BSJMUN 2024

World Health Organization

Developing Telemedicine to Improve Accessibility to Healthcare
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

CHAIR MESSAGES 2

INTRODUCTION TO COUNCIL 3

Key Terms 5

Topic Definition 5

Areas of Contention 7

Past Actions 9

COURSES OF ACTION 11

BLOC POSITIONS 13

Questions A Resolution Must Answer 14

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CHAIR MESSAGES
Head Chair – Raja Michael Hegarty
Greetings Delegates! My name is Raja Michael Hegarty but everyone just calls me Raja.
I will be serving as your Head Chair, and alongside my co-chair Nina, we are honored to present
to you this year’s BSJ Model United Nations and we are especially excited to welcome you to
the Word Health Organization committee. With the topic of “Developing Telemedicine to
Improve Accessibility to Healthcare'', I remain absolutely certain that delegates will muster the
energy and strength to deliver sound arguments and speeches to defend their stances in order to
facilitate an engaging substantive debate. Good luck, delegates!

Co-Chair – Jeana Sophia Antolin Limbaco

Hello Delegates! My name is Jeana Sophia, but others call me Nina. Over the course of
my middle and high school years, I moved to three different schools, so I thought it would make
my life a little less monotonous by asking people to call me differently every time I transferred.
Thus, feel free to choose what to call me between the three. Currently, I am a first-year IB
student passionate about social sciences and the environment. Though I never envisioned being
enthralled in the political world, here I'm exhilarated to be co-chair for WHO. Ever since the
summer of 2023, I have fallen in love with the MUN circuit, participating in several councils that
range from the United Nations Security Council to the Press Corps. These experiences allowed
me to discover which topics make my heart race, and hopefully, your delegates will also find
what interests you within this conference. If my schedule is not packed with MUN activities then
you could probably either find me on the court playing whatever sport I could get my hands on,
running around for student council events, or in my room experimenting with designs. Out of all
my interests, I am thankful to explore the connections between the digital world and its societal
impact, relating to our topic, "Developing Telemedicine to Improve Accessibility to Healthcare."
I am thrilled to color my weekend with the WHO council, and I look forward to seeing your
resolutions blossom. See you in BSJMUN 2024 Delegates!

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INTRODUCTION TO COUNCIL
The World Health Organization, or simply the WHO, is an agency that specializes in the
international concerns of health through advocacy, collection of data, and strategic cooperation
in order to secure health and safety for all. Formed under the United Nations on the 7th of April
1948, the world now sheds light upon critical health concerns annually during what is known as
World Health Day. With more than 8000 professionals in the field, both local and
world-renowned experts, WHO is constantly in the works of providing the most relevant
information to the public (World Health Organization, 2019). The council oversees and
spearheads the responses towards health matters across the globe, developing health research
priorities, establishing the norms and standards for safety and health, presenting possibilities for
evidence-based policy, giving nations technical assistance, and keeping an eye on and evaluating
health trends (Sundholm, 2013). As the World Health Organization believes that health is a
shared responsibility, the council holds an annual forum called the World Health Assembly.

Every year all 194 member states gather in the World Health Assembly to discuss topics
such as emergencies, non-communicable illnesses, strengthening of health systems, and
infectious diseases. The WHO uses this opportunity to set priorities and mandates straight for the
upcoming year, or to debate crises such as pandemics and widespread viruses.

Currently, there are 6 main regional offices globally with 150 other offices, and the
headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. All member states share the same objective of protecting
the vulnerable, advancing global health, and maintaining global security. The goal is to protect
billions of people from medical emergencies, guarantee access to universal health coverage, and
enhance health and well-being. The WHO has adopted a 6-point agenda which is as follows
(Sundholm, 2013):

1. Promoting development

With consideration of the less fortunate, WHO looks upon the ethics of equity. Access to
health and safety should not be a privilege but a right, especially for the most vulnerable to
diseases and spreading. Economic and social backgrounds do not provide adequate reasoning as
to why someone is denied this right.

