This question is about water.

1.
(a) Sewage is waste water.

Sewage contains organic matter.

Describe how sewage is treated to remove organic matter.

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(4)

Sea water and ground water are treated to make them potable.

The table below shows information about the composition and treatment of sea water and of
ground water.

Sea water Ground water

Concentration of sodium ions and Na+ : 0.5 mol/dm3 Na+ : 0.001 mol/dm3
chloride ions before Process 1 Cl− : 0.5 mol/dm3 Cl− : 0.001 mol/dm3

Process 1 Reverse osmosis Filtration

Concentration of sodium ions and Na+ : 0.001 mol/dm3

X
chloride ions after Process 1 Cl− : 0.001 mol/dm3

Process 2 Add ozone Expose to ultraviolet light

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(b) Sea water is desalinated during Process 1.

Which pair of concentrations could represent X in the table above?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Na+ : 0.003 mol/dm3 Cl− : 0.003 mol/dm3

Na+ : 0.003 mol/dm3 Cl− : 0.5 mol/dm3

Na+ : 0.5 mol/dm3 Cl− : 0.003 mol/dm3

Na+ : 0.5 mol/dm3 Cl− : 0.5 mol/dm3

(1)

(c) Explain why the concentrations of sodium ions and of chloride ions in the ground water in
the table above are unchanged by Process 1.

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(2)

(d) Explain why the ground water in the table above requires Process 2 before the water is
safe to drink.

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(2)

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(e) After treatment the ground water in the table above is sold by a company as pure water.

The ground water in above table is not chemically pure because the water contains sodium
ions and chloride ions.

Suggest what the company means by ‘pure’.

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(1)

(f) Chlorine is also used to treat some ground water.

Describe the test for chlorine gas.

Give the result of the test.

Test ______________________________________________________________

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Result _____________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 12 marks)

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 Good quality water is needed for a healthy life.
2.
In the United Kingdom, obtaining safe water for drinking is as simple as turning on a tap.
The water is made safe to drink by water companies.

However, in many parts of Africa and Asia, water used for drinking is contaminated and
untreated. It is estimated that 2.2 million people die each year as a result of drinking
contaminated water.

DADA DANESHANANDA, Man with filtered water from the

Mafi-Zongo water project. www.amurt.net/africa/ghana/2005

Efforts are being made to solve this problem and more water is being treated.

Describe how water in the United Kingdom is treated.

Explain how this makes it safe to drink.

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(Total 3 marks)

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 This question is about polymers.
3.
(a) Polyesters are produced when monomers join together and lose a small molecule.

Name the small molecule lost.

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(1)

(b) Poly(propene) is produced from propene.

Complete the structure of poly(propene) in the equation.

(3)

(c) Carpets are made from:

• poly(propene)

• wool

• a mixture of poly(propene) and wool.

Poly(propene) wears out more slowly than wool.

A mixture of poly(propene) and wool to make carpets is more sustainable than using just
poly(propene) or just wool.

Suggest why.

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(2)

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Polymer fibres are used to make firefighter uniforms.

The table below shows some properties of two polymer fibres.

Polymer fibres

Property Poly(propene) Polyester

Density in g/cm3 0.90 1.38

Melting point in °C 165 260

Flame resistance Poor Good

Water absorption Low High

(d) Evaluate the suitability of poly(propene) and polyester for firefighter uniforms.

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(4)
(Total 10 marks)

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 This question is about copper and alloys of copper.
4.
Solders are alloys used to join metals together.

Some solders contain copper.

The table below shows information about three solders, A, B and C.

Solder Melting point in °C Metals in solder

A 183 tin, copper, lead

B 228 tin, copper, silver

C 217 tin, copper, silver

(a) Solder B and solder C are now used more frequently than solder A for health reasons.

Suggest one reason why.

Use the table above.

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(1)

(b) Suggest one reason why solders B and C have different melting points.

Use the table above.

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(1)

Copper can be obtained by:

• processing copper ores
• recycling scrap copper.

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(c) Suggest three reasons why recycling scrap copper is a more sustainable way of obtaining
copper than processing copper ores.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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2 _________________________________________________________________

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3 _________________________________________________________________

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(3)

Copper is extracted from low-grade ores by phytomining.

(d) Describe how copper is extracted from low-grade ores by phytomining.

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(4)

(e) Phytomining has not been widely used to extract copper.

Suggest two reasons why.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 11 marks)

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 This question is about materials used to make food plates.
5.
Food plates are made from paper, polymers or ceramics.

The table below shows information about plates of the same diameter made from each of these
materials.

Food plate material

Paper Polymers Ceramics

Raw material Wood Crude oil Mined clay

Number packaged in 10 dm3

500 100 50
cardboard box

Average number of times

1 400 1000
used

Biodegradable? Yes No No

Recyclable? Yes Yes No

(a) The table above does not show information about energy usage.

Suggest two pieces of information about energy usage which would help to produce a
complete life cycle assessment (LCA) for the three food plate materials.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

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(b) Evaluate the use of these materials for making food plates.

You should use features of life cycle assessments (LCAs).

Use the table above.

