Objectives

▪ Basic networking concepts

Computer Networks, the
Internet, and the World ▪ Communication protocols

Wide Web ▪ Network services and benefits

▪ A brief history of the Internet and the World Wide Web

Introduction Basic Networking Concepts

▪ Computer network ▪ Computer network
 Computers connected together  Set of independent computer systems connected by telecommunication links

 Purpose: exchanging resources and information  Purpose: sharing information and resources

 Just about any kind of information can be sent ▪ Nodes, hosts, or end systems
 Examples: television and radio signals, voice, graphics, handwriting, photographs, movies
 Individual computers on a network

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Uses of Computer Networks Uses of Computer Networks
▪ Networks for Companies
 Resource sharing (programs, equipment, data) ▪ Networks for People
 High reliability (replication, military, banking, air traffic control, nuclear  Access to remote information (www)
reactor safety, etc)  Person-to-person communication (Email, Telephone, IP phone)
 Saving money (mainframes, pc, client server)  Interactive entertainment.(Virtual meeting, Videoconference)
 Scalability (the ability to increase system performance gradually as the ▪ Social Issues
workload grows by adding more processors, mainframes requires replace)  Newsgroups or bulletin board
 Powerful Communication Medium (employee, online document)

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Communication Links
▪ Switched, dial-up telephone line
 A circuit is temporarily established between the caller and callee

 Analog medium

 Requires modem at both ends to transmit information produced by a

computer
 Computer produces digital information

Two Forms of Information Representation

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 Communication Links (continued)

▪ Dial-up phone links

 Transmission rate: 56,000 bps (56 Kbps)

▪ Broadband

 Transmission rate: exceeding 128,000 bps (128 Kbps)

Modulation of a Carrier to Encode Binary Information

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Communication Links (continued)

▪ Options for broadband communications
 Home use
 Digital subscriber line (DSL)
 Cable modem
 Commercial and office environment
 Ethernet
 Fast Ethernet
 Gigabit Ethernet Transmission Time of an Image at Different Transmission Speeds

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 Classification of interconnected processors by scale
Communication Links (continued)
▪ Wireless data communication
 Uses radio, microwave, and infrared signals

 Enables “mobile computing”

 Types of wireless data communication

 Wireless local access network

 Wireless wide-area access network

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Local Area Networks

Some Common LAN Topologies
▪ Local area network (LAN)
 Connects hardware devices that are in close proximity
 The owner of the devices is also the owner of the means of communications
• Topology
• The way in which the connections are made is called the topology of the network. Network
topology specifically refers to the physical layer of the network, especially the locations of
the computers and how the cable is run between them.
 Common wired LAN topologies
 Bus
 Ring
 Star

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Local Area Networks (continued)
▪ Ethernet
 Most widely used LAN technology

 Uses the bus topology

 Two ways to construct an Ethernet LAN

 Shared cable

 Hubs: the most widely used technology

Figure 7.5: An Ethernet
LAN Implemented
Using Shared Cables

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Wide Area Networks

▪ Wide area networks (WANs)
 Connect devices that are across town, across the country, or across the ocean
 Users must purchase telecommunications services from an external provider
 Dedicated point-to-point lines
 Most use a store-and-forward, packet-switched technology to deliver
messages

An Ethernet LAN Implemented Using a Hub

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 Overall Structure of the Internet
▪ All real-world networks, including the Internet, are a mix of LANs
and WANs

 Example: a company or a college

 One or more LANs connecting its local computers

 Individual LANs interconnected into a wide-area “company network”

Typical Structure of a Wide Area Network

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Overall Structure of the Internet (continued)

▪ Internet Service Provider (ISP)

 A wide-area network
 Provides a pathway from a specific network to other networks, or from an
individual to other networks
▪ ISPs are hierarchical
 Interconnect to each other in multiple layers to provide greater geographical
coverage
Structure of a Typical Company Network

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 Hierarchy of Internet Service
Structure of a Network Using an ISP
Providers
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Overall Structure of the Internet (continued) Communication Protocols