2. Fostering Health Security

Since June 7th, 2007, WHO has recognized the imperativeness of a collective defence
against outbreaks, and therefore revised the International Health Regulations. With consideration
of continuous urbanization, food production and trade, management of antibiotics and
environmental administration, the risks of outbreaks increase. This calls upon international
cooperation to ensure that epidemic-prone diseases are restrained from crossing borders.

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 3. Strengthening Health Systems

Healthcare is not only for the fortunate and the able but should cater to those who require
care. The unfortunate reality is, there is a lack of availability and accessibility of healthcare to
the needy. As of now WHO is addressing the quantity and quality of trained staff on board, the
allocation of funds and budgeting, collecting systems that would provide the necessary statistics
on needy areas, and the standardized use of technology in order to better serve the vulnerable.

4. Harnessing Research, Information and Evidence

Through the effective use of technology, WHO can gather the foundation for
decision-making: evidence. Such evidence is the cornerstone for strategic planning, defining
priorities, and recognizing which areas still require improvement. Information gathering is not
only limited to the compilation of statistics, but medical experts are also behind WHO to set
global norms and standards, ensuring that the policies are reasonable.

5. Enhancing Partnerships

WHO’s multifaceted topics require partnerships that extend WHO’s reach beyond its
mandate to fully tackle the issue. WHO has collaborated with and gathered support from other
UN bodies, international organizations and local governments in addressing issues. Numerous
technical guidelines, priorities, and practices set with the partnerships as a way to implement the
mandates within the society have been the driving factor of such organized collaborations.

6. Improving Performance

WHO recognizes that the most crucial asset within the organization is the staff, thus
shaping a working environment that is motivating, rewarding and efficient. The organization
participates in ongoing discussions with both international and national communities discussing
strategies to increase effectiveness and efficiency. With a result-based approach, budgeting is
allocated to regions with promising but equally firm results.

Even with these mandates the World Health Organization is only able to recommend
solutions to governments and communities. Delegates should not be wary of occasional instances
that gather the member states to call upon a legally binding pandemic instrument during
COVID-19 (WHO Media Team, 2022). Thus proposed resolutions within the committee should
be feasible and relevant to the council mandates.

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INTRODUCTION TO ISSUE
Key Terms

Key Terms Definition

Telemedicine “The use of electronic information to communicate technologies to

provide and support healthcare when distance separates the
participants.” (Dasgupta & Deb, 2008)

Telehealth (used “The use of digital information and communication technologies to

interchangeably with access health care services remotely and manage your health care.”
Telemedicine) (Mayo Clinic, 2022)

Data Privacy “The ability of a person to determine for themselves when, how, and to
what extent personal information about them is shared with or
communicated to others.” (Cloudflare, 2023)

Interoperability “Interoperability refers to the degree to which a software system,

devices, applications or other entity can connect and communicate with
other entities in a coordinated manner without effort from the end
user.” (Lewis, 2023)

Data Breach “Any security incident in which unauthorized parties gain access to
sensitive data or confidential information, including personal data
(Social Security numbers, bank account numbers, healthcare data) or
corporate data (customer data records, intellectual property, financial
information).” (IBM, 2023)

Topic Definition

Telemedicine, in simplest terms, is to heal from a distance. To be able to accommodate

patients without the hassle of transportation due to distance is the goal, and thanks to
advancements in technology, telemedicine emerges as an extension of digital society. Medical
care has followed the trend of telemedicine since 1959 (Gali, 2022). From what originated from
expensive radios and electrocardiograms has now evolved into more accessible websites and
blogs. With such developments, citizens can discover the causes and effects behind their
experiencing symptoms from field experts. Additionally, the use of technology allows anyone to
access it as long as they have an Internet connection.

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 Mayo Clinic is an exceptional example of telemedicine executed through the form of a
website. It is a platform where professionals from medical fields collaborate and educate on
health issues. Their multidisciplinary approach provides readers with a complete scope of
illnesses and is centred around the needs of the patient. Even if one is not experiencing sickness
at the moment, data and information are still available to ensure that good health is maintained.
Mayo Clinic is adaptable to the changing needs of society, reaching out to all communities
globally, thus earning the title of the top-ranked Hospital in the nation (Mayo Clinic, 2023).
Healthline is another incredible telemedicine example that expands to the international audience
which is similar to Mayo Clinic.

