CSEN 404
Introduction to Networks
1-1
Hisham Othman
Nadeen Hamza
Basma Mohamed Afifi
** Slides are attributed to J. F. Kurose
People and Resources
1-2
Course Name Introduction to Communication Networks
Emails hisham.othman@guc.edu.eg
nadeen.hamza@guc.edu.eg
basma.mohammed@guc.edu.eg
Textbooks Computer Networking, A Top-Down Approach
Featuring the Internet, James F. Kurose & Keith W.
Ross, ISBN 0-321-26976-4
Slide contents are copyrighted to: 1996-2010, J.F
Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Assessment
1-3
Class work
10%
Quiz Final Exam
25% 40%
Midterm Exam
25%
Course Outline
1-4
Introduction
Internet
Network Delays
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Datacenters
Datacenters and Clouds
Introduction to Cloud Computing
Important Note
1-5
These slides are not meant to be comprehensive
lecture notes! They are only remarks and pointers. The
material presented here is not sufficient for studying
for the course
Your main sources for studying are:
• the text and
• your own lecture notes
Introduction: Roadmap
1-6
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
Data Networks in Business
1-7
Q: Why a BI’an would
wish to learn about data
networks !!?
A: For managing
external transactions
such as:
Purchase orders and
Payments with Suppliers
Shipping notices, price
updates, and invoices
with customers
Data Networks in Business
1-8
Q: Why a BI’an would
wish to learn about
data networks !!?
A: For managing
internal distributed
s/w applications such
as:
HR and recruitment
Project management
Payroll and Purchase
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
1-9
millions of connected Mobile network PC
computing devices:
Global ISP server
hosts = end systems
running network apps wireless
laptop
cellular
Home network handheld
communication links
Regional ISP
fiber, copper, radio,
satellite access
points
transmission rate =
Institutional network wired
bandwidth links
routers:
forward packets (chunks router
of data)
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
1-10
protocols control sending, Mobile network
receiving of msgs Global ISP
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Ethernet
Internet: “network of networks”
Home network
loosely hierarchical
Regional ISP
public Internet versus private
intranet
Internet standards Institutional network
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force
What’s a protocol?
1-11
human protocols: network protocols:
“what’s the time?” machines rather than
“I have a question” humans
introductions all communication activity
in Internet is governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
protocols define format,
… specific actions taken
order of msgs sent and
when msgs received, or
received among network
other events
entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
What’s a protocol?
1-12
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
What’s the Internet: a service view
1-13
Communication infrastructure
enables distributed applications:
Web,VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, file sharing
Communication services provided
to apps:
reliable data delivery from
source to destination
“best effort” (unreliable)
data delivery
Network Edge
- End systems,
- access networks,
- links
A closer look at network structure:
1-15
Network edge:
applications and hosts
Access networks, physical
media:
wired, wireless
communication links
Network core:
interconnected routers
network of networks
The network edge:
1-16
end systems (hosts):
run application programs
e.g. Web, email
at “edge of network” peer-peer
client/server model:
client host requests, receives service
from always-on server client/server
e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server
peer-peer model:
minimal (or no) use of dedicated
servers
e.g. Skype, BitTorrent
Access networks and physical media
1-17
Q: How to connect end systems
to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access networks
(school, company)
mobile access networks
Keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
shared or dedicated?
Examples of Access Networks
1-18
1-16
Dial-up modem
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Cable Internet
Ethernet
Wireless Networks
Chapter 1: roadmap
1-19
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
Internet core structure: network of networks
1-20
roughly hierarchical
at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and
Wireless), national/international coverage
treat each other as equals
fully connected
Tier-1
providers
Tier 1 ISP
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 Networks
1-21
Internet structure: network of networks
1-22
“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISPs also
Tier-2 ISP peer privately
Tier-2 ISP pays tier- Tier-2 ISP with each other
1 ISP for
connectivity to rest Tier 1 ISP
of Internet
tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Internet structure: network of networks
1-23
“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs
last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- 3 Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier ISPs
connecting them
to rest of Internet
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
Internet structure: network of networks
1-24
a packet passes through many networks!
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
The Network Core
1-25
mesh of interconnected routers
How is data transferred
through net?
circuitswitching:
dedicated circuit per call:
telephone net
packet-switching: data
sent through network in
discrete “chunks”
Network Core: Circuit Switching
1-26
End-to-end resources
reserved for “call”
link bandwidth, switch
capacity
dedicated resources
circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
call setup required
Network Core: Circuit Switching
1-27
network resources (e.g.
bandwidth) divided into
“pieces”
pieces allocated to calls Piece:
resource piece is idle if not frequency division
used by owning call (no Multiplexing (FDM)
sharing) time division
No store and forward Multiplexing (TDM)
Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
1-28
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Network Core: Packet Switching
1-29
each end-to-end data stream is resource contention:
divided into packets aggregate resource
user A, B packets share network demand can exceed
resources amount available
each packet uses full link congestion: packets queue,
bandwidth wait for link use
resources used as needed store and forward: packets
move one hop at a time
Node receives complete packet
Bandwidth division into “pieces” before forwarding
Dedicated allocation
Resource reservation
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
1-30
L
R R R
takes L/R seconds to Example:
transmit (push out) packet L = 7.5 Mbits
of L bits on to link at R bps
R = 1.5 Mbps
store and forward: entire
transmission delay = 15 sec
packet must arrive at
router before it can be
transmitted on next link
delay = 3L/R (assuming
zero propagation delay) more on delay shortly …
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
1-31
100 Mb/s
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C
1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link
D E
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth
shared on demand statistical multiplexing
Packet switching versus circuit switching
1-32
packet switching
great for bursty data
resource sharing
simpler, no call setup
excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
Next Time
1-33
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
Any Question?
1-34
