Resources and

Development
Handwritten Notes

Gaurav Suthar
Resources -

Everything available in our environment which can be used to

satisfy our needs, is called Resources.

Classification of Resources -

1) On the basis of Origin –

i) Biotic
ii) Abiotic

2) On the basis of Exhaustibility –

i) Renewable
ii) Non-Renewable

3) On the basis of Ownership –

i) Individual community
ii) National
iii) International.

4) On the basis of Status of Development –

i) Potential
ii) Developed stock
iii) Reserves.
1) On the basis of Origin -

i) Biotic Resources –

- These are obtained from biosphere and have life

Example - Human Beings, Plants, Fish etc.

Human Being Plants

ii) Abiotic Resources –

- All these things which are composed of Non-living things

Example - Rocks, Metals etc.

Rocks Gold (Metal)

2) On the basis of Exhaustibility -

i) Renewable Resources –

- These are resources which can be renewed by Physical,

Chemical or Mechanical processes.

Example - Solar Energy, Wind Energy etc.

Solar Energy Wind Energy

ii) Non-Renewable Resources –

- These resources once consumed can’t be replaced.

- These resources take millions of years in their formation.

Example - Petrol, Coal etc.

Petrol Coal
3) On the basis of Ownership -

i) Individual Resources –

- The resources owned privately by individuals.

Example - Plot, Houses etc.

House

ii) Community Owned Resources –

- The resources which are accessible to all the members of

the community.

Example - Public Parks, Picnic Spots etc.

Picnic Spot Parks

iii) National Resources –

- The resources which come under Government.

Example - Roads, Railways etc.

Roads Railways
(Singles Be Like – Ye Dukh Khatam
Kaahe Nhi hota hai be �)

iv) International Resources –

- The resources lying beyond 200Kms of exclusive Economic

Zone in the oceans.

- No one can use these resources without the permission of

International Institutions.

Example – Sunlight, Sea, Mountains etc.

Sunlight Mountains
(Agar Kisi ko janana ho to ye Photo Switzerland ki hai)
4) On the basis of Status of development -

i) Potential Resources –

- Resources which are found in a region but have not been

utilized.

Example - Some area like Deserts of Rajasthan and Gujrat

have great potential for the development of
Wind and Solar energy etc.

Thar Desert of Gujrat Desert

(Also called White Desert due to
Rajasthan presence of Salt in Soil)

ii) Developed Resources –

- The resources which are surveyed and their quality and

quantity have been determined for utilization.

Example – Computer, Smart Phones etc.

iii) Stock Resources –

- The resources that have been surveyed, but can’t be used

due to lack of technology.

Example - Hydrogen and oxygen in water can be our rich

source of energy we don't know how to separate
them

Water

iv) Reserves –

- The resources that have been surveyed and we can use

them with present technology, but their use has not been
started.

Example - Water in the dams, forests etc.

Dam Forest
 Development of Resources

1) Resources are vital for human survival.

2) It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature So,

Human beings used them indiscriminately and this has led to
the following major problems –

i) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few

individuals.

ii) Accumulation of resources in a few hands which divided

the society into rich and poor.

iii) It is causing Global warming, Ozone layer depletion,

Pollution, etc.

3) For a sustained quality of life and global Peace, an Equitable

distribution of resources has become essential.

4) For using resources judiciously, we need to adopt sustainable

economic development.

Sustainable Economic Development means “development should

take place without damaging the environment, and today’s
development should not affect future generation.”
Resource Planning in India -

Resource planning is a complex process which involves -

i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions

of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and
qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of
the resources.

ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate

technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing
resource development plans.

iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall

national development plans.

Land

- Land is very important natural resource as it supports natural

vegetation, wildlife human life and Various economic activities
lightly transportation and communication system

- Land is present in limited size so we should use it properly.