Other than blogs and websites, telehealth also expands to online medical checkups and
consultations. People in rural areas, or those who are unable to move steadily from one
destination to another can communicate with local doctors and other professionals without other
expenses. Mayo Clinic and Healthline also offer these services but are more known for their
blogs and general information distribution than one-on-one consultations. Some other nations
have also created their own local telemedicine services such as HaloDoc from Indonesia. Over
time more and more national telehealth services emerge that cater to their county’s needs. With
the WHO, there needs to be certain standards set to guarantee that these services are of equal
quality, and are distributed based on equity.

Telemedicine is not only advantageous in determining what sickness one has acquired,
but also in the prevention of spreading certain bacteria and viruses. The WHO and other UN
bodies have utilized telemedicine as a medium to inform the public about COVID-19. Statistics
for telemedicine skyrocketed after the pandemic, with 67% of the population on these networks
and around 55% of those who have experienced this type of technology stating extensive
satisfaction (Admin, 2023). PeduliLindungi emerged as an asset during the pandemic for
Indonesia, to determine the health status of citizens. This counts as part of telemedicine as their
technology notifies the government of the current COVID-19 patients in an up-to-date manner.
With that, healthcare services are able to reach out to individuals as soon as possible and assist
them with their illnesses (Website, 2023).

The pandemic has pushed society towards more technological alternatives, hence the
WHO needs to ensure that such progress to accessibility is not hindered. However, the fact that
technology remains a privilege becomes a concern as to how nations will ensure that their
citizens are receiving the best quality of healthcare services, keeping up with the latest updates.
Additionally, telemedicine takes advantage of the distribution of information, but it also requires
obtaining some personal information to properly diagnose patients. In 2023 a single hacker
accessed a staggering 11 million individuals in one website, making the HCA Healthcare breach
the most extensive one of the year (Shryock, 2023). This is considering that the United States has
one of the most technologically advanced security systems, it brings the question “Is
telemedicine as good as it seems or is it another way to increase data breaching”? Those two
aspects are what make certain countries hesitant or even unable to implement
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telecommunication. It has even been a challenge to discuss cybersecurity in WHO as it surpasses
the mandate.

Areas of Contention
The following are topics that must be brought up and discussed within the council:

Current Downsides and Limitations of Telemedicine

Whilst telemedicine allows for medical support from anywhere and anytime, it also has a
few shortcomings. One such example is the inability to provide immediate treatment if needed,
which stems from the lack of legitimacy regarding telemedical diagnoses. The prescriptions and
diagnoses made through telemedical platforms may not be recognised by all healthcare
providers, which becomes a problem during emergencies where doctors need to prescribe urgent
treatment. Their diagnosis will not be fully recognized by the hospital and the patient must
reevaluate it with the hospital before they receive the treatment.

Another shortcoming is that doctors are limited to only analyzing a patient’s condition
based on online communication, as opposed to physical inspections which may also use medical
tools. This may lead to inaccurate diagnoses. Delegates must address these issues within the
council.

Interoperability Across Borders

Telehealth services were initially established to pave the way for easier access to medical
information for everyone around the globe. There are countless medical websites and
professional blogs that provide expert healthcare information to anyone with internet access,
which should be harmless for the most part. However, things start to get complicated when
doctors are allowed to practice through online platforms which anyone can have access to. This
is because doctors must fulfil many requirements if they wish to practice in a different country
from where they got their degree. Some of the requirements may include additional exams,
licensing, and research of the country's healthcare system, work environment, and culture
(Dayton, 2020). In some countries, there is no specific legislation or regulation regarding
telemedicine, but for the countries that do have these regulations, they often focus on in-country
doctors providing remote care to local patients and neglect how foreign doctors may remotely
provide care to local patients (Lovells, 2020).

