The following table gives the classification of four plant species.

1.
Group Species 1 Species 2 Species 3 Species 4
Kingdom Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae
Phylum Spermatophyta Spermatophyta Spermatophyta Spermatophyta
Class Monocotyledonae Dicotyledonae Monocotyledonae Dicotyledonae
Order Poales Fabales Poales Scrophulariales
Family Cyperaceae Fabaceae Poaceae Scrophulariaceae
Genus Eriophorum Pisum Poa Antirrhinum
Species angustifolium sativum annua majus

(a) Species 1 and 3 are the most closely related.

What information in the table above gives evidence for this?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Figure 1 shows the inheritance of flower colour in two species of plant.

Figure 1

• In pea plants and in snapdragon plants, flower colour is controlled by one pair of alleles.

• In Figure 1 the parental generation plants are homozygous for flower colour.

• In heterozygous pea plants, the allele for red flower colour is dominant.

• In heterozygous snapdragon plants, the alleles for flower colour are both expressed.

St Clement Danes School Page 1 of 23

Use the following symbols for alleles in your answers to parts (b) to (d):

Pea plants Snapdragon plants

R = allele for red flowers CR = allele for red flowers

r = allele for white flowers CW = allele for white flowers

(b) What is the genotype of the red-flowered pea plants in the F1 generation?

___________________________________
(1)

(c) What is the genotype of a white-flowered snapdragon plant?

___________________________________
(1)

A gardener crossed two pink-flowered snapdragon plants.

(d) Draw a Punnett square diagram to show why only some of the next generation plants had
pink flowers.

Identify the phenotypes of all the offspring plants.

(3)

(e) What percentage of the offspring would you expect to have pink flowers?

Percentage = __________________________%
(1)
St Clement Danes School Page 2 of 23
Commercially, hundreds of pink-flowered snapdragon plants can be produced from one
pink-flowered plant.

Figure 2 shows a tissue culture technique used for producing many plants from one plant.

Figure 2

St Clement Danes School Page 3 of 23

(f) Give a reason for each of the following steps shown in Figure 2.

Several groups of cells are scraped off the leaf:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Nutrients are added to the agar jelly: _____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Hormones are added to the agar jelly: ____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

The plant cells are kept in sterile conditions: _______________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

The plant cells are kept at 20 °C: ________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(g) Explain why the method shown in Figure 2 produces only pink-flowered plants.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

St Clement Danes School Page 4 of 23

 CADASIL is an inherited disorder caused by a dominant allele.
2.
CADASIL leads to weakening of blood vessels in the brain.

The diagram shows the inheritance of CADASIL in one family.

(a) CADASIL is caused by a dominant allele.

(i) What is a dominant allele?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) What is the evidence in the diagram that CADASIL is caused by a dominant allele?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Person 7 has CADASIL.

Is person 7 homozygous or heterozygous for the CADASIL allele?

Give evidence for your answer from the diagram.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

St Clement Danes School Page 5 of 23

(b) Persons 7 and 8 are planning to have another baby.
Use a genetic diagram to find the probability that the new baby will develop into a person
with CADASIL.

Use the following symbols to represent alleles.

D = allele for CADASIL

d = allele for not having CADASIL

Probability = ____________________________________
(4)

(c) Scientists are trying to develop a treatment for CADASIL using stem cells.

Specially treated stem cells would be injected into the damaged part of the brain.

(i) Why do the scientists use stem cells?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Embryonic stem cells can be obtained by removing a few cells from a human embryo.
In 2006, scientists in Japan discovered how to change adult skin cells into stem cells.
Suggest one advantage of using stem cells from adult skin cells.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

St Clement Danes School Page 6 of 23

 Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited condition. PKU makes people ill.
3.
(a) PKU is caused by a recessive allele.

(i) What is an allele?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) What is meant by recessive?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The diagram below shows the inheritance of PKU in one family.

(i) Give one piece of evidence from the diagram that PKU is caused by a recessive
allele.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Persons 6 and 7 are planning to have another child.

Use a genetic diagram to find the probability that the new child will have PKU.

Use the following symbols in your answer:

N = the dominant allele for not having PKU

n = the recessive allele for PKU.

Probability = _________________________
(4)

St Clement Danes School Page 7 of 23

(c) Persons 6 and 7 wish to avoid having another child with PKU.

A genetic counsellor advises that they could produce several embryos by IVF treatment.

(i) During IVF treatment, each fertilised egg cell forms an embryo by cell division.

