptance model for augmented reality and intention in Tanzania and Kenya and the
building information modeling integration in moderating role of knowledge,” Sustainability
the construction industry,” Journal of (Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 1, 2019, doi:
Information Technology in Construction, vol. 10.3390/su11010209.
25, no. August 2018, pp. 161–172, 2020, doi: [29] D. I. Contreras‐medina, S. E. Medina‐cuéllar,
10.36680/j.itcon.2020.010. J. Sánchez‐gómez, and C. M. Rodríguez‐
[20] S. Mohr and R. Kühl, “Acceptance of artificial peralta, “Innovation of women farmers: A
intelligence in German agriculture: an technological proposal for mezcalilleras’
application of the technology acceptance sustainability in mexico, based on knowledge
model and the theory of planned behavior,” management,” Sustainability (Switzerland),
Precision Agriculture, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. vol. 13, no. 21, 2021, doi:
1816–1844, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11119-021- 10.3390/su132111706.
09814-x. [30] J. S. Tata and P. E. McNamara, “Impact of
[21] M. McCormack, C. Buckley, and E. Kelly, ICT on agricultural extension services
“Using a Technology Acceptance Model to delivery: evidence from the Catholic Relief
investigate what factors influence farmer Services SMART skills and Farmbook project
adoption of a nutrient management plan,” in Kenya*,” Journal of Agricultural Education
Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food and Extension, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 89–110,
Research, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 142–151, 2021, 2018, doi: 10.1080/1389224X.2017.
doi: 10.15212/ijafr-2020-0134. 1387160.
[22] N. J. Jere and M. S. Maharaj, “Evaluating the [31] D. O. Okello, S. Feleke, E. Gathungu, G.
influence of information and communications Owuor, and O. I. Ayuya, “Effect of ICT tools
technology on food security,” South African attributes in accessing technical, market and
Journal of Information Management, vol. 19, financial information among youth dairy
no. 1, 2017, doi: 10.4102/sajim.v19i1.745. agripreneurs in Tanzania,” Cogent Food &
[23] O. Montes de Oca Munguia, D. J. Pannell, Agriculture, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2020, doi:
and R. Llewellyn, “Understanding the 10.1080/23311932.2020.1817287.
adoption of innovations in agriculture: A [32] T. Pajk, K. van Isacker, B. Aberšek, and A.
review of selected conceptual models,” Flogie, “Stem Education in Eco- Farming
Agronomy, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2021, doi: Supported by ICT and Mobile Applications,”
10.3390/agronomy11010139. Journal of Baltic Science Education, vol. 20,
[24] D. Santoso and A. M. Besral, “Supplier no. 2, pp. 277-288, 2021, doi:
Performance Assessment Using Analytical 10.33225/jbse/21.20.277
Hierarchy Process Method,” SINERGI, vol. [33] P. Kvam, B. Vidakovic, and S. Kim,
22, no. 1, p. 37, 2018, doi: 10.22441/sinergi. Nonparametric Statistics with Applications to
2018.1.007. Science and Engineering, R. John Wiley \&
[25] E. Junnonyang, “Integrating TAM, Perceived Sons, 2022.
Risk, Trust, Relative Advantage, Government [34] O. Michels, Marius; Bonke, Vanessa;
Support, Social Influence and User Mußhoff, “Adoption of Gerd Management
Satisfaction as Predictors of Mobile Smartphone Apps in German Dairy Farming,”
Government Adoption Behavior in Thailand,” AgEcon Search: Research in Agricultural &
International Journal of E-business and E-

S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure … 131

 SINERGI Vol. 27, No. 1, February 2023: 123-132

Applied Economics. Gewisola, pp. 2–13, Science, vol. 1059, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2022, doi:
2019, doi: 10.22004/ag.econ.292277. 10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012012.
[35] S. S. Adnan, N. B. K. Zaman, and N. M. I. [36] F. M. Awuor and D. A. Rambim, “Adoption of
Othman, “Factors Influencing the Adoption of ICT-in-Agriculture Innovations by
Information and Communication Technology Smallholder Farmers in Kenya,” Technology
(ICT) among Oil Palm Settlers in Felda and Investment, vol. 13, no. 03, pp. 92–103,
Wilayah Alor Setar, Kedah: A Survey,” IOP 2022, doi: 10.4236/ti.2022.133007.
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental

132 S. A. Hendrawan et al., Implementing Technology Acceptance Model to Measure …