International telemedicine services also face challenges related to medical research,

billing and reimbursement, liability and malpractice, e-commerce regulation, fraud and abuse,
anti-corruption, and global tax compliance (Lovell, 2020). This council must discuss the ethical
implications of allowing doctors to practice across borders.

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Data Security and Privacy of Patients

Monitoring systems, data collection, and research information are part of how the World
Health Organization achieves its responsibilities (WHO, 2022). With the world facing rapid
technological expansion, data has become more accessible than ever before through online
platforms.

To be diagnosed online, patients' submission of personal documents is required, similar to

in-person checkups, which include details like addresses, medical records, social security
numbers, employment, and the like, in addition to typical identity information. Despite the
convenience, there is a greater risk of data breach, with a record high of 87 million individuals
affected by these cases, even with VPNs (Shryock, 2023). Hackers get a greater opportunity to
access personal information through breaching telehealth databases, thus heightening the risk to
civilian’s health and safety. Consequently, the reputations of healthcare services begin to crumble
with such insecurities.

As questions arise in the structural security in medical organizations, how would these
institutions become trusted once more to operate adequately and serve the general public? To add
to the confusion, WHO's policy, made in September of 2022, aims to administrate all data
ethically, equitably, and efficiently enhance concerns about such barriers. Perhaps there should
be a reevaluation of existing telemedicine frameworks that ensure the security of patient details.

Transitioning to Telemedicine

Doctors and other medical professionals have been accustomed to in-person checkups,
with all their equipment and materials ready at hand to evaluate the patient. However with recent
technological advancements, their use of equipment shifts. These experts in the field would have
to adjust to new circumstances and standards. Not only would the professionals in the hospitals
need to shift to telemedical alternatives, but also the other services within these infrastructures
such as pharmacies. Moreover, in the case that telemedicine takes over the medical field with
high levels of success, hospitals would struggle to stay operating with the costs of barely used
equipment such as surgical tools, x-rays and other emergency matters. In the long run, how could
telemedicine and in-person hospitals coexist?

Vocational Training for Telemedicine

Telehealth services differ heavily from in-person health services. For one, doctors are
expected to accurately diagnose a patient’s condition solely through online communication. On
top of that, their practices might reach every corner of the globe so they have to bear the
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responsibility of being knowledgeable enough of all diseases and healthcare cultures around the
world. To say the least, professionals must be prepared enough before transitioning into
telemedicine, doctors must be taught what to expect from this type of work environment.

For example, to compensate for the lack of physical inspections, professionals may be
trained to pay attention to the tone and mannerisms of their patients’ voices to help create a more
accurate diagnosis. They must also be well-researched on how healthcare and diseases differ
around the world. However, it is unreasonable to expect professionals, who already spent many
years studying medicine, to spend another few years studying to work in telemedicine.

What the WHO Can Do

The topic of telemedicine calls upon meticulous actions towards the information
communication system such as data security and internet infrastructure, which are beyond the
WHO’s capacity. Moreover, with these services targeted to cross borders and aiming to allow the
knowledge of health experts to be accessible by all, the concern of cultural and language barriers
arises, which again overrides the WHO’s mandate. The WHO should be steadfast in handling the
diseases and health concerns telemedicine can accommodate, as well as finding solutions to
collect data on telemedicine’s success and limitations. Despite these obstacles, The WHO is still
required to curate global frameworks that tackle telemedicine as a healthcare alternative.

Past Actions

The WHO has put forth several Draft Resolutions tackling the improvement of telehealth
such as the resolutions WHA58.28 in 2005, resolution WHA66.24 in 2013 and resolution
WHA71.7 in 2018. Despite this, communities have decided to push such suggestions aside up
until the pandemic when the world was forced into the confinement of their homes and had to
look for healthcare alternatives (WHO, 2021).

