Basic Networking

Construct

Percival A. Fernandez
 The Computer Network

The greatest advancement in technology and communication

over the past 20 years has been the development and
advancement of the computer network. From emailing a friend
to on-line bill paying to downloading data off the Internet to e-
commerce, networking has made our world much smaller and
changed the way we communicate forever.
 What is a Computer Network

net·work: [net-wurk] – noun, a system

containing any combination of computers,
computer terminals, printers, audio or visual
display devices, or telephones
interconnected by telecommunication
equipment or cables: used to transmit or
receive information.
 Home Network (single machine)

Wall Jack

DSL/Cable
Modem
USB/Ethernet
Cable
 Home Network (multiple machine)

Wall Jack

DSL/Cable
Modem Hub/Switch/Router
USB/Ethernet
Cable
 Home Network (multiple machine)

Wall Jack

Ethernet Cable
DSL/Cable
Modem Hub/Switch/Router
 Home Wireless Network

Wall Jack

Ethernet Cable
DSL/Cable
Modem Hub/Switch/Router
Connection Types

WIDE AREA LOCAL AREA

PEER TO PEER
Connection Types

• LAN
• WLAN
• Dial-up Services
• Broadband Services
• WAN
LAN (Local Area Network)

• A network of computers that are in the

same physical location, such as home or
building
• Usually connected using Ethernet
– A standard on how computers
communicate over a shared media
(cable)
LAN (Local Area Network)

• Ethernet Standard
– 10BaseT
• 10Mbps (Mega bits per second)
– 100BaseT
• 100Mbps
– 1000BaseT
• 1000Mbps or 1Gbps
WLAN (Wireless LAN)

 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

 A wireless technology that connects
computers without cables
 Access Point (AP)
 A device (base station) that connects wireless
devices together
 Usually connected to a wired-network
 ESSID (Extended Service Set ID)
 A “name” for the AP, eg. mobilenet
 Hotspot
 The area covered by wireless access points
WLAN (Wireless LAN)

 Standard
 802.11b - 11Mbps
 802.11g - 54Mbps
 802.11a - 54Mbps
 Security
 WEP (Wired Equivalen Privacy)
 WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
 To prevent wardriving
 Wardriving is the act of searching for Wi-Fi wireless
networks by a person in a moving vehicle, using a portable
computer, smartphone or personal digital assistant (PDA).
Dial Up Services

Modem
Modulator/demodulator
A device that converts analog signal to
digital (modulation) and vice versa
(demodulation)
Speed
1200/2400/9600 bps
14.4/28.8/33.6 Kbps
56 Kbps
Dial Up Services

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
2 data channel (56K each)
1 voice channel
 Broadband Services

 xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

 A technology that provides digital data transmission
over unused frequencies on traditional telephone
lines
 For example, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL): DL > UL
 Speed
Downlink
 128Kbps - 4Mbps
Uplink
 64Kbps - 800Kbps
 Need a DSL modem
 Splitters are needed to separate the voice
and data signal
 Broadband Services

 Cable
 A technology that provides digital data
transmission over cable TV infrastructure
 Speed
Downlink
128Kbps - 3~5Mbps
Uplink
64Kbps - 128Kbps~1Mbps
 Need a cable modem
 Broadband Services

 Satellite
 A technology that provide digital data
transmission over satellites
 Speed
Downlink
500Kbps - 1Mbps
Uplink
50Kbps - 100Kbps
 Need a satellite dish
 WAN ( Wide Area Network )

A LAN spans a large geographic

area, such as connections between
cities
 Usually connected using leased line
 T1 (1.5Mbps)
 T3 (45Mbps)
 OC3 (155Mbps)
 OC12 (622Mbps)
 OC48 (2.4Gbps)
VPN (Virtual Private Network)

A secure tunnel to a private network

through a public network
Once established, local node
appears to be a node in the private
network in a secure manner
VPN does not mean using telephone
line connection!!!
Network Topologies

• Physical topology: physical layout of

nodes on a network
• Three fundamental shapes:
– Bus
– Ring
– Star
• May create hybrid topologies
• Topology integral to type of network,
cabling infrastructure, and transmission
media used
Bus

Single cable connects all network nodes

without intervening connectivity devices
Devices share responsibility for getting
data from one point to another
Terminators stop signals after reaching
end of wire
Prevent signal bounce
Inexpensive, not very scalable
Difficult to troubleshoot, not fault-tolerant
Bus (continued)
Ring

Ring topology
Each node is connected to the two
nearest nodes so the entire network
forms a circle
One method for passing data on ring
networks is token passing
Active topology
Each workstation transmits data
Ring (continued)
Star

Star topology
Every node on the network is
connected through a central device
Any single cable connects only two
devices
Cabling problems affect two nodes at
most
Star (continued)

Requires more cabling than ring or

bus networks
More fault-tolerant
Easily moved, isolated, or
interconnected with other networks
Scalable
Supports max of 1024 addressable
nodes on logical network
Star (continued)
Hybrid Physical Topologies:
Star-Wired Ring
Star-Wired Bus
 Backbone Networks: Serial Backbone