Name this type of cell division.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) An embryo screening technique could be used to find the genotype of each embryo.

An unaffected embryo could then be placed in person 7’s uterus.

The screening technique is carried out on a cell from an embryo after just three cell
divisions of the fertilised egg.

How many cells will there be in an embryo after the fertilised egg has

divided three times?

(1)

(iii) During embryo screening, a technician tests the genetic material of the embryo to
find out which alleles are present.

The genetic material is made up of large molecules of a chemical substance.

Name this chemical substance.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Some people have ethical objections to embryo screening.

(i) Give one ethical objection to embryo screening.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Give one reason in favour of embryo screening.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

St Clement Danes School Page 8 of 23

 Cell division is needed for growth and for reproduction.
4.
(a) The table below contains three statements about cell division.

Complete the table.

Tick one box for each statement.

Statement is true for

Both mitosis
Statement Mitosis only Meiosis only
and meiosis

All cells produced are genetically identical

In humans, at the end of cell division each cell

contains 23 chromosomes

Involves DNA replication

(2)

Bluebell plants grow in woodlands in the UK.

• Bluebells can reproduce sexually by producing seeds.
• Bluebells can also reproduce asexually by making new bulbs.

(b) One advantage of asexual reproduction for bluebells is that only one parent is needed.

Suggest two other advantages of asexual reproduction for bluebells.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

St Clement Danes School Page 9 of 23

 (c) Explain why sexual reproduction is an advantage for bluebells.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Scientists want to breed cows that produce milk with a low concentration of fat.
5.
Figure 1 shows information about the milk in one group of cows.

The cows were all the same type.

Figure 1

(a) In Figure 1 the mean percentage of fat in the milk is equal to the modal value.

Give the mean percentage of fat in the milk of these cows.

Mean percentage = _________________

(1)
St Clement Danes School Page 10 of 23
(b) A student suggested:

‘The percentage of fat in milk is controlled by one dominant allele and one recessive allele.’

How many different phenotypes would this produce?

Tick one box.

(1)

(c) Give the evidence from Figure 1 which shows the percentage of fat in the milk is controlled
by several genes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) One of the genes codes for an enzyme used in fat metabolism.

A mutation in this gene causes a reduction in milk fat.

The mutation changes one amino acid in the enzyme molecule.

Explain how a change in one amino acid in an enzyme molecule could stop the enzyme
working.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

The scientists found one cow with a mutation.

The cow’s milk contained only 2.9% fat.

Figure 2 shows the percentage of fat in the milk of cattle related to the cow with the mutation.

The values for male cattle are the mean values of their female offspring.

St Clement Danes School Page 11 of 23

 Figure 2

(e) Animal 8 is homozygous.

The mutation in animal 7 produced a dominant allele for making low-fat milk.

Give evidence from Figure 2 that animal 7 is heterozygous.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Animals 7 and 8 produced 11 offspring. These offspring were produced by in vitro
fertilisation (IVF).

The embryos from IVF were transferred into 11 other cows.

Suggest why IVF and embryo transfer were used rather than allowing animals 7 and 8 to
mate naturally.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

St Clement Danes School Page 12 of 23

(g) Draw a Punnett square diagram to show a cross between animals 7 and 8.

Identify which offspring produce low-fat milk and which offspring produce high-fat milk.

Use the following symbols:

D = dominant allele for making low-fat milk
d = recessive allele for making high-fat milk

(4)

(h) The scientists want to produce a type of cattle that makes large volumes of low-fat milk.

The scientists will selectively breed some of the animals shown in Figure 2.

Describe how the scientists would do this.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 16 marks)

St Clement Danes School Page 13 of 23

 The photograph shows some flamingos.
6.

By Charles J Sharp (Own work) [GFDL, CC-BY-SA-3.0 or CC-BY-2.5], via Wikimedia Commons

• Flamingos feed on organisms that live in mud at the bottom of lakes.

• Leopards prey on flamingos.

• Flamingos find it difficult to fly if their feathers get wet.

Flamingos have evolved very long legs.

How would each of the following theories explain the evolution of these long legs?

(a) Darwin’s theory

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

St Clement Danes School Page 14 of 23

 (b) Lamarck’s theory.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

(a) Animal breeders use sexual reproduction to produce new strains of animals.
7.
How does sexual reproduction produce variation?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A salmon is a type of fish.

Scientists have created a GM (genetically modified) ‘super’ salmon.