Cervical Cancer Screening Program

Launched in Georgia in 2009 to reduce cancer death rates, the UN Populations Fund
(UNFPA, n.d.) with support from the European Union, established the Cervical Cancer
Screening Program. This spawned the use of telemedicine through registration from the comforts
of the patient’s homes or by referral from their family doctor. Such an initiative stemmed from
the fact that death rates within the area were increasing, due to late diagnoses. It is estimated that
more than 50% of the patients got diagnosed with cancer when they were already in the 3rd or
4th stage, as there were barely any symptoms in the primary stages.

Thus, in order to decrease the death rates, 70% of their citizens need to be screened to
ensure that they are getting the proper care for the diseases they have acquired whether they are

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aware of it or not. This program steps into the “digitization” of healthcare in Georgia, at the same
time promoting telemedicine in hopes of making screening services more accessible to women in
different regions. Once the pandemic had emerged, the programme became part of the joint
initiative of “Minimizing the Impact of COVID-19 outbreak in Georgia through Telemedicine
and Digital Healthcare Solutions” (United Nations Georgia, 2022).

The Mechanical Infant Scale in Georgia

Another part of the “Minimizing the Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak in Georgia through
Telemedicine and Digital Healthcare Solutions” program is to assist family members with
children. The mechanical infant scale is only one of the ways the community applies remote
monitoring of the development of children as a component of telemedicine. The EU has
introduced such strategies to more than 50 rural clinics, to guarantee that healthy citizens
maintain their health. Not only does this tactic advocate for the use of telemedicine, but also
highlights the importance of child care and development issues. These digital platforms are not
only accessible for the families in rural areas, but can be utilized by their doctors to communicate
with specialists and colleagues. Information is passed through calls that clarify the diagnosis and
determine the following treatment stages. With its success, UNICEF recommends that these
sustainable services be integrated into everyday lives, rather than only keeping it as a pandemic
response (United Nations Georgia, 2023).

Cigna Global Telehealth: A Contribution to the UN Medical Insurance Plan

With rising health concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United Nations
recognized the demand for accessible healthcare services from the safety of people’s homes.
Hence, on April 1st 2020, the Cigna Global Telehealth app was made as part of the UN Medical
Insurance Plan. Through the improvement of telehealth, the app offers consultation anytime and
anywhere for free to the 57,500+ UN World Wide Plan members. They have unlimited access to
communication with doctors, and professionals with regard to non-emergency health issues.
Some main features of this app would be the provided online consultations with doctors,
information about side effects, prescriptions and treatment plans. As it is made to reach
individuals and families worldwide, it is multilingual, running a simple yet easily
comprehensible system (Nations, 2020).

The Light Mobile Surgical Module in the Democratic Republic of Congo

As operations began in May 2022, the light mobile surgical module has been an
impactful asset in securing the protection of civilians by the peacekeepers. Remote areas
oftentimes suggest dangerous situations that make it challenging to access medical services.
However, with the help of the light mobile surgical module, peacekeepers and specialists can
provide immediate care to individuals without the need to be physically present. Running 24
hours a day, with the help of 31 peacekeepers, the mobile component is packed with all the
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necessary equipment to travel with the troops in hard-to-reach areas. From a surgical theatre to
state-of-the-art equipment, everything is prepared. Captain Tadziwana Kapeni states that 90% of
the troops face death due to profound bleeding, but due to telemedicine, a term seen as “healing
from a distance”, troops are accommodated and assisted by closer facilities (United Nations
Peacekeeping, 2023).

COURSES OF ACTION
The following possible solutions are meant to help delegates get an idea of what kind of
solutions they should propose within the council, they are not meant to be followed 100% and
delegates are still expected to think outside of the box and come up with solutions of their own.
These solutions below are also not mutually exclusive, they may be combined and mixed around
to become more streamlined.

Global Telemedicine Framework

One of the main goals of this council is to standardize telemedicine practices and
facilitate interoperability between different nations and different telemedicine services. By
creating a framework that regulates telemedicine practices on a global scale, it may become
easier for prescriptions and diagnoses made through telemedicine to be legitimately recognized
by all nations and health providers. However, challenges may arise when trying to get member
states to agree to adopt the framework, they might not be easily convinced due to the strict nature
of this solution.