• Daisy chain: linked series of devices

– Hubs and switches often connected in daisy chain
to extend a network
• Hubs, gateways, routers, switches, and bridges
can form part of backbone
• Extent to which hubs can be connected is
limited
Backbone Networks: Serial Backbone
Distributed Backbone
Collapsed Backbone
Parallel Backbone
Protocol

 Define the rules that govern the

communications between two
computers connected to the network.
 Roles: addressing and routing of
messages, error detection and
recovery, sequence and flow controls
etc.
 Protocol (continued)

 A protocol specification consists of

the syntax, which defines the kinds
and formats of the messages
exchanged, and the semantic, which
specifies the action taken by each entity
when specific events occur.
Example: HTTP protocol for communication
between web browsers and servers.
Protocol Layers

The OSI Data Model

(Open Systems Interconnection)

 ISO standard for computer

networks design and functioning.
 Involves at least 7 layers, each
playing a specific role when
Protocol Layers (continued)

 During the sending process, each

layer (from top to down) will add a
specific header to the raw data.
 At the reception, headers are
eliminated conversely until the data
arrived to the receiving application
Protocol Layers (continued)
Protocol Layers (continued)

 Physical layer: ensures a safe and efficient

travel of data; consists of electronic circuits
for data transmission etc.
 Data link layer: in charge of data
encapsulation under the form of packets
and their interpretation at the physical
layer.
 Network layer: in charge of packets
transmission from a source A to a
destination B.
Protocol Layers (continued)

 Transport layer: in charge of the delivery of

packets from a source A to a destination B
 Session layer: in charge of the management
of network access.
 Presentation layer: determines the format
of the data transmitted to applications, data
compressing/decompressing, encrypting
etc.
 Application layer: contains the applications
which are used by the end-user, such as
Java, Word etc.
Intranet vs. Internet

Intranet
A private network that is contained
within an enterprise
Could be LANs and WANs
Internet
A public network of networks
Both are using TCP/IP
TCP / IP

A family of protocols that makes the

Internet works
The Robustness Principle
“Be liberal in what you accept, and
conservative in what you send” - Jon
Postel
TCP / IP

Application Layer
Data
Eg. WWW, FTP, IRC, Email, telnet, …
Transport Layer
Segments
Eg. TCP, UDP
Network Layer
Packets
Eg. IP
Link Layer
Frames
Eg. Ethernet, WiFi
Physical Layer
Bits
Eg. Ethernet Cable, fiber-optics
TCP / IP Model

Consists of only 4 layers:

 Application
 Transport
 Internet
 Network
TCP / IP Model (continued)
TCP / IP Model (continued)

 Network layer
 Provides the same functionality as the
physical, the data link and network layers in
the OSI model.
 Mapping between IP addresses and network
physical addresses.
 Encapsulation of IP datagrams, e.g packets, in
format understandable by the network.
 Internet layer
 Lies at the heart of TCP/IP.
 Based on the Internet Protocol (IP), which
provides the frame for transmitting data from
place A to place B.
TCP / IP Model (continued)

 Transport layer
 -Based on two main protocols: TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP
(User Datagram protocol)
 Application layer
 Combines the functions of the OSI
application, presentation, and session
layers.
 Protocols involved in this layer: HTTP,
FTP, SMTP etc.
 Packets

A small chunk of data transmitted

over the Internet
Alice Bob

The
TheInternet
Internet
Host and IP Address

“A host is a computer connected

directly to the Internet”
“You home computer is not a host”
Each host needs an IP address
IP address
A 32-bit number, arranged in 4
numbers separated by “.”
Eg. 74.125.19.147
Hub/Switch/Router

 To connect multiple segments of

networks into a larger one
 Hub
 A multiport repeater to enhance signal within
the same LAN
 Switch
 Like hub but with intelligent
 Better performance
 Router
 Forward packets from one LAN to another
Fiber Optic Cable

Standard Network
Copper Cable

 Reduces interference in the network

 Transmit data faster than copper network cable
 Allows for more bandwidth
 Smaller and more fragile than copper cable
Servers

Users are connected to certain

servers which will fulfill the
required request.
There are 3 Principle Types of
Servers
Print Servers
Contains the name and location of all
printers that are on the Network
File Servers
Contain the location and names of
the various drives, files, and
folders on a Network
Rack of Servers Web Servers
Contain the Programs, Files, and
Internet Web Sites
References
 Internet Effectively (Ch 1-2)
 Modem
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
 DSL
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line
 How DSL works?
 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/dsl.htm
 VPN
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vpn
 Intel Corporation, (2004). www.intel.com. Retrieved May 11, 2007,
from .The Journey Inside: The Internet. website:
 http
://www97.intel.com/discover/JourneyInside/TJI_Internet/default.as
px
 Webdopedia (2007).
 http://www.webopedia.com/. Retrieved May 11, 2007, online
dictionary and search engine you need for computer and Internet
technology definitions. http://www.webopedia.com/.