▪ A protocol
▪ Internet
 A mutually agreed upon set of rules, conventions, and agreements for the
 A huge interconnected “network of networks” efficient and orderly exchange of information.
 Includes nodes, LANs, WANs, bridges, routers, and multiple levels of ISPs
▪ TCP/IP
 Early 2003
 170 million nodes (hosts)  The Internet protocol hierarchy
 Hundreds of thousands of separate networks located in over 225 countries  Governs the operation of the Internet
 Five layers

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 Physical Layer
▪ Protocols govern the exchange of binary digits across a physical
communication channel

▪ Goal: create a “bit pipe” between two computers

The Five-Layer TCP/IP Internet Protocol Hierarchy

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Data Link Layer Data Link Layer (continued)

▪ Medium access control protocols
▪ Protocols carry out
 Error handling  Determine how to arbitrate ownership of a shared line when multiple nodes want
to send at the same time
 Framing [Read up on Contension-based approach used for Ethernet.]

▪ Creates an error-free “message pipe” ▪ Logical link control protocols

▪ Composed of two services  Ensure that a message traveling across a channel from source to destination
arrives correctly
 Layer 2a: medium access control [Read up on ARQ algorithm]
 Layer 2b: logical link control

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Network Layer Network Layer (continued)
▪ Delivers a message from the site where it was created to its ultimate ▪ Provides a true “network delivery service”
destination
 Messages are delivered between any two nodes in the network, regardless of
where they are located
▪ Critical responsibilities [Read about Routing algorithms, pp310-311]
 Creating a universal addressing scheme for all network nodes (name server,
DNS) ▪ IP (Internet Protocol) layer
[eg: sunfire.comp.nus.edu.sg is 137.132.90.55]
 Network layer in the Internet
 Delivering messages between any two nodes in the network

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Transport Layer
▪ Provides a high-quality, error-free, order preserving end-to-end
delivery service

▪ TCP (Transport Control Protocol)

 Primary transport protocol on the Internet

 Requires the source and destination programs to initially establish a

connection
Logical View of a TCP Connection

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Application Layer
▪ Implements the end-user services provided by a network
▪ There are many application protocols, including:
 HTTP
 SMTP
 POP3
 IMAP
 FTP
Some Popular Application Protocols on the Internet

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Application Layer (continued) Network Services and Benefits

▪ Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ▪ Services offered by computer networks
 A symbolic string that identifies a Web page  Electronic mail (email)
 Bulletin boards
 Form
 News groups
protocol://host address/page  Chat rooms
 The most common Web page format is hypertext information  MSN
 Accessed using the HTTP protocol  Resource sharing
 Physical resources
 Logical resources

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 A Brief History of the Internet and the World Wide Web:
Network Services and Benefits (continued) The Internet

▪ Services offered by computer networks

▪ August 1962: first proposal for building a computer network
 Client-server computing  Made by J. C. R. Licklider of MIT

 Information sharing ▪ ARPANET

 Built by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the 1960s
 Information utility  Grew quickly during the early 1970s
 Electronic commerce (e-commerce)

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The Internet (continued)

▪ NSFNet: A national network built by the National Science
Foundation (NSF)

▪ October 24, 1995: Formal acceptance of the term “Internet”

▪ Internet service providers start offering Internet access once

provided by the ARPANET and NSFNet

State of Networking in the Late 1980s

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The World Wide Web
▪ Development completed in May 1991
▪ Designed and built by Tim Berners-Lee
▪ Components
 Hypertext
 A collection of documents interconnected by pointers called links
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
 The worldwide identification of a Web page located on a specific host computer
Hypertext Documents

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Summary of Level 3 Summary

▪ Virtual environment ▪ Computer network: a set of independent computer systems
 Created by system software connected by telecommunication links
 Easy to use and easy to understand
 Provides services such as: ▪ Options for transmitting data on a network: dial-up telephone lines,
 Resource management DSL, cable modem, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
 Security
 Access control
 Efficient resource use
▪ Types of networks: local area network (LAN) and wide area network
(WAN)
▪ Operating systems continue to evolve

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Summary
▪ The Internet is a huge interconnected "network of networks"

▪ TCP/IP is the Internet protocol hierarchy, composed of five layers:

physical, data link, network, transport, and application

▪ The World Wide Web is an information system based on the concept

of hypertext

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