Professional Telemedicine License/Certification

This solution mainly ensures the quality of telehealth services, but similarly to the last
solution, requiring all telemedical professionals to have a license/certification would help
legitimize telemedical prescriptions and diagnoses. In addition to that, it would become a lot
easier for telemedical doctors to request rapid treatments and immediate surgeries if the situation
calls for it. However, It is still up to the delegates to decide whether the license should operate
internationally or domestically.

Data encryption and frequent security audits

It is difficult to tackle data security and privacy in this council because the issue is mostly
outside of the scope of the WHO, but delegates may still be allowed to request data encryption
standards and increased security audits as part of standardization efforts.

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Global telemedicine specialists

Just as doctors may specialize in dentistry, dermatology, cardiology, etc, doctors may also
choose to specialize in telemedicine. If the advancement of telemedicine expects doctors to
operate across borders, then they should study how diseases and treatments differ from country
to country. The challenge with this solution is that it is quite ambitious and expects a lot from
professionals. Establishing an entirely new field of medical study is not an easy task, and it is
also unreasonable to expect professionals, who already spent many years studying medicine, to
spend another few years studying to work in telemedicine.

Transitioning into telemedicine

Many countries are not yet ready to implement telemedicine, whether that be because of a
lesser developed economy or internal/external conflicts, but since the WHO cannot do much to
increase a country’s economy, these countries’ best bet in this council is to ensure a smoother
transition into telemedicine.

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BLOC POSITIONS
The bloc positions below are just some possible scenarios, and the actual positions of
nations within the council may be influenced by various factors such as negotiations and
discussions that happen during the council. By understanding these potential bloc positions and
their underlying drivers, delegates can facilitate constructive discussions, encourage
compromise, and ultimately work towards an inclusive and effective framework that addresses
the needs of all nations.

The Regulatory Cautious

This bloc will have an emphasis on careful regulation and ethical considerations for
telemedicine. They will advocate for robust data privacy frameworks, quality standards, and
licensing requirements for practitioners. The nations that might align with this bloc could be
European nations with strong data privacy regulations and developing countries with concerns
about unregulated healthcare practices. This bloc will focus on ethical considerations, data
privacy, regulation, and licensure. Their shared solutions may be about the development of
data-sharing agreements, standardized telemedicine protocols, or the establishment of
independent regulatory bodies.

The Community-Driven Champions

This bloc will prioritize community-based, culturally sensitive approaches to

telemedicine and advocate for local leadership, training of community health workers, and
utilization of existing communication channels. This bloc may comprise lower-income nations
with limited resources and diverse populations or nations with strong community-based
healthcare traditions. They will focus on cultural sensitivity, utilization of existing resources, and
training of community health workers. They may propose an adaptation of telemedicine
platforms to local languages and communication methods or training programs for community
leaders and health workers.

The Cautiously Skeptical

This bloc expresses concerns about the potential downsides of telemedicine, such as
exacerbating healthcare inequities and compromising the quality of care. They advocate for
cautious implementation and continued evaluation of its effectiveness. Nations with limited
healthcare resources and nations with concerns about digital exclusion and potential overreliance
on technology may align themselves with this bloc. They focus on the potential for inequities,
quality of care, cost-effectiveness, and evaluation of telemedicine models. They might propose
phased implementations, a focus on primary care and chronic disease management, and an
evaluation of telemedicine's impact on accessibility.

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Questions A Resolution Must Answer
1. What efforts could be made to standardize telemedicine platforms in order to facilitate
medical practices between countries and allow for interoperability between different
healthcare providers?
a. How can telehealth be standardized to allow for rapid deployment and address
urgent healthcare needs?
2. How can the WHO ensure data security and privacy standards for telemedicine platforms
to adhere to, so that patients’ data is secure even when transferred between healthcare
providers?
3. How will it be ensured that the quality of telehealth services meets or exceeds the
standard of in-person healthcare services?
4. How can the WHO ensure that telemedicine services are accessible to all populations,
addressing issues related to digital literacy, language barriers, and geographical
considerations?

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