Land
Land Resources in India -

i) 43% of the land is Plain land which is used for Agriculture

and Industry

ii) 27% of the land is Plateau which is a source of minerals

Fossil fuels and Forest

iii) 30% of the land is Mountain which provide riven water and
spot for tourism and Ecological Sports

Land Distribution

27%

43%

30%

Plateaus Mountains Plains

Land use Pattern in India -

Use of land is determined by the following factors -

1) Physical factors like Climate, Soil types, Topography

2) Human factors like Population density, Culture and Traditions

etc.
Land Utilisation

In India the Land is used for the following Purposes -

a) Forest

b) Land not available for cultivation

c) Barren and wasteland

d) Buildings, Road, Factory etc.

e) Uncultivated Land

f) Permanent pastors and grazing Land

g) Land under tree crops and groves

h) Cultivable waste land left and cultivated for more than five
agricultural years
 Fallow Lands

- Fallow is a farming technique in which arable land is left

without sowing for one or more vegetative cycles

- The goal of fallowing is to allow the land to recover and store

Organic matter
i) Current fallow less than one year

ii) Other than current fallow between 1 to 5 years

Land Degradation and Conservation Measures

1) Human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining

are the reasons for Land Degradation.

2) Some of the ways solve the problems of land degradation are -

i) Afforestation

ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants.

iii) Control over grazing

iv) Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.

v) Proper management of waste lands.

vi) Control of mining activities.

 Soil

- Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.

- It helps in growth of Plants.

- It takes millions of years to form soil inside the earth

Classification of Soil -

Soil in India can be classified into the following types –

1) Alluvial Soil 4) Red and Yellow Soil

2) Black Soil 5) Laterite Soil

3) Forest and Mountain Soil 6) Desert or Arid Soil

Alluvial Soil

1) The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil.

2) It is also found in Rajasthan, Gujarat and eastern coastal

plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari,
the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
3) Areas of Alluvial Soils are highly cultivated and highly
populated.

4) Based on age, Alluvial soils can be classified as:

i) Old Alluvial (Bangar) - The Bangar soil has a higher

concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar.

ii) New Alluvial (Khadar) - It has more fine particles and is

more fertile than the Bangar.

5) Alluvial soils are very fertile.

6) These soils contain good amount of potash, phosphoric acid and

lime, which is good for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat
and other cereal and pulse crops.

Black Soil

1) This soil is black in colour and is also known as Regur soil.

2) The soil is good for growing cotton and is also known as black
cotton soil.
3) This soil is found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh also along the Godavari and the
Krishna valleys.

4) The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey

material

5) This soil can hold a good amount of water

6) This soil has many nutrients like calcium carbonate, magnesium,

potash and lime.

Red and Yellow Soils

1) This soil is found in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and

southern parts of the Deccan plateau.

2) These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in

crystalline and metamorphic rocks.

Red Soil

3) Found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the

middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the
Western Ghats.
4) It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.

Yellow Soil

Laterite Soil

1) The laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature heavy

rainfall.

2) Lateritic soils are acidic (pH<6.0) in nature

3) This soil doesn’t have any plant nutrients.

4) This soil is found mostly in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,

Madhya Pradesh etc.
5) The soil has less humus because decomposers like Bacteria get
destroyed due to high temperature

6) This soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee.

Desert or Arid Soils

1) Arid soils are reddish brown in colour.

2) This soil is found in Western Ghats of Rajasthan.

3) After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable.

4) In this soil the salt content is very high and common salt is
obtained by evaporating the water.

5) Arid soil doesn’t have humus and moisture because due to dry
climate and high temperature water gets evaporated.

6) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because

of the increasing calcium content downwards.
 Forest Soils

1) These soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas.

2) The soil texture is loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse
grained in the upper slopes.

3) Silt is found in the parts of river terraces and alluvial fans.

Forest Soil

Humus

A substance made from dead leaves and plants, that you put into
the ground to help plants grow

Humus
(गमले म� डालने वाल� खाद)
The map below shows the different types of soils found in India
 Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

Soil Erosion - The natural process in which the topsoil of a field is

carried away by physical sources such as wind and
water.

Reasons of Soil Erosion –

i) Deforestation

ii) Over-grazing

iii) Construction

iv) Mining

v) Wind

vi) Water

Ways to stop Soil Erosion -

1) Contour Ploughing – Ploughing along the contour lines

decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
2) Terrace cultivation - restricts erosion. This type of
agriculture practice is done in Western and Central
Himalayas.

3) Strip Cropping - When a large field is divided into strips and

strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. Then, this
breaks up the force of the wind.

4) Shelter Belts - Planting lines of trees to create shelter helps

in the stabilization of sand dunes and in stabilizing the desert
in western India. Rows of such trees are called Shelter Belts.
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