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DYNAMIC PLANET
• Our earth is a very dynamic
Basic Concept planet.
• The existence of
earthquakes and volcanic
activity around the world
• This event has occurred
continuously throughout
Earth's history
• A constant dynamic of the
earth
References DYNAMIC PLANET
• The crust of the earth is deformed
at many scales, locations, and
• D.M, Ragan, 2009, Structural Geology: An Introduction to Geometrical times;
Techniques 4th Ed., Cambridge University Press • This deformation produces
• R.J. Lisle and P.R. Leyshon, 2004, Stereographic Projection Techniques for identifiable structures in the crust
such as fractures and folds.
Geologists and Civil Engineers 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press
• Deformation is the process of
• R.J. Lisle, 2004, Geological Structures and Maps: A Practical Guide 3rd change in a rock's body due to the
Ed., Elsavier forces acting on it and to leave a
permanent result in the rock.
• Changes that occur in the form of
position, shape, and volume
changes.
• Sedimentary rocks are considered
deformed if they are in a position
that is not horizontal (tilted /
upright).
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INTRODUCTION STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
• The science of structural geology attempts to What ıs structural geology?
reconstruct the forces that cause the earth's
evolution and change processes. • It is the branch of geology that deals with:
• Structural geology in general is the study of Form, arrangement and internal architecture of rocks
deformed rocks that make up the layers of the Description, representation, and analysis of structures from the small to moderate
earth. scale
• Structure comes from Latin languange which
means to build. Reconstruction of the motions of rocks
• Observation of deformed rock is very • It introduces the physical side of Geological Sciences and emphasizes:
important in studying structural geology. Geometry (shape, orientation, position, size, etc.)
• These observations can be carried out at Motion (beginning and ending positions and paths of particles and bodies—
various scales, ranging in scale from km, m, cm
to mm and even microscopic scales. deformation or change in geometry)
• An understanding of structural geology will be Mechanics (explanations of why the geometry and motion are as they are)
more complete if all these scales are
integrated.
INTRODUCTION STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
• An appreciation of earth structures has both • Includes lots of observations from the
enormous practical value and profound field (but also some from the laboratory
intellectual implications for how we view this
and the computer modelling)
planet.
• Teaches you not only facts, but also skills
and techniques that are necessary in
advanced classes and central to geologic
practice.
• Structural geology provides information
about the conditionsduring regional
deformation using structures.
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What do you See? What do you See?
What do you See? What do you See?
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DEFORMATION PROCESSES GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE
• Wherever you see sedimentary rocks that are • What is a geologic structure?
not lying horizontally, these rocks have been A geometric feature in rock whose shape, form, and distribution can be described.
deformed in some large-scale process.
• It is important to try to imagine the scale of the
entire structure to which a single area or
outcrop belongs.
• As a result of plate tectonics, the crust is
constantly under stress. Rocks respond to
stress by deforming. Deformation may be
brittle, in which rocks will tend to break, or
ductile, in which they tend to flow or bend.
• To an extent, brittle behavior characterizes the
upper part of the crust, since it is relatively
cold. However, if the rate at which a material is
stressed is small enough, even rigid materials
may deform ductilely.
RESPONSE TO STRESS GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE (contact plane )
• Temperature has a role in the response of a Geological structural elements
material to stress, but so does composition. • In general, there are three types of geological
• In general rocks with more water in them and structures, namely contact planes, primary
which contain more platy minerals (micas, structures and secondary structures.
clays) are more prone to ductile deformation. • The contact plane is the boundary between
• That is why sedimentary rocks in the shallow rock types, which reflects a geological process.
crust frequently form fold belts, large • This contact plane can be in the form of
provinces dominated by folded strata. sedimentation contact (normal), unconformity,
intrusion contact.
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STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY (primary structure )
• The primary structure is a rock structure that
develops at the same time as its formation.
• In general, this structure reflects the local
conditions of the rock depositional
environment.
• Examples of layering areas in sedimentary
rock, sedimentary structures of deposition,
column joint, vesicular lava.
• The primary structure in sedimentary rocks will - TERIMA KASIH -
follow the basic laws of sedimentology, eg
superposition and lateral continuity.
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY (Secondary Structure)
• Secondary structures are structures that are
formed due to forces after the rock formation
process, whether igneous, sedimentary or
metamorphic rocks.
• Studying the processes of secondary structural
formation can be the main focus in the
discussion of structural geology.
• The secondary structure consists of fractures,
joints, slickenlines, veins, faults, folds,
cleavages, foliation and lines.
• These structures are distinguished based on
their geometry, formation process, basic
material (rheology) and deformation
conditions.