The scientists transferred a gene from a fish called a pout into a salmon. The gene
increases the secretion of growth hormone in the salmon. The GM salmon grows much
faster than an ordinary salmon, reaching market size up to one year earlier. Many more GM
salmon will be grown in fish farms.

(i) Describe how a gene can be transferred from a pout into a salmon.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

St Clement Danes School Page 15 of 23

 (ii) The government might not allow the production of GM salmon.

Suggest one reason why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Figure 1 shows an image of a small section of DNA.

8.
Figure 2 shows the structure of a small section of DNA.

Figure 1 Figure 2

© Svisio/iStock/Thinkstock

(a) What is Part B?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In Figure 1 the structure of DNA shows four different bases.

There are four different bases and they always pair up in the same pairs.

Which bases pair up together?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

St Clement Danes School Page 16 of 23

(c) Syndrome H is an inherited condition.

People with syndrome H do not produce the enzyme IDUA.

Figure 3 shows part of the gene coding for the enzyme IDUA.

Figure 3

Strand K shows a mutation in the DNA which has caused syndrome H.

The enzyme IDUA helps to break down a carbohydrate in the human body.

The enzyme IDUA produced from Strand K will not work.

Explain how the mutation could cause the enzyme not to work.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

St Clement Danes School Page 17 of 23

 (d) A recessive allele causes syndrome H.

A heterozygous woman and a homozygous recessive man want to have a child.

Draw a Punnett square diagram to determine the probability of the child having syndrome
H.

Identify any children with syndrome H.

Use the following symbols:

A = dominant allele

a = recessive allele

Probability = ___________________ %
(5)
(Total 12 marks)

The diagram below shows changes in the foot bones of four ancestors of modern horses over
9. the past 50 million years.

(a) Describe two changes to the bones in the feet of horses that have taken place over the
past 50 million years.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

St Clement Danes School Page 18 of 23

(b) Eohippus lived in swampy areas with soft mud.

Since this time the ground in the habitat has become drier and harder.

All of the horse ancestors were preyed upon by other animals.

(i) Explain one advantage to Eohippus of the arrangement of bones in its feet.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The changes in the arrangement of the foot bones of horses support Darwin’s theory
of evolution by natural selection.

Explain how the arrangement of the foot bones of Eohippus could have evolved into
the arrangement of the foot bones of Equus.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

St Clement Danes School Page 19 of 23

 In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his investigations into inheritance in garden pea
10. plants.

The diagram below shows the results Mendel obtained in one investigation with purple-flowered
and white-flowered pea plants.

(a) (i) Calculate the ratio of purple-flowered plants to white-flowered plants in the F2
generation.

Ratio of purple : white = ________________________

(1)

(ii) There was a total of 929 plants in the F2 generation.

Mendel thought that the production of a large number of offspring plants improved the
investigation.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

St Clement Danes School Page 20 of 23

(b) (i) Some of the plants in the diagram are homozygous for flower colour and some are
heterozygous.

Complete the table to show whether each of the plants is homozygous or

heterozygous. For each plant, tick ( ) one box.

Homozygous Heterozygous

Purple-flowered plant in the P generation

White-flowered plant in the P generation

Purple-flowered plant in the F1 generation

(2)

(ii) Draw a genetic diagram to show how self-pollination of the F1 purple-flowered plants
produced mainly purple-flowered offspring in the F2 generation together with some
white-flowered offspring.

Use the following symbols:

N = allele for purple flower colour

n = allele for white flower colour
(3)

(c) When Mendel published his work on genetics, other scientists at the time did not realise
how important it was.

Suggest two reasons why.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

St Clement Danes School Page 21 of 23

 Read the information.
11.
Insects can be both useful and harmful to crop plants.
Insects such as bees pollinate the flowers of some crop plants. Pollination is needed for
successful sexual reproduction of crop plants.
Some insects eat crops and other insects eat the insects that eat crops.

Corn borers are insects that eat maize plants.

A toxin produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis kills insects.
Scientists grow Bacillus thuringiensis in large containers. The toxin is collected from the
containers and is sprayed over maize crops to kill corn borers.

A company has developed genetically modified (GM) maize plants. GM maize plants contain
a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis. This gene changes the GM maize plants so that they
produce the toxin.

(a) Describe how scientists can transfer the gene from Bacillus thuringiensis to maize plants.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

St Clement Danes School Page 22 of 23

(b) Would you advise farmers to grow GM maize plants?

Justify your answer by giving advantages and disadvantages of growing GM maize plants.

Use the information from the box and your own knowledge to help you.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

St Clement Danes School Page 23 of 23