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(4)

(c) Describe how ceramic food plates are produced from clay.

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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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 A large amount of aluminium sulfate was accidentally added to the drinking water supply at a
6. water treatment works.

(a) Describe a test to show that the drinking water contained aluminium ions.

Give the result of the test.

Test _______________________________________________________________

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Result _____________________________________________________________

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(3)

(b) Describe a test to show that the drinking water contained sulfate ions.

Give the result of the test.

Test _______________________________________________________________

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Result _____________________________________________________________

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(2)

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 (c) Plan an investigation to find the total mass of dissolved solids in a 100 cm3 sample of the
drinking water.

Your investigation should produce valid results.

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(4)
(Total 9 marks)

This question is about combustion of fuels.

7.
(a) Some central heating boilers use wood as a fuel.

Suggest two reasons why wood is more sustainable than natural gas as a fuel for central
heating boilers.

1 _________________________________________________________________

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2 _________________________________________________________________

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(2)

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Natural gas is mainly methane.

When methane burns it can produce both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

(b) Explain the process by which carbon monoxide can be produced when methane is burned.

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(2)

(c) Balance the equation for the combustion of methane to produce carbon monoxide.

____CH4(g) + ____ O2(g) → ____ CO(g) + ____ H2O(l)

(1)

(d) Propane burns to form carbon dioxide and water.

The equation for the reaction is:

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

3.60 dm3 carbon dioxide is produced when a sample of propane is burned in 7.25 dm3
oxygen.

Calculate the volume of unreacted oxygen.

Give your answer in cm3

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Volume of unreacted oxygen = __________________________ cm3

(4)
(Total 9 marks)

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 This question is about copper.
8.
(a) Copper can be extracted by smelting copper-rich ores in a furnace.

The equation for one of the reactions in the smelting process is:

Cu2S(s) + O2(g) 2 Cu(s) + SO2(g)

Explain why there would be an environmental problem if sulfur dioxide gas escaped into
the atmosphere.

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(2)

(b) The impure copper produced by smelting is purified by electrolysis, as shown below.

Copper atoms are oxidised at the positive electrode to Cu2+ ions, as shown in the half
equation.

Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e−

(i) How does the half equation show that copper atoms are oxidised?

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(1)

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 (ii) The Cu2+ ions are attracted to the negative electrode, where they are reduced to
produce copper atoms.

Write a balanced half equation for the reaction at the negative electrode.

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(1)

(iii) Suggest a suitable electrolyte for the electrolysis.

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(1)

(c) Copper metal is used in electrical appliances.

Describe the bonding in a metal, and explain why metals conduct electricity.

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(4)

(d) Soil near copper mines is often contaminated with low percentages of copper compounds.

Phytomining is a new way to extract copper compounds from soil.

Describe how copper compounds are extracted by phytomining.

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(3)

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(e) A compound in a copper ore has the following percentage composition by mass:

55.6% copper, 16.4% iron, 28.0% sulfur.

Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): S = 32; Fe = 56; Cu = 63.5

You must show all of your working.

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Empirical formula = ______________________________

(4)
(Total 16 marks)

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 This question is about copper.
9.
(a) Most of the copper extracted is used in electric circuits.

The figure below shows how impurities change the electrical conductivity of copper.

Percentage of impurities in copper

Copper extracted by smelting is about 99% pure.

The 99% pure copper produced by smelting is purified to 99.9999% pure copper by
electrolysis.

Use values from the graph to explain why copper is purified to 99.9999%.

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(2)

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(b) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Read the information in the box.

Copper extraction
World demand for copper for the year 2011 was about 20 million tonnes.

World reserves of copper are estimated to be 700 million tonnes.

Most of the copper used is obtained from copper ores, which are mined.

The copper ore chalcopyrite is heated in a furnace to produce copper sulfide, CuS

The furnace is heated by burning fossil fuels.

Air is then blown through the hot copper sulfide, to produce copper and sulfur dioxide.
CuS + O2 → Cu + SO2

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A scientist made the statement: ‘Copper should be recycled’.

Use the information in the box and your own knowledge and understanding to justify the
scientist’s statement.

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Extra space _________________________________________________________

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(6)

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 (c) Phytomining is used to obtain copper from land that contains very low percentages of
copper compounds.

Describe how copper compounds are obtained by phytomining.

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(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Disposable cups are made from coated paper or poly(styrene).

10.
The table below shows information on the life cycle assessments (LCAs) of disposable cups.

Coated paper cups Poly(styrene) cups

Raw materials Wood Crude oil

Mass of 1 cup in g 8.3 1.9

Energy to produce 1 cup in kJ 550 200

Energy released when 1 cup is burned in

166 76
kJ

Biodegradable Yes No

Recyclable No Yes

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(a) Evaluate the use of coated paper compared with poly(styrene) to make disposable cups.

Use the table above and your knowledge and understanding of LCAs.

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(6)

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(b) Calculate the energy needed to produce 1.00 kg of coated paper cups.

Use the table above.

Give your answer in standard form.

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Energy = __________________ kJ
(2)

(c) Melamine is a polymer used to make non-disposable cups.

Melamine does not melt when it is heated.

Explain why.

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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